What is a sensor....?

Asensor is a device that detects events or changes in quantities and

provides a corresponding output.

The output is usually an electrical or an optical signal.

*Examples:
*Amercury thermometer converts the measured temperature Into
expansion and contraction of aliquid which can be visualized on the
calibrated glass tube.
*Athermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage.
SAn internal sensor refers to a type of
sensor that is located inside a system or
device andis used to monitor and control
its internal parameters. Internal sensors
are typically used toprovide feedback to
the system's control unit to adjust the
system's operation based on the
measured parameters.

Internal sensors can be found in various

types of systems, such as automotive,
industrial, and medicaldevices. For
example, in an automobile, internal
sensors can be used to measure
parameters such as engine temperature,
oil pressure, tire pressure, and fuel level.
These sensors provide information to the
vehicle's control unit,which adjusts the
engine's operation, fuel injection, and
other systems to ensure optimal
performance.
engine's operation, fuel injection, and
other systems to ensure optimal
performance.

In medicaldevices, internal sensors can be

used to measure physiological parameters
such as heart rate, blood pressure, and
body temperature. These sensors can be
embedded in the device, such as a
pacemaker or an insulin pump, to monitor
the patient's condition and provide
feedback to the device's control unit to
adjust its operation accordingly.

Overall, internal sensors play a critical role

inthe efficient andsafe operation of many
complex systems by providing real-time
feedback to the system's controlunit to
adjust its operation based on the
measured paranmeters.
 Anexternal sensor is a type of sensor that
is located outside of a system or device
and isused to detect and measure
physical parameters from the external
environment. External sensors are

typically used to provide input to the

system's control unit to adjust the system's
operation based on the measured external
parameters.

External sensors can be found in a wide

range of applications, including industrial
automation, environmental monitoring,
and weather forecasting, among others.
For example, in industrial automation,
externalsensors can be used to detect the
position, motion, and orientation of
machines and components in the
manufacturing process. These sensors
provide feedback to the system's control
unit to adjust the operation of the
machines and ensure proper functioning
of the manufacturing process.

In environmental monitoring, external

sensors can be used to measure
parameters such as temperature, humidity,
air quality, and radiation levels. These
sensors are typically located in outdoor
environments and can provide critical
information for predicting and managing
natural disasters, Such as floods,
hurricanes, and wildfires.

In weather forecasting, external sensors

can beused tomeasure meteorological
parameters,such as temperature,
pressure, wind speed, and precipitation.
These sensors are typically located in
weather stations and provide data that is
used by meteorologists to forecast
weather conditions and issue weather
warnings.

Overall, external sensors are essential

hurricanes, and wildfires.

In weather forecasting, external sensors

can be used to measure meteorological
parameters, such as temperature,
pressure, wind speed, and precipitation.
These sensors are typically located in
weather stations and provide data that is
used by meteorologists to forecast
weather conditions and issue weather
warnings.

Overall, external sensors are essential

components in many technological
systems that operate in dynamic and
changing environments. By providing real
time data on externalparameters, these
sensors enable the system's control unit to
adjust its operation and ensure optimal
performance and safety.
An active sensor is a type of sensor that
emits energy or radiation into the
environment and measures the response
or reflection of that energy from the target
object or surface. Active sensors are
capable of generating their own signals,
unlike passive sensors,which detect and
measure natural sources of energy or
radiation.

Active sensors are used in a variety of

applications, including remote sensing,
robotics,and military systems. In remote
sensing, active sensors are used to
measure and map physical properties of
the Earth's surface, such as topography,
vegetation, and moisture content. For
example, LIDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging) is an active sensor that emits
laser beams and measures the time it
takes for the laser to bounce back from the
target surface. This data is used to create
 target surface. This data is used to create
detailed 3D maps of the Earth's surface.

In robotics,active sensors are used to

provide information about the robot's
surroundings and enable the robot to
navigate and manipulate objects. For
example, ultrasonic sensors emit high
frequency sound waves and measure the
time it takes for the sound to bounce back
from objects in the robot's environment.
This information is used to create a map of
the environment and enable the robot to
navigate around obstacles.
In military systems, active sensors are
used for surveillance and reconnaissance

purposes. For example, radar (Radio

Detection and Ranging) is an active sensor
that emits radio waves and measures the
time it takes for the waves to bounce back

from a target object. This data is used to

detect and track moving objects, such as
aircraft, ships, and missiles.

Overall, active sensors are essential

components in many technological
systems that require precise and accurate
measurements of physical properties in
dynamic and changing environments. By
emitting their own signals, these sensors
enable the system to gather information
about the environment and take
appropriate actions based on that data.
A passive sensor is a type of sensor that
detects and measures natural sources of
energy or radiation emitted by the target
object or surface without actively emitting
any energy or radiation of its own. Passive
sensors Work by detecting the energy or
radiation emitted by the target and
measuring its intensity, frequency,or other
characteristics.

Passive sensors are used in avariety of

applications, including imaging,
spectroscopy, and astronomy. In imaging,
passive sensors are used to capture
images of the visible and non-visible
spectrum, such as infrared and ultraviolet
radiation. For example, a digital camera is
a passive sensor that captures images by
detectingthe light reflected from the
target object or surface.

In spectroscopy, passive sensors are used

Inspectroscopy, passive sensors are used
to measure the intensity and wavelength
of electromagnetic radiation emitted by
the target. This information can be used to
identify the chemical composition and
physical properties of the target. For
example, a spectrometer is a passive
sensor that measures the intensity and
wavelength of light emitted by a sample,
whichcan be used to identify its chemical
composition.

Inastronomy, passive sensors are used to

detect and measure electromagnetic
radiation emitted by stars, planets, and
other celestial objects. For example, a
radiotelescope isa passive sensor that
detects radio waves emitted by celestial
objects, which can be used to study their
composition and properties.

Overall,passive sensors are essential

In astronomy, passive sensors are used to
detect and measure electromagnetic
radiation emitted by stars, planets, and
other celestial objects. For example, a
radio telescope is a passive sensor that
detects radio waves emitted by celestial
objects, which can be used to study their
composition and properties.

Overall, passive sensors are essential

components in many technological
systems that require precise and accurate
measurements of natural sources of

energy or radiation in dynamic and

changing environments. By detecting and
measuring the energy or radiation emitted
by the target,these sensors enable the
system to gather information about the
environment and take appropriate actions
based on that data.