12 , of | = seddey ___5 theorypeint.com Bonthn sopical doleas ¢ Ba ofean fogicat pee ae ee | -—Paetng — teens tne_constt: (0,1) (mult. ddentidy operates a ain [ complement, Trans sext] unary 3. Binaxy oO ina: [fmd, Or , Nand, Nov, £x-o7, Ex-Net_, Enhibition, Smpticatisn] | | \ b x fo tp ty fy fu fo fe ty fp fo fo fy fo fe th he : | © Gg. °o 2 ee : 1 (eee ee | @ OOo ob is one t o iae e @ ofe oe 1 tio ot toot} posit io fo | 6 te | oe ee He __ f= 0 9 Nuu- operation - 8B f= 643 BND — opexalion Lxay]. - 2 2u fp = xy! Dphibition . — 2 uly 3 [x but not gy]. Boz Txansfor op: (Buffer gare) - dud xiy 3 tohibiGar . yiz 3 [ y but. not x] . 3 : : _ 3 tssy C Transgex : open] [ Gupser-gate] = Lext ok = XG + xty EX-oR poe 48 also known as slarv-case Jo. fs. Sioa a Bat$= tty — OR- gale eleva) te = ary Nor -.gaté = [ety] : . ag-= *OY ex Nor a = ty? 7 . a i ad : = 1 : | te = J Leomplementny Cpexatten] _[ Not- gate] a du = ety! [ompicapey _09.] = - f wey | ag 4 “thn x dls ta =, (Complmentry ) ; 5 ta = izlty- (tmplieation ). - x24 Lap x then gl. -_! dy = %y (Nand’) 4clascnutB f- | : NAND — [> L oR = =>— 4 NOR = => = } Bx-on =3SD— e : [e Ex-NoR a> Noté: \ k A~_| Nand, NoR "known as “Universal = bogic = Gates” = % % i . = = a a ial NaNo_4 _NOR ~ + 2 | NOT ! i BND a OR 3 a a EX-oR al = EX-NoR = 4 % | fey n= vaxiables » onde get a8 possible - r t: ob AND os p= _ é a : — 86 i = 5 = [ I ea =p i : | aca . (ead : ——S p= - | Pronise > 2 - | NANO Goes D Ra0k dlegerurotite germ gor tingle fogee gale. _ AND = AND. ds eA orm ths TT = : FEARS =: 5 fe PBec.| AND) - OR OR — BND | 1 NAND — NAND NoR =. NOR is NOR '— OR NAND = £.ND — | OR = NAND AND — Nokclasemat roe Cuts 2 E | 0 ok NOR Seem OND, AND? _Nok OR ——_ nano Positive Negative = togdos _2~ tyve- dogin + r)ve -dogée -——— a} High 1 _ High? 0 tow — © - dow > | ! eg. -1¥_ 3 Se) we - Logic : -av" | : i . Gy? VE AND = STE BND AOE = OR CFT AO RIS [5 8 F2A8 a & £ ° ° ° q [ ’ |e jl © q ° 1 a ° ° ° ' t 1 a) t ° ° = So ve AND = +7 4e OR Cicer - varsa) 1 ~ive. NANO = +’ ve NoK ( Wee = vavsa)- | := | - ey ? : SB. MY = Ry te : : » r t = 20 = x yr ny i} [ eee Ce ot = ae ' 5 | e@yt 7 i C - : e oo xOYOr BS *O YOR _ - a 0sB® 8 Te | OR: “tea 2% Srey fa ztoax | “ater / : | “et1 =]oe A Bs: x( yee) = (% i ea zt Cys) = Cety ye istris Tt daws. Aa me Cyt2) 5 ky EZ v eECyR) = Hty)s Care). an 's ~ fay 2m=e . : ae : . my 5 complement jd Asso: uth Some other vas and next than | etna id jotiowed. formed. by teptven varia. Varia. - — the eur is _hedlundand| | : | m AR + Ac’+ Bc = AB TAC be _(A+8) . (Ate) - (BtE) = (+8). (Ate) ie NoIE: —— =? | cans ensus- The- AB + AC = (AtC). (A+B) = (+8): Bto) = AO + C8) | Redundant daleFas' Rute" CRLR) 2~ OR i i IND mn, [- r ino _Sarn Bi Thott Wiv0 Variables: = eae G = FH x: (ty) = eyAbserpliisn — tou t= Absor'n- fou) 2- ORing - of eal aatet Baty Sao] by “omothem Variable _" ekuttt iam Some. —varioble | = Rrey = we ath x =(e+4) = * Wy oe Sop in + ont (Mintexm) | e+ (ano- og) x 4. fintexm f. ° 2 zy 6 ° ) Ky i \ 2 xy ° ) | ey I f= eytR ‘Pos 3- (waxtenen ) CoR-AND ) % 4 Maxtexny f! ° ° “ety ° | zag \ ° “ety t ‘ eTf= Cary). (eey) 7 Complementria) feolaan- Exeressisn =~ Siép-: D duality. : Suzp:@) Complement “tne Sndividiof Vortable: eg. pa ALB tC Sue : fused Ate : O (a'+B) ce _ ' Step ?@ Cate? = t ! “ CaF Ls [4 ~ fal = ‘= 4 a t * Hast-Pdder 2— : : e sums 2-4t ey a re o 0 ° ° : ol QL I x“ ys” onc) °. I et pea —— Se © —— Coon) Conny iananigtseananlnlnlna a vsvePSclassmate Oats % $ t as) ot! : 2 i 70 F l © Can i | I y70 = : Spi f= zy t By 4 ys @ # = Cary Cary) Gunt_jorm) — A ! . _ B= OY) CRA) complement” of onaiv. 4 Y = 4 S| This can _also__be writen from __the doable 2aten ¢ + ‘mew -zewos' . omd i-e- . E ] fe Gry: Ce+y) _— = Srp: OD = f= (Yt HY) oes (duat form ff - 7 i Step :@ 9 f= (Ry) + (ey) oan ( Compt” t 5 of Sndivy 7 4 i + _Home- work ~y - Workbook - Problems ¢ P:No-So = Qld deb 2 £48) = _ “Flt (eyPrO+ OtRLE NST TIE lassmate. a= (4 Page aii a © Ques: t o Bs = Huesit \, ae a } iT : Ques: Bo A— Querg) [Cat rd) (A+ BI] + Cco+e5) + (cD) J Aa FeeBs te oyay — #| Conversion From Sop ~ Pes _gmd_ Pos~Sop_2~ m 3. Sor + ™m => Pos - Oem (0, 8) =..2-9 +29 vey f Coelor I eid ad : ne ' TM(O,a) = ty): Cet, oe ore EP ey — [6] 2m a) = 7M (ys), : + = to T @|_ 7 (9,5) =.2™ C1, 3,54)6,F) = UG a-bie Ol fre emCo 43), aa) fo 2ém (4 3) 5) - oe i [fs = 3 m5 4 68) ’ i A 8 7 b— gr pe 2a, DD poo I> — b= bier es Ce ny = Ems) FEm(34, 6,4) I Em 6% 3,4 64) | Reem (0; a4, FH) 5 BE Em C18 3,816 H, ay $e2 are. = A®B = ABtiAe.. 2m 3, 5/6) A.B = om (UY). A@BS Em C 03,4, 5,6) ai esimatnnanetie classmate, | k-Mlap 2 Modeticaiisn of Venn - diag: | is only known | Os _K-Map. k-Mo-p 4s thy group ct odjerent ceut . : AY - Ri [ pay) cA) A | | = 8) = 7 Bey cass Bi 8 iemep = vi [a'el] fat : Alas |] AB Boch Cet atk ___d¢ ad _by group, of ditevols i ( Mint&ems ) —kK-Mop = Representation az 38 © % < AB) & [Ba as E a [8 [A8 : @| tla se) d@ Be 8c t mee tse B |RSe Jac, 58 A [nda] ABad nvey| Bce| Bo AS S P84] eA8, | | CAG] CAB 4. BBf= Em.0 0. 'y 3.8 ‘) . as vod ee ee lio: 608 dT E+ BBG + ABT + 98E 18 meth = iA : B wand { z i a r t eg. = | ACB + BD - Bd L Tan 1 IL- T Ta m | 8& Be Be Be apa een ee I a{ Lh ee Bc + ABC + ABC HARC Dl Pieclassmate, t.. < a) ai - 3 ...N7 Vaable no- ee ~ gor Ockerr = Cn-3) : oe S=wdxiable -K-Map . ocfel” gives: S-3 = 2 ditevals —sf tou | @xoup there's ¢ Reshendonue =“Grouging ?~ lish (sr Without the vedisndonte no_e{tect cn ths. ? “a ga em C136 ,4) re Be BE a Bc off a a Iz Te mt La s = Ac +a +8C 5 EPL gs ferry = Actaa 2 ZmC 1 16,7 Ht 12,13, 1S) vn (as ped &eb——ep: <—— wif le $= ABC +ACOLACD | + BPSelective | Prime: Smp-1} Bb it Gee jor mete | : dk was mot at decided . gar ths. selection - E Note $ Max— i ies Minsermne 4, taking Os +h SOR 6 re CO bel sce Oe Sg ee 1. False _9moticannt” a. False Prim: Qmpticarae A = | 4. false APD. Pats. ea Earn ples : Bc Se be 8c ke EMO 1! 2G, caren } By Milas 2 8 u s zt | BBs LO, hire BEG CRD) Be (o,a) len \ cee) BT (Ae) (e-c Por BB (6) Bp. Ceryk tmp. © S p.t-> 4 Non~ P-2:—> © B Pp 8 — | al OW = = al 4 s g —- | Aigo AG : Imp -—> 4 i Nen- amp. —> | ' en a . B.pn 38 - a a2 fe we nt AS AGB eg al qe is : fen. BpL [a fe “4 sKtial ef * (Pt) EE) 4-1 s= 7 - aon Be 8 4 [© e A A $= AB+AB =. Aetras z= A008 1 $= AGB VB. ew eo a BE Bc Bc: Be aaNI | i | | Aa es A | f - nal i — aa | I mi 8 CAOc] + BLAGE * $= aclB@oj+ Scleocy [TAOS|S whin on olin come natin . + B6Laoe) . sets wher On with oppose Tlakure LAa << +e ogesets ip topes Oster” B(BOc) i eg. ©. ae Ac of af a Al Gd =a) G * i A 4 oo d iC o tr ALBOc] i * ABCC@D) i eg.. @ cB CD oe * 4 — + = ae = 3 oe f BB al Os cle 4 AB wf Zo L wh 4 as " e nee + T an PB (cOo) EDCAOB) ; af | Pos forms in _k- Map i —— r x = 1 Sap .@) complement He _piben vasiabre: i‘ : a ee) BC Be ‘DPE io. lo. = (Ar) (a+)ti AME Oy 1, 334) am {9,4 5,6). c RE. RM C0, 1, 3,9) i fou om Ca4,5,6) . Em (0, 1/3, 4)" SOP te SsP [=Canonical- form: ].2 Ques: $= AB+ABL+ Ac. = - L Mmetnod : L = = : _ a D—rtrsr—~—~—si—S—S—S = ABc+ABE+ ABT t+ AcBt+rACcS: = Age + ABE + Deo rAcB- Methos : Ir BeBe Be Bo 8 ol | tes I al : fe a 7, lh él f= Rectage+ nbcrabe. ¢ Ques: = A+BD g2 ABT tABCD + ABCD + ABCDYABCO + aged + Aged + Ag GD+ARCOF AGcD + ABCDinthe Tour —aatdd os don cae 2g Stele + 3) q Be 8c. _ BE aL oC poxys ° oO oO toithout "gh = AB sot J nea — 5 & oD ay 5 AB k 1 ag | x x1 XI fx aa x sattpoul= 6 =) AGD with dé 5 8d.” 4 em C1,83,5) +6 (4) mM (Or 6 #) + HCY). Be" Be Be CCTs WD ol euteuir ses So that fow_eevtarn _anouls as output it unspe—.wy f= Em Cia) + $63,587), Be Be Be Be Saf Le Pcan tg wf lL ys txnf. 66 BBtC BCD +pacn +ABCD VEM _rrtethod 2 | Steps snvolved ” [seep:O keep a vaiiabie posilién as’ Os ama gat te —Siriplifee eqn. F StEp"@_seleer’ amy wyuable and Keep | tn i oud orn" von ialo| sho! be kept oF O - ete eee seer Sep:@ gn tre place of gtven Ts Keep don't cares (x) |and ger the simplified eqn. __ | Repeat ths. |__Nasriasoles am qe the Swetitredt wwe process’ tuat'its ssa | — zZ yz yz fz Lr C—r—s—Ss Os 7_¢ aa fy [© ! [og ia gutty coved. | = Ax | : = i ae = yz z ye yz | = o oO x Cd = Bryz xl @[ 6 x [oo |. = eon) ceo ees x ° _ ales ‘ . a yo" ys =T of] o | 1 = BR eee Ol Oe ont = (Yat eye Buye +Cxy +Azy1 atten _ _ sha Rea ar —— BE wil {orm Our A: PE Bé |DE ff Of f ge} Til Tg] The Ue ee} 21 al : F Lh sel [idee als | Le} BEI Vel od er] nd Bee : {wis Rot fom Ode a5 Hhexe ane 7 | Uma “than ane ileay_ changes | “ADE AOE Tdendificolfon of Paine amd Essenifat Prime by | Tabulation "method : : } on] Bivsf See (x) hawing “single (J im the columns (see which i Column “hos | edupié “(x - ex] Seeondly See which Row has Singh having that Round @: dae 1 ec) than ther few willl b: GP! omd trav Remaining. git be Ps. :Me: thuisky Methed_( Tabulatin Method)? Step: O__Take the _gaven er th form. of SoP step: @ form tne _ditgerent- gxoups with no- of 1s Srp: @ omeaxe th successive groups tor 1-AUe- | Hot Ahange. Rtep: @: Repeat the dove process uri we eat \+LUGead _enange, sgn fg = Em [Ot 37,8, 9,1, 1S)Minter D Oat o 09 0 o, 8 - 9. 0 ja oo-] gy eo ee 8,4 1 oe o-' 3 C2 te ae =o til aw IL = 11S 7D Hts: to tt t = I Mintesem BR oD 0,1, 8,9 ©, 8,114 7 23, UN 4,3, tt 3,4, WIS 3, FAISalso ote 2d he tinot ctpress Tobutalion method ex Don'T CARE Conp” o [ot the “boolean expr. censists of a DONT cage —— Tsteak them a. ii — the usual _proceduwe J _oblain the set of . pouime. ‘implicant . (nose: fmpticant- chart aU the don't cae. mintesrms are brritied - Dep f= Sm (6,7,8,9) + OC 1H, 13, 18, 1415) m_tthal “chart use should “have: . [ 6 TB a: Prob: f= om 0,!1, 61,8, 9,13, (4) 16) » Prob fe sm (19 3,8 6 %, 8, 4, 12,13, 18). Probil@) ff = 7M (83,8, 12, 13)+ HC 1014).iy unsemuce, «Alp. 2 id 4s exactly same as Hal {or SOP form. 22 o-| “Tweat the Maxitums as i¢ they axe the Mintesms amd complelé the process. 23 ey white tit ini Pos~ tori sear the _non- complemented vasable as O' and compsementéd _Vaxiable “as “!" amd posGl@ the [Bem in war_gorm Max-tem). and {that tern in Product is $= RM CON $19 51, IBIS, 16 IF, OS, AF, 98 AT SIP G( a0, 8), &8, 30). hl This Tab? Method fs playing an imp: mle fer the kts _‘nvolving higher ne: _et variables . etter than thar of karnasugh —” Map. HazaRDS = ree gt moped —the. a SKE may nol $t_can he eliminaled by. 4 ing as o~ Bens of the hazards im cht. for @ temp- rary Soe time. -_thise ll _be wrong _alP, _ known a. guilzn dace | eg.. fe Em (1,3 6H Bo Be eK 1 es Ac + ne + 6 Vv Nedundane troup ee t = AC + AQ. —* :YIclass ~ f= (teh. cry Wor) i OR-AND ~ 4 = Ht £ = (B+): (e+d) $ = (Bee) (cro) a 6. = _ SAURRRRORUAREETMethod: @ io Step: Q__» AND_(NAND) i || Stepi@_ | Siep.@) OR ( Bubbied OR = NAND) Nor ( NANO) eS | Nom 3 . os ' | Sme :@ OR (NOR) [ 7 Step: @ BNO ( Bubbled AND = Nok) —— slp! Not (Mon) anisole“Active — Louo's S$@- date > Pnd=gate. conneck hai-itlea cx hmesha ‘high’ _ Gatéat- sQ- lola = Mahega our ise uk .no hmesha Ziyh Re hair: Uocked - SR-tolth 9 _-enge ni aga ue fanlow now clang fo Wi hie AND Gale fu_Aig high de op '0" he ho jasper. —— SS E . : LJ ore 8 1 exp tb { A Top Ss NAND => Bubbled OR Table for “Aetiie —Loco fateh £~ [ete CECE Gee a! I NC ele O (Reset) = Jue Tf 1_Cset) / [ SL ©. 0 |: XDonT Care Lr JLo 2 Ne Jk. o | See Sk. ..0 i 0 Renee eg % DON'T CAREclassmate ate Page “Ta Sequentla cdraallt = dogic _qalék saith geeclhack _connecl’on _ane_-knewn af __ - a = | sequentiat _Cineni af - eg, —dalznes : : : ‘| Jatehe: axe two types - = J _NAND-GaTé a2aTcH | Active - Low | Figca) a. Nog= "Gate. dator Lachive - high 1 dig (by He (a) Higth) 83ser R> Reseli SR-delth operations CAcTIVE — Low ) s = Bubbled oR = NAND xthan the feedback SIP uit! be xs0& Gel=Q only bit Ue is the interme ord it is mat stable- 7 Stable _olPs JP must be openaléd untiu use por the sei_£ Ato pe gor tao |, the Resek Coridifion . Lose: 3 when =O Re! => | Tha same above process shoulol be conductor the, stable olPs. amd Md re | seo, @el -we ger @t=l., the Set cencifin I tose: 4 ashen $=0, RO 3- S| . ie t= GO a1 ont ich is the. useles, tsnditisn known as Don't Care Condifien : **! Nolet The S-R_ Latch fam_be _Controlied ualith the help = switch Kiw as Galed S-R__Latoh - D _usin = Ldér Than ik ix ~“nown as Clkec! s-R faléh Or) clockedans i | classmate. SalGloy, equential Ciucubt =) On the Sequential cktr resent fF mat on'y “clepends cm present” | 31P$ Ge al a Ic NONO = Gate. ( Aciive Lox) » E 2. Nok. Gale CAckivie High) . + | opewatian of $= ff. ( Aetite ~ dow) $ ————4 a zi | gt 35) a i Casert $=}. Rel awhen initially ‘@=0." | then: the 4 v bith be X=B lomd ys) ther the next tae gt = 0 I ot dviteuy 10: then the fesdback 910 1 wii bel %20 YE1. then west ger mext ~ sialz ot stwe ger Qt is No~ change. cases 2» $= 0 R=) 94 inuifaty"“@s0', eel, YEO. weltl get tye nekt sl the” feedhack 9/P§ ane opemaléd . we ger Q=@=ll only but is mer stable oP so this is the dntermedsofes ale only so the feedocck 9/P5 shoul: be operated until _we __ger tha stable sia" then tel ae [ the SET-conortion J Sn_the same above’ manne, the procedune Should be ec z Hy lable O/P. é al SIPS should be opexalid yor both ‘cases ‘sf Anilally 920 _omd inilialy =! and by the chéenuralien | we__karn__say_thair _when Sl, Aso we ger i i mext slate. Qt=o . Reger - Condit . | cases 4 gr0+, R20 mn_this case by the -_ebsexvatién we can say that i ots Gs! only which isan unused -candulién : Known as DON'T! CARE Conn. : fe eo) S$-R_ taléh cain be. contro! by using Q swith Knowna gall SA = Lalgh + rt * | The Csntiling: con alse he dene by Using: - dock gener ra@lor Known as clocked _S-A PP. : TOTats @ the .( Toggue =conpition] : { | tn tesenat feeder — shouted be opemotid inti sae get thet se “Exteunal fetdbase. _shourd be. onal only... oneal Sidple -» CUB t 7 foo vagle « Cock-. pulse. Ea a! = c 1 : HD : > ao S- a0 cik TK — On Oe ery i NG apna sid ah 2 i SOE ° ) Reset- &.. Corggiek| O- flip. Flop i= ete eee ee 7 (ee L Ts. [Teo SL ° ° ¥ a | Jae t I | me falas 1 So -_! E Te Piip- Flop + = hi J -t= high al => Uy [—- Q9 130 i De ole f | lca He KHZ { a j {1 t - K: & gel ea = + ala XK Hx ds iyP ‘grequency ef T- FE 1 then the 1? @ T K QF ° © 3° 0 NG 0 ° { © Reser- oO t ° wo see Os t \ |__@ toggle _ _ | [at= rerka | 7 ° 1 ° : I Lt ( ° U 1 i t 10Txuth —Table $ gt gre’ the 14 ‘Oo! Corrs ~ ~panding gIPs . - 4 Txansilién or _Excilétién — Table t- St _guves the info about | 91 the possible at a AB “eh -0—partiction oO} P: Excllatien - Table: for “Active High” (Short-tat-) g of Fk a_at sR ole o ol; x 4 oloo o | x tjoit iy tElor th 1 lo Qo) ee tox al 25 | inte ome amo asi] 3 (ot xt o a), 7 x oO got p a of T = oO 0 ° oO oO - [is|EOnme | ! los ) ati ° ° a t ° } St I 3st to ° k 1 : 7 | 4 | Mesegning ef Ff > Conversion OF FF. 3Dclassinates sa! | Gol 6 9.3 D+) S-R 9-8 TK3 SR S-R > Tk = ay TS s-Ryer enema clascmate — | Bnce= funoundd = fabiem_( Be peatisn) —t fo mgle cik- pulse ak o/P ie | oe t de Known ‘as Race-" Prround Problem. \ | | Reason: OlP " occurance +me uik= pulse ds fn the | | on s(ote__enly which causes one more Suine _ tee} | wuing = tearis te, mepeaisn @$ Toggle Known aa | RACE AAR: PAS. ( Negatn Cage TL.a I Triee- = & f Ne: —R t fs lop Master Slave __PLip~ Fl i 1 ooh r t EY a foot J | a : gE [ol |e 3 aa a iti ii |& {4 3 E| |e = 3 3) gy Pm alae label fa} bey-bs Im % g.] 8% usingERS . on on ! oo iN | OFF ore t : jit I ! uf = ye og] Tle r= a | f 1 ul 1 ! = 10.0 |) Lt iteR = je 4 c+ Bae +EcF + AbOe Az AC + ABC 45 pr WL +i6c eA Be 4bA SS TN TET — vedundant | aps [a Abe +A GE) I A T a Bc 6. Bt Sc Be BE 8 al xa) Ales x fe ufos x oO 4 uf LueActive -low SR tafe Oni l t uy T Mitt Sheet Prpbiems Aires: | AcTWE-HT rere PUPPETS Gueus eebo fo tt | ! i T 1 Jo 10 42 I t jo lo I 7 seats ole 4 Seok -| | befpot—t ijt. i vt itt 1% Ques? 55) eyes +'ve riggs Ques: sta Binagy SHeT Register 2° when’ £6. axe -caninectid “ty cascaded “manner, binary SER nr bt: : ee pian A): $180 2 Mi sand seH-Y ep ee pe at 8) HPO a3 ny and o q. Piso 5 and a). 2 D). PlPo = I" and 0 : eRe Per) 10 18. = ST = 0 ST o oO 0: FS 9 tS St " oe iio tl ipa! L 7 t . Tt J U Lb ° = | qd lo t | ek J oN S=0 a) fare Woy “Sev “1,2,3 Vv Operate)— i e-|l Te A dee 2a Temperary a se a a eee one Can _praside _ tfne _dolay _*. : NT _= at } | +t nae ie | Satz nv To: Cock pexiod al feasainaie) { a orl shige Res. can be_use_ gar coc envesin. Tae o eg. SIP conuents seein! orm at. dat [siPo int3_ Pax -| “Piso > “conved _ farattel > “Sours. —F kB Rigbs- Shit a wig devi ssen bya | mote « Bighe skye —hawtbe | a erste Odd _-no- % BE 4-Bip Binaky - SHiet- Ep. with ="ye IK.‘class i b at 3 is We ae \° rh epee tt 7] ToT ATTVT PITT) a +4" bb eb ey 44 . ge | Le a ie a6 LTT 4- B + att oie | TL 4 5 yl’, ib ; Fy eel SETH gp : P-4 =]- ee + . 3 oe reel! LL TTT | J I apy ¥ | ge iff gf] ] iatwisted Rin = yp Arn.= Possible Stale - Ok pulses ely = Star} Counter : bs adclassmate. Possible -Slales. Uk pulses. lobn son's Rin. cf | Seve grantedBeaches! RR x Dewtt Care | a] et i ° 1 oO fre cx} ot i ° I x Pre. ° ° { (| Cat Bide Bi Go | 0 8 OX q 7 Bale ie 4 : fot XT i c ¥ & r! | Psesont-sfle | Next- state abe a, Go | iat af 1 t © 4 oO \ ° 2) ‘ oO o | ) t ; Cl oe os ot 1} x 1 oe xe : (0 Xo St Jewesent site | Next ste Q@ _G | af or ° o7T_0 Tt © ia ee ¥ 1 ! ° oaf el st aE Te = i. L 4 Tis YOR a u } | wanléd Sequence By _v. ‘ing T= flip - flop @] 4/0] 0 I) Up4 [ih jo |- 21 \ Woot pub tonali Hen ' | Method 48 aveid fock- out eondilién 5 Gob mci capes. | I| lascar oat | a it as _on_addélighod cicasit to xthe —coonks: en ith the help of propew _peesel ond Glems “the umpféd Stake. pan be ocheiye whthout _ any dacs of als. 2p | St + & = ci | Ts. __Ta___S Q, : t 5 ou ° : at _! 1 135 \ i Oo 7 E a ° 1 t = : Soar 2 t Ooh st is mot self - Come cléd - B60: Go O10 ob 7 8. pot ep gs 06604 | S| IG a ; : S Los i g Te en ~ - TE tal ° j j at = ‘ i ele ae 1 is a1 toO. Snpul . 3. Next slate 2 die Out B use Sf@p 8 ~Prepoue the sIGIE table from SIGle oid gram . : slépi3 Sdentity fhe equivatons- slaley. 9 f || equivatont- sialés ? Two ssOle axe Said! f be caus. a4 tate next SIGlE omd Off ane - iclentr'cots Es Step: 4 won z. ‘yalene 2 inale obe = | eg sthern : iL lb | S8e:S G@epear above process unl! we get att dépenant @) ya olP T p ee SD We . ih Peesenk State Next slase Outpeu” | | 1 x20 “ee! x20 _—— | Oo ood t 1 iE Onl OO Ou: ° ° | 5 a) eo \ } |- | ol lo 6 Of 1 iYo) Zu @- ‘Ts ——) 5 One O/o OTT 7 oer Next State Out gute ze0 | Preesers- State a a 2 S-slales - (ues:' Gues:1 Stale - deduction methods axe 2- types ¢ {1 Melby method: 2. me Method - e ray Method : 1. Methy - Method : 9n this method present olf depends an __ present 9/P and presen - stale Nose: above discussed “examples axe . Métey methad oly, | | Moore - Method; on this method the mesent o/P depends | = wn present” slate o-— St . “OZ | —% . | Be! Tz 0 wet a e | l ‘a ef wy ay D=o0 : = = : ~ 8 Tre To i ee 0" Tk}? oo e239} sR=10 SR= 06 : eo : G ee G <— : Can _ + The OF i “= = a ! SR=0}classmate ote Page > 199 ® fy a» ® ie ik} 3 | aj al |. W]e. 3g] i 4 = > = Lombinakionas TIPS Po S ER HS. FA: xo Cwoy = Eye pees pays tzye 2 25e+ Tyee jet tye. Sum: tOy@ & | : 2S aK wm | ae 24x 8 __2ig. (O00) ° } aig = 28 YO x -—~ Ae oo | i jl : ot et earn s Ber HE ryereye | 1 Ce) I ° - + L oo ° +t l Ga ° ° LJ | [En eieOn ne. ° ! T Borrow = fy + ve $Xe = yt yereeESS I [ Enable "1 1-3 tany of Deeo- Pr| | sun Em (12, Yt F Carry = Em (315,69)ie WA ABC sum | On 010 re 16 Sums Smli2) Q Sao ¢ 2 Emt3) : a (eee td | 3 ii leo i ! | SE t i en | l ; ae : nerd ae i Tt & 5 58 : : D3 cary : | ' i : xe Em (34) > |> ~ : : x= BR + BC ( = Fe Ex t= OTASr ac]Multiplexer is Momy $@ One Crete + * Dela Seleater . — ¢ cmos o AB(Le) + AB(T3) = AB.) + ABD) +a4, 8) “eVee Laogic' Em CU bHz™ 2,45) EMT aus | I + o/-|° o|o |- |-|o ¢| orfos fos os) — 2) =] | al 44aYo ° | ° : ° 1 6 ! vy | ° ° ° ol (dca ke Binary Encoder ° \ ° o ° ° ° ° 2 ° © ty o, & 9, 2, |¥2 1 ° ° ° ° oO Tyt Tet Tet Tq. Yo | : =" i M+ Tat Me +ts, ee ys z 2, ° o oO ° ° ° 1 oO Yo tn = La ty X, & a Eoa Pretorly “Encodex + - i f_ of 0 S| Y, Yo e--o o I] ©, © Yes SRUtB | | =| o Oo ie on Vie eee lve fo : | [ia ee aes a. : | 1 ; I Sats - + be] J > Yo 134 a % 7 —— YF - | to" [ ==, 4xa MUX | tuegher ordered crusts by using dows ardocéd culate Axio using a43x8 usin: OE = CuI ys Demuxis= od Porta: por ea: Ot | decoders = €) No. sf enable _lecodews = ©: Numpeg — Sytem + ; Code and (odes Converter + : Co conved& [Ts Sed EXT : 5 if Rep (84 a 1) sal + OTT Tex nlslalsleé = ee ee | ee loot foollfoito Bcp tool <4 fo=r 1010 Ss snyatid in aco — is Lor \_these awe Binary ~ Coctes. a lg 3.7-Tiee -) ra iene G Ym Lito is cuty haa [pes pan|cooo <— Ben See eool cool <— B&H Se ©oe| Oloo ~— Bw : .lngsmate. = a4 at : ° 02.0 8 0 a2 y &) t 66 6 Coos ~ lg Go 16 s2 tot Vv 7 3 OF Ola - Geese ito 5 : Ss 20-65 : 6 a0 . \7 oi oe) g iio: . a fee : 2 ada'3' im Be wit gor Ex 3 - o> 0000 - + tT) = 137 ~ I oot tl = exs ef (OF : to ecel o + tho 8 : of 00 < exs of TL z - Ex-3 Seth - Compurnent” = | o— oo MN a i o loo : ae Bae NO tT ivlemenr 0 10.0 YF 1 100) Coee onversion eb x-3 BOD o7P A&B CD D Ex-3 oir Wk Ye fe) ©.0 0 Aa ae O02 : [0 tot Oo 9 lw) A+BC+BD Ww es) oP s Ex3 LIP 's BED seem ca sstsliaomamtSE Be Bp Bi Ba” Buhay. 1 ® | ® 0 @1 | t oe Gray “4 ° \ 1 Gs Ge Gi a mse . G3 = Bs % = BOR G. = B,® 82 Ge = 9,0 Bg ———-_ & 8. =) 2—_ 42 B, Sh G SD Low i 2 tee Bh E 4 = ty Gs 4 G Guay l a oO y! Z S. | a VA LA) Teee) | i | - le qd (| Jjol-le}e|-|E] 28} apse) |} E leo (Ole |ale Flo § oJ a 6|—l-|21-|-|-]7 a | ° o-|- Ce elalaleeesae Selo yee --E] y | SA ; ' wl-|-fol] fetle 7 ey lie ea) fb Se ela eo] 8 : al o|—fol—}ofefo}-fo]— a slo at 4 ° ° v|—/e}-]° le elo fy “o| |_lo| o . o|-|- | a NK Gi aia es —— | oe > Seven SEGMENT Py ° t ° i Gs Gq 4 Py HW = 34, 36 P:N-60 — | mT ve al ! ds a)| Fuu- Adder Using Katy ~ asditer t . ~_ ie sum eae pee | oR ct 7 r 8 HA ” Sra fc) (ee HA i rs — oa %) Paxalter Brnony Adee (or) - Ripple. Lovo actdlen 2 — I B A AD AB 4 + f | | Fs | a i zl Een (ee) BA Ba. I a | an Cag Su = ‘curs — Caray ! . a : a [note : : ae em NRA) When there te a cosy tn 44 geen oo GN-1) FA + [HAY 2 GN“) Lana. + (OR gate J] + 1HA- TE = Ya cacy Was + _Cy-t) OR gales (N=) i a! ee OR galesPOC AL Fe [ 4 & Siz AN ise mal —— Go rt C7 = te yo J i F pS _£. Bi a:Page Cter= Cony = G = Got ole 2 Cig = Cis = Gere, = G+ PL GHP] - = j =. Gi +PiGo +P foto. - . Cite = Co = Ca = Git Paty = Gat Pr [Sit Pi Got hires] = nt PG PL Go thtate Ce]. Chay = Cony = Cy = Gab PyCn os Gae Pal Gt GtRae + PP, Pate} = Gat Pe Gr t PataQrt MP PGe +PoPiPahyc) | ~ Short Gut AND > monty = 444s a a hin Ock Haq . M's 10's als 8!s lets : : _ I-v's > a's i's ts Is's HA Hack Om / Sone o . 4 quged _ a's a . -—— FF, os tel eS . a @ Vee ae£ 1 LU'S Comptes a Is eo Us eet : : 6 if & j | ! a's Complement 9 of ! k i | g Las eo: gis +1 : ine t [ ° 1 1 es 7! ¥I oS SG 410! r 2p cl —tarplement ae lols ete tise—- 17-3 a : a [ B2°6 = \ eel \ a I »@ 3 BRE = t. fees lo lel ~ + a's ¥ 2's | o 116 ov ofett & looo ! v a's = = oo = 2's complement” Addex | substractie Cl i 838) 8)» Aa Ar Ai Ao 4-bir Paxalle! : I ae = team Cin = = — 7 SurSs A= AAs Ay Ro 2 {lo in ol BO BsBr BB, Sl] ; mz ¥ Yi J Lo Ont £385 Fow—B oT By f—8> ! . os L t ie \ ! Fal | Ba Pay 182. Ay 5, Germany 2's comp cig’ Mrgatine’ P Pe-R.a oa chs | 3 kive Wathis aud § eidiulleuk ts 0) | Ca==e = —— I of a a's- Complermerter 3) ot oa Saeee { “ghaotocet 7 E . Ld i jo lore ne E | 7 ; © — : ' | = ) * aa x! @cp — Sivthmatic * . If. cp - addifisn: When two valid BCD. Mo axe. i = these is Invalid or) caw is _genealéd thin He : ‘6! should be added for the Hal | drculle, | ro | Case ti) > | s> Olol it | uo olo00 : q > 19 61 valid = = Case tit) SD = ea Dinisea Otol a i BoD yo eri 1) '2 invanes ' rr —s—SsSsiS ' of loe + oe : ooolJoo 10 aa 1a tose i 9 63 tooo q— 1607 amy Tecel + thvaba (Te -) ~ coo oris «lt TTThole 5 : Wigs 4-pir Parties | 7 - I =|. Binoy Adder | ~ . me _ ae ° i) oe jauiias BCD ~ Substragtée : Coxe) * Resube ig +? ve + 9's complement of “substrahe- | a =nd saddled fh “minwend “then ig Dha Aeaubl ds inwolid thn '¢! Should be addeol along with |. Bhs __endarround carry» —_— eee] i sei) ip the seswie ds vet ~whin the munuand hm 24 added with 9's __ complement: of substrahend tt i the sgeawtt is valid amd _* yenevalid LF [- sindiealés 1 ve retwr —and_ 9's tomblemenh Should he. |_ be Ramen for Ginal answer, : eae) Go pile BRUT GS Oto , —4> ple) [85 Grp .of G > = eR B _ Fold thwabd v i’ DiLlEasa No-Cavory ; ie (esa ae 1, Voeid \ Rowse Ce 1+ 2. No ata i tarry 0 4 - p-4 & tor faunal antwey Taxes 4's comp: 3rr I r No. Represenlati¢m 3 ; i : a | case th) (tive number : +5) ae ea ai . fo ttoo . f : see bur Magnitude : a Cosett) ~)ve number “ -5) = : i HV i © 0 ty x Sign mogritinds 4 Signhir Ogre’ ‘ . | 4 fu golleo I'S Comp. i | Stan BE ss ae : | oo 1] 00 +S : f (aeRO TO FIs oR) 2 als Gompuument= agian 7s toms = Given | __sign Us os i olel +5 +s +S Lie} -13 &) "| & | L{1.0], sin. 4 'B ae 5 l Avot Lites i i y08to Loete “f i ! = >> \'stsmp: aa - 4 : Olt -clas ' Ges. Sign Range —} LS TS temp. : oo Le l-1] & + <= -t} sens complement ‘ . Exit. M22 for =3 yrange * - 3 fe +3 dian : 1S comp. : ©00 +o “ooo. +0 : OrOH tal oo} tr oto +a olo. +e 0 a oll +3 : [Cio 6 [90 fo} =) fod oe fai iis | io => Rong? Lah + BT TY fer 2's complement tan Qs Comp.) jorn=3 O80 +0 Coo to Manger torg Cot! ooltr | l olo +2 olo tk ot} +3 oyy rs [eo -°0 Loo0- I ee ot | Pro = (oD ! ttt 3 cel (oC2 eee = (at) et) -s % +3 se fire Ldote woow fy a am othey bulk ‘OT = —aclassmate, (Satna) ee Beta Overrgtow Londifin 3 chs [f= he Gur Cour: 7 sit inauluscueteale it: $50, No-ovexfiow . SveEtpow. ‘ S e ae 5-> & o\l of ¢ a — Fj 9/1 00 joo} + 2ye +007 : = overtiod. ro addificna) Bir ts overcome tu overtow. | so fool e) aan : i re) o 0100 . oe Tet Ret Tt : T t = TC oo) olll oe} ~-} o| -}o]/—|e oe} o|—| 0] =|-lolo— 6 —= *| Porte Genenalér | : | -_ : ' = toe Tah _— 7 - ‘ 2 LIP chécker s ; \e =" ob la en lo ro fom g g ~. sgroming = (odes (f-bir) | h- | tien doe 2 11) t Txt Pees 80g ye be Dee be t 1 L | see —— | euen- Paxil Foe aoe SS t fA et Pa fe Pa : by . f f ps ae Hy Fie = ac aad = it a a i#=_ e eu e 2fe RIGS [lel sae Of va | . sly Pu C4567] 3 Leys for] 9 Pyro elt 2 oHES rox Rx: 10 jolo 10] fo Po [93] Py De % De (L357) 3 % C1ON) 3 Vel 123,67 3 &(9001) 3S Bel Pu (4,563) 3 PulOlol) 3. K=0 aB7 3 6,1,1 @N3O . feu | Ao _+we Can also check 4e0 athe place ushere enor has (1219 3 Tttey bean _ocqured. 4 {- : + p Sse Cemeealems 2 © | ec. to fry __C_successive _atuiaion) 2 __* | —— + - Let Liat Duet Tie To t PetimatPeint tl akin’ > & Txio! 10 Ts) 7 | | Decimal 'its Binary : [te te, a. t ate. Oe: bho a[3 0 aolSS feadininas ? ( cucceysive mubtiplicalitin) 0: $8 yin) an 06s) = | So CL 20'S = yhoo ecto Oct 386 cig). 8) 236 2861) = 436¢a) 6| 85 SG A oS Xec+ be _Hexa 37 488 0) (4a wf ag lay ee | 9). {toy de Dee. s— Bin fe Dee. Itol- otf tys3 + x92 4 oxalxiye®- 3 19 31S tio} Oust de yee + yo3 Ort Dee 2 842 iQ) 3x8% + 7x6! + 2x8? = aS (in) Hexa 40 Dee > 856 ce a. = SX + 5x + Oxle” : =| BSUe in ETclassmate D Bin 16 pec 9 Bin 16 Ot FD teeO ee OO) ott[oiy~ otofioo | Bin. je Hexa i- li jpol-to 000 II 1ol},looo 3. EID Bry Prey to: Gin so a, dec: tp bin or fo Bin 1S) 861g) YS 8/619 BS iifrot enyjiive,., Hera f Bin > BB C.D tie) ee Alle. 5 : Lolo tott ttoo: tloly, Jopog fp dg Our. 4 fey 2 oct fp Bin Oo “15 Dee 4 | a), Oct & Hexa + ATS +318) co ooo ofaiifiiol: allo = BOG iola . ; ; me ae Prog _ Oo 3 | 2 ener dec 15 Oct : a bin fe oc Lr __| Hexa Je _Oer tei talitibet. odio ilece 8 Bar| [30,,, : : Hexa te Pry > Proy 4o_Hexo > oe =e a - Hexa fe Dec: Dee: te Hevo = Mex J Bin" Bin fo beng | a Hexa fo ocr. : H Oct. ta Hexa,” 48's Complement Aluthemata : : ef unuend 3 fb a! : : | ig Uns es ‘MSB' is” ‘Xeno! then thd wesule is (+i ve, and the answer is “Bue Binary - e et of mee it ‘4! than eaculte i. megotie than the . a 3's Complement, ; 7 3 bh be_ignored . Note. Coury should Agnor ae % 3 ménuend ~Y¥s Suastraend = ip M88 (Sig - but) = 0 9 Resulk is +'ve ‘Bae sina | Tanore =) = Result ds ve [ Ane te] TP comy cule be | i - al => file oi tu"cuna +a. Pitre el) 7 —4 — [ijttee eee $ S sign Bir Sgmoved : =e ume +S eee ae ee L +4 > fojpt ee Lyte sips — case :tiv) 4_—* Me ttt —— }O) 1 0.0 | : Jj le/o 00-8 . ; Resust =o $ ne Ose tay Gur fosate Case tiv) 9AVAIL ees . AL : Ft t , *||1'S complement _Aiivthmatic _:- i Minuen: houk dded 5 1's Complement ubstrahend i with a exated fr should become enct-arxound i" $B 3 _o [| Result Ue t+) ve] = fr ig true Binary 7 endanou t = 1 [Reautt ts Give] = I'S Comp. be in Ana. [Pd Carrey Note > t | Mogritizde — Lompaxalir > _ ' AA ABA2LA)Re » AB AK a ps8 A2g 7 838.8, 80 - Oo © o i ° cul | ° ° fe) et ° t = i ° ! © Ie x% ox xx ¢ ait A>B — ox % } oo rr | ALB I = BSS . 7 Ag=Bs > (Fa, : = 2 se roger it ALLI 1 | > eB, —__ AB) Robo AB x x x ° ° 1 S Aa< Gy x x x lo ° = Aa=83 Ae>Be R 8 ey ° | E . Ay=B, Pat x 7 . ; ‘ Paz 63 Pr=B, APB, x o O° 1 | A3= By Rise, PCB) ¥ C a © al Pg = 5 Ay AEB, Po>Be’ ° ol 1 =| . Ag = Bs Ar=6, AEB, Poa : : 4 (Ag-83) + (A283) (Ar 82) + (820 8a}'C A082) (Ai8s J Je “+ [8s 8g) (#20 Br) (Arr Br) (Aor Be) di Pins SG. : . 4 Buea} to rt. _— & gwen : gracthe J | ‘mux | : + et yg > elo) +£E + 4 Y 9 = ER. 4 4 y tb+ca 4 = Y's yg) Ye + yex :Beoz of dite. propagetien delays at dif} esent parti of cit tha olP may not be the expecléd wegulr known a4 Homan : . GLUEb 3— < for sempsrary intStva) pf chime. we gel a wrong olf, Known As gies ae — t Te i ord ‘tn. 2 £6 azard- a dun~ {tt} Hazard ~ Types aun ft! o a “grape 0" a] - Ass oe } Dynamic } im —: - _dogic = Famuy iS 1 | chossiticction of digitay e's ¢ in_( $$%) $- | | snout score _Snifegrafien ‘ mo. of Logic gates < 12 == mon St Component bls 49 I f \ t MD:. OF Logic, goles 1 1a-499 - \ mo: 9 * Components’: 190-199. = 41| Longe seole sniéralizn (asnyie np: 8 hogic gales loo - 999 Aue ok compenentt 1 leoe- 4999 ah Ve Foralisn ( VLSE) : aa foxpe scale snlegrasion . eo sogic gode: above lovo , yo: a tampa anove le.cca. ____| : ' _ Lhoratlslies parameténa 2 . _ a}, Prop i delay: 9 is the time delay bio apphitat'en Sh Asp amd ocauronce oh| i } class ‘ate Page. ! te = tpuet tein a tps > teu 5 BIT ( Reuense - hecovery - Hime) tern < tp 3 PET (+ Change’ slerage time ) Unit 3 mano -see. L OER — Dissipation i= 9x is amount ef the pawer ali ‘fp on 2 PD Vee. Bees fee = Pee + Leu a Teen? Curent When au SIPs one high - Tee 4 " ie vnit 3 mili- watts. Flguxe Of Medu- i= Gk is the product ef power dissip- =ahon ond propagation dday ynikss pico~ Joutes - my + he Le _ should Fan Ous- 3 = — Soadkin. que. by a olf.