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History and Development:

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The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of
scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government. Klaus
Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), introduced the
phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs.
"Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was the 2016 theme of the World
Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland. On 10 October
2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial
Revolution in San Francisco.

1. The First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century, with the
mechanization of the textile industry and the advent of steam power. This period
saw the transition from agrarian economies to industrial economies, with the steam
engine and mechanized textile factories playing pivotal roles in this transformation.
2. The Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, which took place in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, was characterized by the development of electricity and the assembly
line. Mass production and electrification of industries revolutionized
manufacturing, making goods more affordable and accessible.
3. The Third Industrial Revolution
The Third Industrial Revolution, often referred to as the Digital Revolution,
occurred in the late 20th century. This period was marked by the widespread
adoption of computers, the internet, and automation. These technologies enhanced
communication and streamlined processes, significantly impacting various
industries.
Industry 4.0: The Fourth Industrial Revolution
With the stage set by the three previous revolutions, Industry 4.0 takes us into a
new era of manufacturing. It builds upon the digitalization and automation of the
third revolution but takes it to new heights. Here are some key aspects of Industry
4.0:
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Industry 4. 0, is a transformative concept that encompasses the integration of cutting-edge

digital technologies into various industries. This revolution is characterized by the fusion of
physical and digital systems, resulting in unprecedented levels of automation, connectivity, and
data exchange. It brings forth a new era of technological advancements that have the potential to
revolutionize production processes, supply chains, and business models across sectors. As a
result of this integration, industries can experience improved efficiency, enhanced productivity,
and innovative ways of operating in an increasingly interconnected world.
This digital revolution has paved the way for a more interconnected and intelligent future where
machines and systems work together seamlessly to drive innovation and economic growth.
Examples of these technologies include autonomous robots, smart sensors and devices, cloud
computing platforms, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and additive manufacturing
(3D printing).
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 Objective of Industry 4.0

 To overcome the difficulties recruiting resources at your organization
 To increase greater visibility across the supply chain
 To identify minor issues before they turn into more significant problems and address them.
 To boost profitability and efficiency across the organization
 To digitize and make the information relevant
 To improve overall customer satisfaction and experience
 To scale up the quality of your product and maintain it
 To create an integrated ERP system spanning across inventory as well as planning, financials,
supply chain management, manufacturing execution, and customer relationships
 To feel better and make faster business decisions each day

 Current challenge in industry 4.0:

 Data Security: The first and foremost challenge is to ensure data security. There is a constant
threat of cybercrime for many businesses regarding customer data. Switching to the cloud means
moving out of their comfort zone – which makes them vulnerable. Data security is the primary
concern of cloud-based technologies and Industrial 4.0 technologies or drivers.
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 Trained Human Resources: To adopt new technology, the frontline executives need training.
Investing in new technology like Industry 4.0 doesn't indicate that you should rely on IT
management to maintain systems. Instead, you can benefit from the frequent workforce training
and constant guidance that the service provider conducts.
 Team Support: Having team support is highly crucial when moving to new technology. The
new industry 4.0/5.0 model may be challenging to accept and adopt. You must set clear
expectations, state the purpose and the benefits of this investment, and be transparent with the
team throughout the implementation.
 Leveraging Data: Another Industry 4.0 challenge is to leverage information and data and make
informed decisions. You need training, knowledge, and documentation to understand the pattern
to use data and improve, change, or grow a business.
 Disparate, Overwhelming Pools of Data: Manufacturers are often inundated in more data than
they can reasonably use. The usefulness of this data is depleted by a lack of in-house talent (or
external service) that understands how to clean and organize the data—the right data—to answer
business questions. Many manufacturers came into Industry 4.0 expecting data solutions to be
plug-and-play and for them all to work harmoniously together. Especially early adopters have
often been sad to find out that their data was in an array of different formats that did not work
together and there was no one-click button that pulled all of the data to answer whatever question
they had at that moment. Data normalization engines and low-code ML environments now
resolve some of these issues, turning citizen data science into a boon for businesses that use and
allow it, but many manufacturers still have data warehouses full of information with no way to
use it.
 Scarcity of Talent: While there are many talented individuals in the world, specific types of
talent are more in demand now than ever, and supply can’t seem to keep up with demand. In-
house data scientists have been a luxury over the last decade, and even those companies who
have hired one often find that they are a bottleneck, because they are severely overburdened.
Data scientists have largely had a name-your-price option in recent times due to the extreme
disparity in supply and demand. Data analysts as well as low-code ML environments have made
the process of deploying new algorithms much faster and simpler, but there continues to be a
shortage of experts in the field of data science.

Benefit of Industry 4.0

Improved Efficiency And Productivity

When you take the human out of the loop, you also remove human inefficiencies and
inaccuracies. With better resource allocation that is based on numbers, fewer resources are
needed to maintain optimal levels of productivity. Downtime becomes less frequent when data
and machine learning come together for predictive and prescriptive maintenance, keeping
machines in top shape while without sacrificing warehouse space for an oversupply of
unnecessary spare parts or engaging in regularly-scheduled downtime.

Improved Agility

When decisions are based on numbers which can also be changed at will to view
alternate scenarios, manufacturers reap the rewards of a massive boost in agility.
With numbers to back decisions, it’s possible to quickly pivot as opportunities
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arise, even opening opportunities for one-off production runs if supplies for
forecasted demand have already been met.
More Money

This comes from a variety of factors. Increased efficiency and productivity mean
maximized outputs. Sensor data used for predictive maintenance lowers downtime
as well as scrap. Better resource planning means less overhead for upfront
materials spend, warehouse space (which can also be optimized using ML), and
overall lower operating costs with increased revenue potential.

Other benefits:

Industry 4.0 design principles:

Decentralization: The first principle, decentralization, is understood in industry 4.0 as the greater ability
of local companies and specific operations, as well as those carried out by machines, to make their own
decisions on their own. Rather than using central computers or passing a decision hierarchically, enabling
and allowing local operators to respond to changes and readjust, this principle provides more flexibility
and makes it easier to use expertise. This can be perceived as a decomposition of the classical production
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hierarchy for the change of companies as decentralized self-organizations [17]. However, the principle of
decentralization cannot be observed only for machines, as it refers to the autonomy granted to people as
collaborators in industry 4.0. They have greater freedom to identify aspects, analyze parameters, and carry
out decision-making whenever necessary, aiming at the common good for their area of activity in the
industry as well as for its fullness.
Virtualization the principle of virtualization is that by using machine-to-machine (M2M) monitoring and
communication, a virtual twin can be abstracted from the industry. The sensor data is linked to virtual
plant models and simulation models. Thus a virtual copy of the physical world can be created. In case of
failure, an employee can be notified. In addition, all necessary information, such as next work steps or
security provisions, remains available. The virtualization in industry 4.0 is used by people as highly
potential tools to aid human work. This principle streamlines the time, analysis, and decision-making of
employees and established teams by providing, sharing, and synthesizing information virtually, quickly,
and in real time.
Interoperability The principle of interoperability in the industry 4.0 manufacturing environment is that
cyber-physical system (CPS) comprises intelligent machines and intelligent storage systems and facilities
capable of autonomously exchanging information, initiating actions, and controlling each other
independently. The embedded manufacturing systems are vertically connected with business processes
internal to industries, and horizontally, with the value chain, by connecting software and programs. The
interoperability is also linked to the work performed with Human 2 Machine interaction, consisting also
in the ability of people to work harmoniously with the machines, so that the committed effort is realized
in sync in all industrial activities.
Modularity The principle of modularity involves modular systems that can flexibly adapt to changing
requirements by replacing or expanding individual production modules, making adding or removing
modules much easier. These modular systems can thus simply be adjusted in case of seasonal fluctuations
or changes in product production needs, as in the case of including new technologies. Thus, production
can always adjust to environmental, systemic, and changing customer demands without error, lost
productivity, or customer dissatisfaction.
The Basic Characteristics of Industry 4.0 –
–Transition from manual labor to robototronics, which ensures automatization of all production
processes;
– Modernization of transport and logistical systems, caused by mass distribution of unmanned vehicles;
– increase of complexity and precision of manufactured technical products, manufacture of new
construction materials due to improvement of production technologies;
– Development of inter-machine communications and self-management of physical systems, conducted
with the help of Internet of things‖;
– Application of self-teaching programs for provision of constant development of production systems.
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Drivers
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Industry 4.0 Drivers

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Current trends of industry 4.0 towards various sections (2024):

1. AI and Industry 4.0

AI and machine learning are driving innovations across industries and functional areas. The
development of AI-specific hardware and novel algorithms enhances existing systems and
address manufacturing challenges. Factories are progressively incorporating AI into their
production systems and processes.

The advent of advanced AI has opened doors for predictive maintenance, cognitive computing,
swarm intelligence, context-aware computing, smart machines, hardware accelerators, and
generative design. These technologies are steering manufacturing facilities towards fully
automated, lights-out manufacturing. Efficient supply chain management is now a reality, thanks
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to AI-driven algorithms. These algorithms excel in forecasting demands and automating
inventory control, thereby streamlining operations.

2. Human Augmentation & Extended Reality

Technologies such as wearables and exoskeletons are enhancing human capabilities, both
physically and cognitively. These advancements are a significant trend in Industry 4.0. Industrial
mobile devices, intuitive user interfaces, and portable machine control screens are making this
technology more accessible.

XR technologies like mixed reality (MR), augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality
(VR) are transforming industrial manufacturing systems. From research and development to full-
scale production and post-production processes, these technologies are in use. They are shifting
the nature of human-machine interaction towards machine-enabled workers. Through XR, real-
time visualization of data and designs is possible, which promotes collaboration and innovation.

3. Network & Connectivity

Network and connectivity are among the main driving forces in enabling Industry 4.0.
Technological advancements such as edge-to-cloud, gigabit ethernet time-sensitive networks,
low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), 5G, and machine-to-machine communication (M2M)
are pushing factories to adopt IIoT, transforming them into Industry 4.0 facilities.

These technologies are continually enhancing communication between machines and humans, as
well as data transmission. Innovations in this area are increasing speed, bolstering security and
efficiency, and reducing network connectivity costs. The integration of various connectivity
solutions is creating a cohesive, responsive, and adaptive industrial environment. This integration
is a crucial factor in the evolution of smart factories.

BehrTech – Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)

BehrTech is a Canadian startup developing MIOTY, an LPWAN solution standardized by the

European Telecommunications Standards Institute for IIoT. LPWAN solutions are ideal for
connecting numerous machines in industrial complexes as they have a sufficient range and low
implementation costs.

4. Internet of Everything

In manufacturing, real-time connectedness forms the backbone of the Internet of Everything

(IoE). This connectedness spans machine-machine, human-machine, and human-human
interactions. It encompasses the Internet of Industrial Things ( IIoT), Internet of Skills, Internet
of Services, Internet of Systems, and Shop Floor IoT.

The amalgamation of real-time data, machine intelligence, and human skills accelerates
manufacturing processes. This results in more efficient and cost-effective operations. A unified
framework for the Internet of Things (IoT) and interoperability are vital for seamless Industry
4.0 implementation. Moreover, IoE enables real-time monitoring and control of all connected
assets. This leads to optimized resource utilization, further enhancing the efficiency of
manufacturing processes.
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Cumulus – Internet of Industrial Maintenance

Cumulus is a US-based startup developing an internet of tools-enabled operations and

maintenance management platform. The platform intends to replace the time-consuming nature
of paper-based planning, execution, and reporting of maintenance activity.

The use of smart connected tools, along with their platform, leads to transparent and traceable
records of all maintenance operations. This helps in reducing costs associated with quality
control and improving overall productivity.

Hubbox – Remote Industrial Connectivity

Turkish startup Hubbox provides a secure industrial remote connection device for
manufacturing companies. Currently, machines are still connected through a complex network of
wires. Hubbox enables wireless connectivity between machines by creating a shop-floor internet
of things solution.

The device comes with WAN, LAN, and WiFi interfaces and makes use of secure SSL
certificates and advanced encryption methods. The device is also capable of communicating with
ERP and creating ad-hoc M2M networks.

5. Big Data & Analytics

In the realm of Industry 4.0, the collection of industrial data on a large scale paves the way for
factories to transition into advanced facilities. The complexity of big data lies in its value, which
is realized only when captured, stored, and analyzed swiftly and cost-effectively.

Technological advancements have made it possible to harness this data for insightful
observations into manufacturing systems. The availability of immediate and real-time data
has opened up opportunities for prescriptive and predictive analytics across various levels of
a company’s manufacturing facilities. Furthermore, it empowers businesses to leverage vast
amounts of information for strategic insights. These technologies meticulously process and
analyze data from a variety of sources, including sensors, machines, and systems, offering a
holistic view of operations and enhancing decision-making and operational efficiency.

6. Cybersecurity, Transparency & Privacy

The interconnectedness inherent in Industry 4.0 leads to an information flow that raises concerns
about security, transparency, and privacy. As manufacturing practices evolve to become more
personal and customizable, data management practices both within and outside the shop floor
significantly influence a company’s appeal. Secure transmission and processing of sensitive
industrial data are paramount to prevent cyberattacks on critical facilities.

Emerging developments in this field include digital ethics and privacy, privacy-enhancing
technologies, self-adaptive security, zero-trust security, end-to-end communication security,
DevSecOps, and blockchain. Balancing the focus on cybersecurity with transparency and
privacy is essential. This balance contributes to a secure, reliable, and ethical digital industrial
ecosystem, a cornerstone of Industry 4.0.
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Alias Robotics – Robot Immune System

Spanish startup Alias Robotics develops a robot immune system (RIS), an endpoint protection
platform for robots. This solution provides malware protection to robots and robotic components.
The modular architecture of RIS gives the system flexibility and adaptability and caters to a
variety of robots.

7. Cybersecurity, Transparency & Privacy

The interconnectedness inherent in Industry 4.0 leads to an information flow that raises concerns
about security, transparency, and privacy. As manufacturing practices evolve to become more
personal and customizable, data management practices both within and outside the shop floor
significantly influence a company’s appeal. Secure transmission and processing of sensitive
industrial data are paramount to prevent cyberattacks on critical facilities.

Emerging developments in this field include digital ethics and privacy, privacy-enhancing
technologies, self-adaptive security, zero-trust security, end-to-end communication security,
DevSecOps, and blockchain. Balancing the focus on cybersecurity with transparency and
privacy is essential. This balance contributes to a secure, reliable, and ethical digital industrial
ecosystem, a cornerstone of Industry 4.0.

Alias Robotics – Robot Immune System

Spanish startup Alias Robotics develops a robot immune system (RIS), an endpoint protection
platform for robots. This solution provides malware protection to robots and robotic components.
The modular architecture of RIS gives the system flexibility and adaptability and caters to a
variety of robots.

Big Data Analytics for smart business transformation:

What is big data analytics?

Big data analytics is the often complex process of examining big data to uncover information --
such as hidden patterns, correlations, market trends and customer preferences -- that can help
organizations make informed business decisions.
On a broad scale, data analytics technologies and techniques give organizations a way to analyze
data sets and gather new information. Business intelligence (BI) queries answer basic questions
about business operations and performance.
Big data analytics is a form of advanced analytics, which involve complex applications with
elements such as predictive models, statistical algorithms and what-if analysis powered by
analytics systems.
An example of big data analytics can be found in the healthcare industry, where millions of
patient records, medical claims, clinical results, care management records and other data must be
collected, aggregated, processed and analyzed. Big data analytics is used for accounting,
decision-making, predictive analytics and many other purposes. This data varies greatly in type,
quality and accessibility, presenting significant challenges but also offering tremendous benefits.
THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF
Why is big data analytics important?
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Organizations can use big data analytics systems and software to make data-driven decisions that
can improve their business-related outcomes. The benefits can include more effective marketing,
new revenue opportunities, customer personalization and improved operational efficiency. With
an effective strategy, these benefits can provide competitive advantages over competitors.
How does big data analytics work?
Data analysts, data scientists, predictive modelers, statisticians and other analytics professionals
collect, process, clean and analyze growing volumes of structured transaction data, as well as
other forms of data not used by conventional BI and analytics programs.

The following is an overview of the four steps of the big data analytics process:
1. Data professionals collect data from a variety of different sources. Often, it's a mix
of semistructured and unstructured data. While each organization uses different data streams,
some common sources include the following:
o Internet clickstream data.
o Web server logs.
o Cloud applications.
o Mobile applications.
o Social media content.
o Text from customer emails and survey responses.
o Mobile phone records.
o Machine data captured by sensors connected to the internet of things.
2. Data is prepared and processed. After data is collected and stored in a data warehouse or
data lake, data professionals must organize, configure and partition the data properly for
analytical queries. Thorough data preparation and processing results in higher performance
from analytical queries. Sometimes this processing is batch processing, with large data sets
analyzed over time after being received; other times it takes the form of stream processing,
where small data sets are analyzed in near real time, which can increase the speed of
analysis.
3. Data is cleansed to improve its quality. Data professionals scrub the data using scripting
tools or data quality software. They look for any errors or inconsistencies, such as
duplications or formatting mistakes, and organize and tidy the data.
4. The collected, processed and cleaned data is analyzed using analytics software. This
includes tools for the following:
o Data mining, which sifts through data sets in search of patterns and relationships.
o Predictive analytics, which builds models to forecast customer behavior and other future
actions, scenarios and trends.
o Machine learning, which taps various algorithms to analyze large data sets.
o Deep learning, which is a more advanced offshoot of machine learning.
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o Text mining and statistical analysis software.
o Artificial intelligence.
o Mainstream BI software.
o Data visualization tools.

Types of Big Data Analytics

There are several different types of big data analytics, each with their own application within the
enterprise.
 Descriptive analytics. This is the simplest form of analytics, where data is analyzed for
general assessment and summarization. For example, in sales reporting, an organization can
analyze the efficiency of marketing from such data.
 Diagnostic analytics. This refers to analytics that determine why a problem occurred. For
example, this could include gathering and studying competitor pricing data to determine
when a product's sales fell off because the competitor undercut it with a price drop.
 Predictive analytics. This refers to analysis that predicts what comes next. For example, this
could include monitoring the performance of machines in a factory and comparing that data
to historical data to determine when a machine is likely to break down or require
maintenance or replacement.
 Prescriptive analytics. This form of analysis follows diagnostics and predictions. After an
issue has been identified, it provides a recommendation of what can be done about it. For
example, this could include addressing inconsistencies in supply chain that are causing
pricing problems by identifying suppliers whose performance is unreliable, suggesting their
replacement.
Currently usage of Key big data analytics technologies and tools by industries for BDA.
 Hadoop is an open source framework for storing and processing big data sets. Hadoop can
handle large amounts of structured and unstructured data.
 Predictive analytics hardware and software process large amounts of complex data and use
machine learning and statistical algorithms to make predictions about future event outcomes.
Organizations use predictive analytics tools for fraud detection, marketing, risk assessment
and operations.
 Stream analytics tools are used to filter, aggregate and analyze big data that might be stored
in different formats or platforms.
 Distributed storage data is replicated, generally on a nonrelational database. This can be as
a measure against independent node failures, lost or corrupted big data or to provide low-
latency access.
 NoSQL databases are nonrelational data management systems that are useful when working
with large sets of distributed data. NoSQL databases don't require a fixed schema, which
makes them ideal for raw and unstructured data.
 A data lake is a large storage repository that holds native-format raw data until it's needed.
Data lakes use a flat architecture.
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 A data warehouse is a repository that stores large amounts of data collected by different
sources. Data warehouses typically store data using predefined schemas.
 Knowledge discovery and big data mining tools help businesses mine large amounts of
structured and unstructured big data.
 In-memory data fabric distributes large amounts of data across system memory resources.
This helps provide low latency for data access and processing.
 Data virtualization enables data access without technical restrictions.
 Data integration software enables big data to be streamlined across different platforms,
including Apache, Hadoop, MongoDB and Amazon EMR.
 Data quality software cleanses and enriches large data sets.
 Data preprocessing software prepares data for further analysis. Data is formatted and
unstructured data is cleansed.
 Apache Spark is an open source cluster computing framework used for batch and stream
data processing.
 Microsoft Power BI and Tableau end-to-end analytics platforms bring big data analytics to
the desktop and back out to dashboards, with full suites of tools for analysis and reporting.