Printed Circuit Boards

MODULE 5: PCB Drawings – Reading and Drawing Practices (6P) CO-5 BTL-2

PCB Drawings,

Standards – Practices,

Basics of Printed circuit board drawings:

PCB design flow, Placement and routing, steps involved in layout design, art generation methods-Manual and CAD,

General design factor for digital and analog circuits,

Layout and artwork making for single – side, double side and Multi-layer boards, Design specification standards.
What is PCB “Printed Circuit Board” ?

PCB stands for “Printed circuit board”. On this board all the components are soldered and interlinked by the

copper tracks. The PCB can be a single layer and can go up to many layers as a person want, but most of the

software support up to 14 layers.

single sided PCB - Most commonly used PCB

Multilayered PCB - The components and conductors on different layers of PCB are connected with plated-

through holes called vias.

PCB is designed in the software and then software file is given to the manufacturer

Once PCB is made it goes to the assembly unit, where the components are assembled.
PARTS OF A PCB?

There are four main parts to a PCB:

•Substrate: Made of fiberglass - core strength - resist breakage. “skeleton”.

•Copper Layer: To carry electrical signals to and from the PCB, much like your nervous system.

•Solder Mask: A layer of polymer that helps protect the copper so that it doesn’t short-circuit from coming into
contact with the environment. “skin”.

•Silkscreen: The silkscreen on component side - to show part numbers, logos, symbols switch settings,
component reference and test points. (also be known as legend or nomenclature).
PCB Designs - Non standard methods

1. Indelible ink Permanent Marker method

2. Thermos transferable paper – T - shirt ink transfer method

3. Tonner transfer method

4. Screen printing method

• Materials for the manufacture of printed circuits - phenolic plate, is Bakelite
• Fiberglass with polyester resin - more expensive, but of better quality and presentation.
• These two materials have a copper bath on one or both sides, to conduct electricity.

This technique, being purely manual and with a regular print quality, is recommended for making

circuits of medium complexity, for beginners or electronics enthusiasts, who want to carry out

small projects at a very low cost.

Printed circuits - ironing technique

Printed circuits
Screen Printing
technique
Basics of Printed circuit board drawings:
(PCB design flow, Placement and routing, steps involved in layout design, art generation methods-Manual and CAD)
Layout and artwork making for single – side, double side and Multi-layer boards, Design specification
standards

Component Layout:
1. Try to lay out the components in a logical way, grouping components.

2. AMAP making the PCB topography reflect the topography of the schematic.

3. Try to minimize the total surface area required.

4. Try to minimize the number of crosses in the rats nest (dark-yellow lines indicating unrouted connections).

5. Make sure that not only do the footprints fit around each other, but the 3D structures of the components will not

intersect.

6. DO NOT mirror a component unless you are putting it on the other side of the board.
Trace Routing:

1. Try to minimize trace lengths.

2. Long traces add more resistive losses, more thermal noise, and can act as an antenna.
3. Do not run two parallel traces on opposing sides of the board on top of each other, they can become capacitive
coupled.
4. Avoid 90° angles and T-intersection. Instead always go around corners and merge traces at 45 degree angles.
5. Ensure that traces are wide enough to carry their current. Trace width calculators are widely available on the internet.
This is especially important for power traces.
6. Make sure traces are sufficiently spaced, generally at least one trace-width apart.
7. Try to ‘balance’ traces on differential-type devices as much as possible.
8. If you have room on your circuit, use a ground plane for the ground instead of a trace.
 Standards Practices
•Step 1: Designing the PCB - Circuit to board design and DFM check

•Step 2: Design Review and Engineering Questions – Check for potential errors, flaws, and missing components and structure.

•Step 3: Printing the PCB Design - plotter printer – Transparency print (OHP) – Black ink (for copper conductors) and Clear ink (non conductive areas).

•Step 4: Printing the Copper for the Interior Layer - Laminate – copper pre-bonded – photo resist – alkaline solution.

•Step 5: Etch the Inner Layers or Core to Remove Copper – Etching -

•Step 6: Layer Alignment – use guidelines

•Step 7: Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) – computer based

•Step 8: Laminating the PCB Layers - Lamination uses heat and pressure to melt the bonding epoxy between the layers

•Step 9: Drilling – X ray machine to locate drill holes and CNC drills are used.

•Step 10: PCB Plating - The plating process uses a chemical to fuse all of the different layers of the

PCB together
•Step 11: Outer Layer Imaging -apply another layer of photoresist

•Step 12: Outer Layer Etching -

•Step 13: Outer Layer AOI -

•Step 14: Solder Mask Application -

•Step 15: Silkscreen Application -

•Step 16: Finishing the PCB -

•Step 17: Electrical Reliability Test -

•Step 18: Profiling and Route Out -

•Step 19: Quality Check and Visual Inspection -

•Step 20: Packaging and Delivery -

PCB Software
1. Eagle
2. Altium
3. Proteus
4. KiCad
5. Cadence OrCAD PCB Designer
6. DesignSpark
7. Protel
8. Cadstar
9. Sprint-Layout
10. PADS PCB
Eagle
Autodesk EAGLE:
The software is available in 3 versions:
•EAGLE Free: the limited trial version for DIY fans
•EAGLE standard: 99 diagram sheets, 4 signal layers and a 160 cm² printed circuit area
•EAGLE Premium: the professional version with 999 diagram sheets, 16 signal layers and an unlimited printed circuit area
Features and specifications
•Diagram editor (connected to the library, electric rules, generation of an interconnection list)
•Annotation of changes between the diagram and the PCB
•Diagram hierarchy
•Layout diagram with advanced features
EAGLE has the advantage of being one of the PCB design software heavyweights. It has a significant community that puts
tutorials online. It also has an extensive component library and runs in a Mac OS X or Linux environment.
However, John Teel, the electronics design expert on the PredictableDesigns.com blog finds the EAGLE graphic interface
both complex and not user-friendly
PADS

PCB ROUTING

VIAS
PCB Drawings

Schematic drawing Software drawing

Electronic Component Symbols
Circuit Components
•NE555 timer
•1N4148 diodes – 2
•Resistors – 470 Ω, 1KΩ, 5R6 (5.6Ω)
•POT – 10KΩ
•9V Battery
T V REMOTE JAMMER
•Ceramic capacitor – 10nF
•Transistor – NPN (BC547)
•IR – LED
 Components Required
•555 Timer IC
•Resistors – 220Ω x 2, 5.6KΩ, 6.8KΩ,
10KΩ, 82KΩ
•Capacitors – 2pF, 3.3pF, 4.7pF, 47pF,
0.1µF, 4.7µF, 47µF
•30pF Trimmer Capacitor
•LED
•Coils 3 Turn 24 AWG, 4 Turn 24 AWG
•Antenna 15 Turn 24 AWG
•BF495 Transistor
•ON / OFF Switch
Mobile Jammer

•9V Battery
Auto Routing Routing – Manually adjusted
1. List the software used for PCB design.
2. What are the various components of a PCB. Discuss.
3. Take any PCB and analyse the components.
4. Sketch the components of PCB and indicate the materials used for each component.
5. Compare a Bread board and a PCB. List its advantages and disadvantages.
6. Summarize the process used in mass PCB design.
7. Discuss on multi-layer PCB design.
8. Discuss the steps involved from concept generation of a circuit for a particular application up to PCB manufacturing.
9. Discuss the manufacturing of PCB using a) Permanent marker method, and b) Tonner transfer method.
10. Is it possible to make a single PCB on our own, using simple methods for personal applications? Discuss the process with
required sketches.
11. Explain the methods of simple PCB making with sketches.
12. Draw the schematic diagram for sound sensor switch. Mention the components used and explain the logic of the circuit.
13. Draw the schematic layout of the adjustable power supply circuit and explain the steps involved in drawing the circuit in the
software.
14. Draw the schematic layout of a Water level indicator and explain the steps involved in drawing the circuit in the software.
12. Draw the schematic diagram for sound sensor switch. Mention the components used and explain the logic of the circuit.

Though it can be turned ON by any

sound of approximately same pitch of Clap sound. The main
component of this clap switch circuit is the Electric Condenser
Mic, which has been used as a sound sensor. Condenser Mic
basically converts sound energy into electrical energy, that in
turns used to trigger 555 timer IC, through a Transistor. And
triggering of 555 IC would turn ON the LED, which will be
automatically turned OFF after some time.

Working Explanation
Here we are using Electric Condenser Mic for sensing the sound,
transistor to trigger the 555 timer IC and 555 IC to turn ON
the LED through a low voltage trigger.

Components
Condenser Mic
555 Timer IC
Transistor BC547
Resistors (220, 1k, 47k, 100k ohm)
Capacitor (10uF)
LED
Battery (5-9v) and Battery Snap Connector
Breadboard Wires
Breadboard
13. Draw the schematic layout of the adjustable power supply circuit and explain the steps involved in drawing the circuit in the
software.
Variable Power Supply Circuit from Fixed Voltage Regulator

The fixed voltage regulator is used to offer fixed voltage at the

output terminal and does not depend upon the input voltage
supplied. Here is the circuit producing variable voltage Power
supply designed using fixed voltage regulators.

Working

•Bridge rectifier is used fr converting AC to DC.

•Then the voltage is applied to the 7805 voltage regulator.
•Output of the regulator can be varied by varying the resistance connected to the common pin of the 7805.
14. Draw the schematic layout of a Water level indicator and explain the steps involved in drawing the circuit in the software.

• A water level indicator is an electronic circuit which indicates

the various levels of water inside a tank.
• This happens when rising or dropping water levels come in
contact with the respective water sensors arranged step
wise inside the water tank at different depths.
• Undistilled water conducts electricity, with some resistance.
• The resistance may be anywhere from 100K to 500K,
depending on the purity level of the water.
• This property can be effectively used for switching transistors
ON/OFF.
• We use this characteristic of water to switch the base of a
series of BJTs sequentially as the water level goes up and
down across the sensors attached with the respective
transistor bases
All the best…….