(a) **How is spatial interpolation different from temporal interpolation?

**

- **Spatial Interpolation:** It involves estimating values in-between existing spatial data points or
pixels within an image to enhance its resolution or smoothness. It focuses on neighboring points in
space.

- **Temporal Interpolation:** This type of interpolation estimates values between known points in a
time series or sequence of images over time. It focuses on the continuity of data over time.

(b) **When can a series of transformation be termed as commutative?**

- A series of transformations is considered commutative when the order of applying the

transformations doesn't impact the final result. For instance, if the result remains the same whether
transformations are applied in sequence T1 → T2 or T2 → T1, then they are commutative.

(c) **What are the three basic parts of a display system?**

- The three basic components of a display system are:

1. **Input Devices:** Devices like keyboards, mice, or touchscreens used to interact with the
system.

2. **Processing Unit:** The central processing unit (CPU) or GPU responsible for computing and
rendering.

3. **Output Devices:** Monitors, screens, or printers that present the processed information.

(d) **What is a true color system?**

- A true color system refers to a display or imaging system capable of representing colors with a high
degree of fidelity, typically utilizing 24 bits per pixel or more. It can reproduce a wide range of colors
using red, green, and blue (RGB) color channels.

(e) **What is the fundamental difference between the mode of operation of a monochrome CRT and
a colored CRT?**

- A monochrome CRT operates with a single electron gun producing a single color (usually green or
white) for the entire screen. In contrast, a colored CRT employs multiple electron guns (red, green,
blue) to generate a wider spectrum of colors by varying the intensity of each gun.

(f) **How is color depth and resolution of an image related to video memory requirement?**
- Color depth determines the number of colors a display can render, while resolution specifies the
number of pixels on the screen. Higher color depth and resolution demand more video memory to
store the information for rendering complex images with precise colors and details.

(g) **What feature of the liquid crystal material is used to produce an image in the LCD display
system?**

- The property of liquid crystals to change orientation when subjected to an electric field is exploited
in LCDs. By controlling the orientation of liquid crystal molecules, light passing through them is
modulated, creating the image.

(h) **What do you mean by refreshing a frame and what is the reason behind?**

- Refreshing a frame refers to updating the pixels on a display at regular intervals. This is necessary
because the pixels on a screen lose their state over time. The refresh process ensures the persistence
of the displayed image by constantly updating it.

(i) **Name the 3 major components present inside a CRT.**

- A CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) consists of:

1. Electron Gun

2. Deflection System

3. Phosphor-coated Screen

(j) **What is perspective projection?**

- Perspective projection is a method used in 3D graphics to represent a three-dimensional scene onto

a two-dimensional surface, considering the effects of distance and depth perception. It simulates the
way objects appear smaller as they move away from the viewer.

(k) **Differentiate between interior clipping and exterior clipping.**

- **Interior Clipping:** Involves discarding parts of an object that lie inside a specified region or view
window.

- **Exterior Clipping:** Involves discarding parts of an object that lie outside a specified region or
view window.

(l) **What is Affine transformation?**

- An affine transformation preserves straight lines, parallelism, and ratios of distances along lines. It
includes operations like translation, rotation, scaling, and skewing.
(m) **Define resolution.**

- Resolution refers to the number of pixels or dots per inch (DPI) in an image or display, representing
the level of detail or sharpness of an image.

(n) **What are keyframes in context to animation?**

- Keyframes are specific frames in an animation sequence that define the start and end points of an
animation segment. They set the positions, properties, or attributes of an object at specific times,
allowing software to interpolate between them to create smooth animations.

(c) **What is a frame buffer? Differentiate between the feature of the frame buffer as used in Raster
Scan and Random Scan display system respectively.**

- **Frame Buffer:** A frame buffer is a dedicated area in memory used to store the pixel values of
each point in an image being displayed on a screen. It acts as a digital storage space representing the
colors and intensities of pixels, allowing the display system to retrieve and update pixel information
rapidly.

- **Raster Scan Display System:**

- **Frame Buffer Feature:** In a raster scan system, the frame buffer stores pixel information in a
sequential manner, row by row, left to right, and top to bottom. It facilitates easy access to pixels in a
sequential order matching the scanning pattern.

- **Random Scan Display System:**

- **Frame Buffer Feature:** In a random scan system, the frame buffer stores pixel information
based on the objects or graphical elements. It contains storage locations for each individual object's
attributes, allowing direct access to specific object pixels rather than scanning through rows.

(a) **What are the basic principles behind reflection transformation?**

- **Reflection Transformation Principles:** Reflection transformation is a process in computer
graphics that mirrors or flips an object across a line or a plane. The basic principles involve altering
the coordinates of the object based on a reflection axis or plane.

1. **Coordinate Transformation:** Reflection involves changing the coordinates of each point or

vertex of the object based on the reflection line or plane equation.

2. **Mathematical Operations:** The transformation requires mathematical operations to compute

the new coordinates. For instance, for a reflection about the x-axis, the y-coordinates are negated, or
for a reflection about the y-axis, the x-coordinates are negated.

3. **Matrix Operations:** Reflection transformations are often performed using matrix

multiplication operations, where transformation matrices are employed to achieve the reflection
across the desired axis or plane.

4. **Preservation of Attributes:** Reflection transformation maintains the relative positioning and

attributes of the object but changes their orientation with respect to the reflection line or plane.

(a) **What do you understand by point clipping?**

- Point clipping refers to the process of determining whether a point (or vertex) in a graphical object
lies within a specified region or window. If the point lies outside the defined window, it is either
removed or marked for further processing to ensure only visible points are displayed.

(b) **Write the two-dimensional scaling matrix (about x-axis and about y-axis).**
-

(c) **Define raster scan.**

- Raster scan is a method used to display images on a screen by systematically scanning pixels in rows
from left to right and top to bottom. It involves rendering the image pixel by pixel, line by line,
following a grid pattern, which simplifies the display process.

(d) **Mention the importance of homogeneous coordinate system.**

- Homogeneous coordinates are crucial in computer graphics because they enable representation of
translation and perspective transformations using matrix operations. They allow efficient handling of
translation and scaling along with simpler representation of transformations.

(e) **What do you understand by resolution of a monitor?**

- Resolution of a monitor refers to the number of pixels that can be displayed on the screen
horizontally and vertically. It defines the level of detail and clarity of an image displayed on the
monitor.

(f) **Write down the three-dimensional translation matrix.**

(g) **Give the fundamental difference between animation and morphing.**

- **Animation** involves displaying a sequence of images or frames to create the illusion of

movement or change. It shows a series of distinct frames to simulate motion.
- **Morphing** refers to the gradual transformation of one image into another by manipulating
shapes, colors, or attributes over time. It shows a smooth transition between images to create a
transformation effect.

(h) **Define view port and window port.**

- **View Port:** It is the region on a display where the final image is projected or rendered for
viewing. It represents the visible area of the output screen.

- **Window Port:** It is the region in the world coordinate system that specifies the portion of the
scene to be displayed in the view port.

(i) **Define world coordinate system.**

- The world coordinate system is a reference framework used to define the position, orientation, and
size of objects in a graphical scene. It provides a consistent spatial reference for all objects in a
graphical environment.

(j) **Mention the importance of inverse transformation.**

- Inverse transformations are crucial as they enable the reversal of a transformation, allowing the
restoration of an object to its original state after undergoing various transformations. They help in
manipulating objects with accuracy and precision.

(k) **State the purpose of any clipping algorithm.**

- The purpose of a clipping algorithm is to determine which parts of an object or graphical scene are
visible within a specified viewing region or window. It identifies and discards portions of objects
outside the viewing area, ensuring only visible portions are displayed.

(l) **Differentiate between perspective projection and parallel projection.**

- **Perspective Projection:** It mimics how human vision perceives objects, emphasizing the depth
and distance by making objects smaller as they move farther away. It creates realistic depth
perception but distorts the object's size.

- **Parallel Projection:** It maintains equal scaling in all directions, producing a flat, non-realistic
representation of objects. It does not consider depth or distance, preserving the object's size and
shape.

(m) **Transformation depends on reference point. — Justify your answer.**

- The reference point in transformations defines the pivot or center of the transformation. For
instance, in scaling, rotation, or translation, the reference point determines the location or axis
around which the transformation occurs. A different reference point can result in distinct
transformations, altering the final outcome.

(n) **Briefly discuss about LCD display system.**

- LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a flat-panel display technology used in monitors, TVs, and various
devices. It utilizes liquid crystal material that changes orientation when an electric current is applied,
controlling the passage of light and generating images. LCDs offer sharp images, consume less power,
and come in various sizes and resolutions.