PAKISTAN STUDIES.

LECTURE NOTES. HSSC-II

FEDERAL BOARD.
Prepared by - PROF ALYAS ALI CHAICHI
MSc – Pakistan studies.
MSc Applied Psychology.
PGD Applied Psychology.
B-ED (specialization in Scientific Methodology).
M.S International Relations.
PAK-TURK MAARIF INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES CHAKSHAHZAD
CAMPUS ISLAMABAD. PAKISTAN.

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CHAPTER N0 1 GENESIS OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN.
Lecture no 3
Long question
Describe the Outcome of the Sustained Muslim Efforts from1857 till
the establishment of Pakistan.
Ans: EFFORTS OF THE MUSLIMS
1- British Ascendancy: short question
In the year 1857; eight hundred years long Muslim rule over India came to an end. In 1858 India
was given under the direct control of the British Crown.

2- The Aligarh Movement:

SHORT QUESTION
1875 he founded the Aligarh School and established many other education and research
institutions and also brought out a magazine “Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq”. The Urdu-Hindi controversy
started by the Hindus in 1867 gave Sir Sayyid’s ideas a new direction. In Hindu antagonism towards
Urdu he foresaw a parting of the ways between the two communities.
3- Extremist Hindu Movements:
SHORT QUESTION
The anti-Muslim movement Arya Samaj flourished in the last two decades of the nineteenth
century. The movement aimed at reconverting the Muslims to Hinduism. Bankim Chandra
Chatterji wrote a novel “Anand Matth” which provoked Muslims’ religious sentiments. Anti-
Muslim epic Bande Mataram was a part of this novel.

4- The Partition of Bengal:

SHORT QUESTION
In the year 1905 Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal into two parts i.e. East
Bengal and West Bengal. This step was taken mainly due to administrative reasons. Since this
partition benefited the Muslims, the Hindus and the Indian National Congress opposed it
vehemently.
5- The Simla Deputation and Demand for Separate Electorate:
SHORT QUESTION
Thirty-five top ranking Muslim leaders called on the then Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla on Oct.
1, 1906 and presented the Muslims’ demands before him. Separate electorate was the most
significant of the Muslim demands. Viceroy’s attitude was sympathetic and encouraging.
6- Establishment of the Muslim League:
SHORT QUESTION
Encouraged by the success of the Simla Deputation the Muslims decided to establish “The All
India Muslim League”. The decision was taken at the session of the “Muhammadan Educational
Conference” held at Dacca in December 1906. Sole purpose of the establishment of the Muslim
League was to take up the Muslim demands with the government through constitutional means. 7-
7- Proposals for the Solution of the Constitutional Problems:
MCQS AND SHORT QUESTION
Constitutional problems of India were of very complex nature. Numerous efforts were made to
work out a conciliatory formula which would satisfy the British, the Hindus and the Muslims at
KIPS REVISION LECTURE NOTES – 2nd YEAR (FEDERAL BOARD) 2
the same time.
 Mito-Morley Reforms or the Government of India Act 1909.
 The Lucknow Pact 1916 (jointly agreed Congress-League constitutional proposals).
 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act 1919.
 The Delhi-Muslim Proposals 1927 (another conciliatory efforts made by the
Quid-e- Azam ‫علیہ رمحۃہلال‬.
 The Simon Commission 1928.

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
The Nehru Report 1928 (Anti-Muslim Congress stance)

 The All Parties Muslim Conference (1928-1929.

 The Quaid Azam’s Fourteen Points 1929, (minimum Muslim constitutional demands;
another effort by the Quaid-e Azam to reach a mutually agreed constitutional accord.)

 The Round Table Conference, London, 1930 to 1932, (an effort made by the
British government to hit at a commonly agreed constitutional formula.)

 Communal Award: Declaration of the British Government regarding the future

constitution of India after the failure of Indian representatives to reach an agreed
formula.

 New constitutional arrangement; the Government of India Act 1935.

 Arrival and failure of the Cripps Mission (1942).

 The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946); (a sincere British effort towards the solution
of the constitutional problem).

 British Prime Minister’s declaration of February 20, 1947. (Announcement of the

British decision to quit India till June 1948).

 Mountbatten’s arrival and Third June 1947 Plan (final proclamation of the
Partition Plan).

 Indian Independence Act July 1947; (approved by the British Parliament).

Evolution of the Muslim League’s Constitutional Struggle:

 Established; Dacca 1906.

 Establishment of the London branch of the Muslim League; 1908.

 Amendment of the objectives: demand of self- government under the British umbrella,
1913.
Quaid-e-Azam The  joins Muslim League (1913).

 Congress-League reconciliation (Lucknow Pact 1916).

Quid-e-Azam The  quits the Home Rule League and the Congress (1920).

 Delhi Proposals (1927); another effort of reconciliation by the Quaid-e-Azam

PROF.
KIPS ALYAS ALI CHAICHI.
REVISION LECTUREPAK_TURK MAARIF
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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan


 Adoption of the resolution embodying the Fourteen Point formula rendered by the
Quaid-e-Azam (1929).

 Allahabad Address (1930); Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s proposal for the Muslim right of
self-determination.

 Step taken by the Quaid-e-Azam for the re-organization of the Muslim League (1935).

 Muslim League’s poor performance in the general elections (1937).

 Mass movement against the Congress, organized by the Muslim League. The
Muslim League takes off as a popular movement (1937-1939).

 The Lahore Resolution adopted (1940).

 The Muslim League merited with exemplary success in the general elections (1945-
1946).

 “Direct Action Day” observed by the Muslims throughout India, the Muslim
League demonstrates its street power (August 16, 1946).
Other Important Events:
 1911; Annulment of the Partition of Bengal.
 1920; Aligarh College rose to the status of a University under the Aligarh University Act.
 1919; the beginning of the Khilafat Movement to avert the danger of dismemberment of
the Turkish Empire at the hands of the British and their Allies, after their victory in the
Second World War. During this period Hindus-Muslim unity reached its apex.

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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 1924; abolition of the institution of Khilafat by Mustapha Kamal Ata Turk; end
of the Khilafat Movement.

LECTURE NO 4

LONQ QUESTION
Review the Background of the Aligarh Movement and Services of Sir Sayyid
Ahmad Khan.
Ans: BACKGROUND AND SERVICES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT
Background of the Aligarh Movement: SHORT QUESTION
Indian authority was shifted from the Muslim to the British hands, as a result of the failure of the
War of Independence in 1857. This great debacle shook the entire structure of South Asia’s,
Social and political life to the depth of its roots. This course of events gave birth to a person like
Sir Sayyid Ahmad
Khan ‫رمحتہہلالعلیہ‬. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬had stood by the side of the British during the
“War of Independence”. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan believed it was not a wise policy for the Muslims to
adopt an antagonistic attitude towards the new rulers of India and incur their anger. Sir Sayyid
Ahmad
Khan ‫ رمحۃہلال علیہ‬advised the Muslims to adopt a policy of conciliation and friendship towards the
British, abstain from indulging in politics, acquire modern education, try to secure maximum
government services a,nd be loyal to the British Government.
Aligarh Movement: SHORT QUESTION
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan’s conciliatory efforts, taken collectively, are known as ‘Aligarh
Movement’. A large section of the Indian Muslim community appreciated his efforts and stood by
his side, while a still larger part did not see eye to eye with him and opposed him bitterly, because to
them
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬policy, would hurt the national and religious people of the Muslims.
Notwithstanding the sincerity of purpose Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan ‫ر محۃہلالع لیہ‬may have, the opponents
believed, following his policy would mean eternal slavery for the Muslims of India.
Objectives of Aligarh Movement: SHORT QUESTION
 To bring about conciliation between the Muslims and the British.
 To spread education among the Muslims, impart English language and learning.
 Make the Muslims familiar with the British culture and way of life.
 To make the Muslims loyal subjects of the British Government.
 To develop friendly and good neighborly relations between the Muslims and other
Indian nations.
SIR SAYYID’S EFFORTS
Causes of Indian Mutiny: SHORT QUESTION
In 1859 Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬wrote a book titled “Asbab-e- Baghawat-e-Hind”, especially meant

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
for reading by the members of the British Parliament. In this book he tried to prove that the
uprising of 1857 was, by no means, a war of independence, this was just an upheaval spurred by
a few trouble mongers. it a mutiny.
The Loyal Muhammadans of India:
In the year 1860 Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬launched a magazine under the title of “Loyal Muhammadans
of India”. In this magazine he started highlighting the services of those Muslim nobles who had
put their lives in danger to save the lives of the British officials and citizens.

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Some other Reconciliatory Efforts:
Order to bring the British rulers and the Muslims closer to each other, Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬wrote a
number of books and tracts, most notable among these were:
Tehqiq-e-lafz-Nasara, Tabein-ul-Kalam (a commentary of the Bible) Risala-Ehkam-e-Toem-
Ahle- e-Kitab, and Aligarh Institute Gazette.
Establishment of Schools:
During the days of his service Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬opened schools at different places i.e. Murad
Abad (1859), Ghazipur (1862).
Establishment of the Scientific Society:
Sayyid Sir ‫رمحۃہلال علیہ‬ launched an institution with the purpose of translating important scholarly
works from English to Urdu; he gave it the name of “Scientific Society”.
Study of the British Education System:
Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬visited England in the year 1869. He made a deep study of the curriculum of these
institutions, and on his return of India, established a committee named “Khawastgaran-e-Taraqi-
e- Taleem-e-Muslmamnan-e-Hind”. Sole purpose of this committee was to establish educational
institutions in India, conforming to the British standards.
Establishment of the MAO School:
As the first step the committee Khawastgaran-e-Taraqi-e-Taleem-e-Musaslamana-e-Hind
established a school at Aligarh in the year 1875 it was named, “Muhammadan Anglo Oriental
School”.
Establishment of the MAO College:
The MAO School was upgraded to the level of college in the year 1877. Viceroy Lord Lytton laid
the foundation stone of the College and donated a sum of Rupees ten thousand from his own pose.
Establishment of the Muhammadan Educational Conference:
To motivate the Muslims for acquiring modern knowledge Sir Sayyid ‫رمحۃہلال علیہ‬ established
Muhammadan Educational Conference in the year 1886. Annual meetings of the Conference
were held at different important places throughout India. The Muslim League was founded in
1906, in an annual meeting of the Conference held at Dacca.
Political Services and the Two Nations Theory:
 Sir Sayyid’s ‫ علیہ رمحۃہلال‬services in the field of politics are highly meritorious, following
two are the most significant:
 As a member of the Imperial Legislative Council he took up the Indian problems very
effectively with the Indian Government.
 In the year 1867 the Hindus of Banaras launched a movement to demand that Urdu
should
be replaced by Hindi as official language. Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلال علیہ‬who was a great
protagonist of Hindu-Muslim unity got utterly disappointed at this unfriendly gesture.
 Sir Sayyid’s ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬demand for separate electorate was a direct corollary of such Hindu
overtures. He demanded that the number of Muslim seats in the Viceroy’s Council
should be fixed; the Hindu voters should elect Hindu members, while the Muslim
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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
members should be elected only by the Muslim voters.

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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. How many Muslim leaders did the Shimla delegation consist of?
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 40
2. Who was Lord Wavell?
(a) Viceroy (b) King (c) Chief Minister (d) Governor
3. In which year Urdu Hindi Controversy started?
(a) 1857 (b) 1860 (c) 1867 (d) 1875
4. Sir Sayyid (RA) issue the pamphlet
(a) Thezib-ul-Aklaq (b) Aligarh (c) Hayat-e-Javed (d) Nawa-e-Waqat
5. When Minto Morley reforms were introduced?
(a) 1908 (b) 1909 (c) 1910 (d) 1911
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1: Define Ideology of Pakistan. (K.B)
Ans: The term ‘Pakistan Ideology’ refers to that set of beliefs and objectives which formed the basis of
the Muslim freedom struggle in South-East Asia. This struggle was, of course, motivated by the
Islamic faith and guided by the objective of establishing a Muslim state in the sub-continent.
Q.2: What did Quaid-e-Azam say while addressing to the people of the America on Radio? (K.B)
Ans: “The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constitution Assembly. I do not
know what the ultimate shape of this constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a
democratic type, embodying the essential principle of Islam. Today, they are as applicable in actual
life as they were 1400 years ago. Islam and its idealism has taught us democracy.”(Feb.1948)
Q.3: What do you know about causes of the Indian Mutiny? (A.B)
Ans: In 1859 Sir Sayyid ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬wrote a book titled “Asbab-e- Baghawat-e-Hind”, especially
meant for reading by the members of the British Parliament. In this book he tried to prove
that the uprising of 1857 was, by no means, a war of independence, this was just an
upheaval spurred by a few trouble mongers. it a mutiny.
Q.4: Write down the political services of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan. (K.B)
Ans: Political Services:
 Sir Sayyid’s ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬services in the field of politics are highly meritorious, following
two are the most significant:
 As a member of the Imperial Legislative Council he took up the Indian problems
very effectively with the Indian Government.
Q.5: Write down the objectives of Aligarh movement. (K.B)
Ans: Objectives of Aligarh Movement:
 To bring about conciliation among the Muslims and the British.
 To spread education among the Muslims, impart English language and learning.
 Make the Muslims familiar with the British culture and way of life.
 To make the Muslims loyal subjects of the British Government.
 To develop friendly and good neighborly relations between the Muslims and other
Indian nations.

PROF.
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REVISION LECTUREPAK_TURK MAARIF
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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
PAKISTANTEST NO.
STUDIES 1 PROF ALYAS ALI CHAICHI
LECTURE NO. 2
Student Learning Outcomes
Establishment of the Muslim.
👉 Objectives of Muslim league.
👉 Background and Events of Khilafat movement
👉 Results and Effects of Khilafat movement.

Q.1: Write down the Background and reasons for the establishment of Muslim league.
Ans: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
Background:
In 1906, there was uneasiness among the Muslims regarding the changing conditions in India
due to Minto-Morley Reforms. Therefore, in 1906 the important leaders of Muslims met Viceroy
Lord Minto in Simla and demanded separate elections. The attitude of the Viceroy was
encouraging. Inspired by this, the Muslims of the subcontinent established a separate political
party for themselves in the name of All India Muslim League.
Establishment of the British System of Government:
The system introduced after the establishment of the British Government in the year 1858, was
democratic in nature. Since the Hindus outnumbered the Muslims in Indian population they on a
surer ground under the new political system. The British had already crippled the Muslims
economically. If a system based on majority rule, pure and simple, were established the Muslims
were surely going to lose. This state of affairs called for a Muslims political platform to voice
Muslim demands effectively.
Hindu Extremism:
We have already learnt about Urdu-Hindi Controversy spurred by the Hindus in 1867, the
Hindus demanded replacement of Urdu by Hindi as official language. During the same period,
Hindu extremists started programs like the “Ayra Samaj” with a purpose to reconvert the
Muslims into Hindu religion. Hindu writers spread hatred against the Muslims among their
followers.
Establishment of the Indian National Congress:
A retired British Civil Servant. A.O. Hume established the Indian National Congress in the year
1885. The Hindus welcomed it enthusiastically and joined it in great numbers.
Demand for Separate Electorate:

Sayyid Sir ‫رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬

believed that he British system of elections, pure and simple, did not suit the
Indian condition, because this will reduce the Muslims to a position of permanent slavery and
subservience to the majority community. He proposed the system of separate electorate as an
alternative. This system obviously could not be made useful unless the Muslims had a political
party of their own.
Partition of Bengal and the Congress Attitude:
In the year 1905, the British government divided the province of Bengal into two parts. Since the
newly created province of East Bengal had a Muslim majority, the Muslims were to benefit from
this partition. Hindus launched a strong protest against this decision of the government
throughout India. The province of Bengal was the main target of the saboteurs. The Muslims
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were greatly disappointed when they saw that the Congress, notwithstanding all its claims of
neutrality, was supporting the Hindu extremists openly.

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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of
Change of Government in Britain:
Liberal Party returned to power in the 1905 elections held in Britain. The party gave a
programme of political reforms meant India. The Muslim leaders discussed the situation and
decided to make a common cause for taking up the demands of the Muslim community with the
government.
The Simla Deputation:
Thirty five top ranking Muslim leaders taken from all parts of the Sub-Continent called on the
then Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla on Oct. 1, 1906. Important Muslim demands presented to the
Viceroy included; reserved quota of seats for Muslims in all representative bodies and separate
electorate; the Viceroy expressed sympathy with the Muslim demands and promised to take them
up with the British Government. The Muslim leaders were greatly encouraged by the Viceroy’s
response.
FOUNDATION OF THE ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
A session of the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held under the
chairmanship of Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk in December 1906 at Dacca. Resolution for the
establishment of All India Muslim League was moved in this meeting by Nawab Salim-Ullah
Khan and was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Hakeem Ajmal Khan and Maulana
Muhammad Ali (Johar). Sir Agha Khan was made the first president.
Objectives
At the time of its formation the Muslim League had set a three point agenda:
 To safeguard and protect the interests of the Indian Muslims.
 Convey their demands to the British government in a peaceful manner and through
constitutional means.
 To create feelings of respect and goodwill for the government amongst the Muslims.
 Remove any misunderstanding, they might have, regarding government’s policies and actions.
 To create feelings of brotherhood between the Muslims and other Indian communities.
Change of Objectives.
In March 1913 changes in the objectives of the All India Muslim League were made in Quaid-e-
Azam’s ‫ علیہ رمحۃہلال‬initiative. Policy of unconditional subservience was forsaken in the favour of
“self-government suitable for Indian conditions”. This proved to be a turning point in the history
of the Muslims of India.
Q.2: Give background of the Khilafat Movement and a brief account on its
major events.
Ans: BACKGROUND AND EVENTS OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Background:
Britain and her allies (the United States of America being one of them) emerged victorious as a
result of the First World War (1914-1918). The Muslims were afraid that the Allies may take
over a part of the Turkish Empire, distribute some of its parts among themselves, may desecrate
the holy Muslim shrines and even go to the extent of dismembering the Turkish Empire which
the Muslims cherished as a symbol of the global Muslim fraternity. These apprehensions gave
out a wave of anger and unrest among the Indian Muslim. They started a country-wide
movement in which the Hindus stood by their side and gave them full support.
Important Events of the Khilafat Movement
Establishment of the Khilafat Committee:
In order to organize a mass movement and launch an opinion-forming campaign, a committee
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was formed on Nov. 23,1919; it was named “The All India Khilafat Committee”

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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of
Hindu-Muslim Unity and Non-Cooperation:
In the year 1919 the Indian National Congress decided to support the Muslims on the Khilafat
issue, and authorized Gandhiji to chalk out a road map for that matter. Gandhiji brought forward
a programme of non-cooperation with the government which to be executed in four stages.
Khilafat Delegation:
In 1920 a delegation headed by Maulana Muhammad (Johar) set off for London. The British
government refused gives an ear delegation, however, held some meeting and explained its
position general public.
The Treaty of Sevres:
In May 1920, the Allied forces decided on under the treaty made at service the empire was
stripped of its Europe and Arabia. The Treaty was named after venue where it.
Non-Cooperation Movement:
Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar Ali, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana Abu-ul-Kalam Azad
Mohani set the India emotion at fire with their speeches observed on the appeal of the Khilafat
on August elected leader of the Non-Cooperation Movement. A program courts were boycotted,
government servant all over India quit educational institutions and surrendered their titles and
decorations as protest; Ali Brothers (Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) were convicted on
charges of high treason and given two years rigorous imprisonment.
Civil Disobedience:
In November 1921, the people were given a call to break the law and disobey the government by
refusing to pay taxes and by all other possible means. About thirty thousand people courted
arrest as a result of this call.
Mopla Uprising:
Moplas were a Muslim community settled on the south Indian shores. They claimed to be the
descendants of the Arab traders. In the year 1921 there was a clash between the Moplas and the
Hindu business lords of the area on issues of purely local nature. These incidents provided the
British Government with a golden opportunity of creating rift between the Hindus and the
Muslims. Exaggerated reports about sides, riots spread throughout India. This state of affairs
caused a great setback to the Khilafat Movement.
Chora Chori Incident:
In the year 1922, an infuriated mob at Chora Chori, a small township in the UP laid siege to a
police station and set it at fire. Twenty one policemen were burnt alive.
Civil Disobedience called off:
Gandhiji said that since the Civil Disobedience Movement had deviated from its avowed path of
non-violence, it was necessary to call it off. He made this decision at a time when the Movement
had reached its climax.
Reaction of the Leadership:
The entire leadership of the movement, the Hindu and the Muslim alike was stunned at this
sudden decision. Most of the leaders thought that this decision was without justification and had
caused a great setback to the Movement.

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Abolition of Khilafat:
Ataturk came to power in Turkey. On March 3, 1924 he also abolished the institution of Khilafat.
This proclamation came as the final death below the Khilafat Movement in India.
Khilafat movement: results and consequence
Apparently futile Muslim efforts to keep the institution of Khilafat alive, otherwise had far
reaching impact on the Indian Politics i.e.
Beginning of Common man’s Politics in the sub-continent:
In was the first popular movement which touched almost all parts of the sub-continent. It was
through Khilafat platform that leaders of public opinion came very close to the common man. It
gave people the consciousness which was to serve as a motivating force behind the Muslim
struggle for the achievement of Pakistan in the days to come.
A step Towards the Liberation of India
It was an important step towards liberation of India from the shackles of the British rule. The
forceful expression of India’s popular sentiments against Imperialism helped the British rulers to
understand that it was impossible to keep India under their control forever, they started to make
their mind to quit.
Spirit of Global Muslim Brotherhood Strengthened:
Although the Indian Muslims did not succeed in achieving their core objective, yet the Khilafat
Movement did great service to the Turks who fighting the war of their survival. Speeches and
statements of the Khilafat leaders were translated and spread in Turkey, and it gave the Turk
soldiers courage to consolidate and strengthen their position in the areas left for Turkey after the
war was over, and drive the enemies out of the Turk areas.
Inspiration for the Turk soldiers:
The moderate Muslims leaders like Allama Muhammad Iqbal ‫علیہ رمحۃہلال‬
and the Quaid-e-Azam

‫رمحۃہلال علیہ‬ were second to none in their sympathies for the Turks, but they did not indulge
themselves in the politics of agitation or the emotional frenzy spurred by the Khilafat leaders.
They believed that no substantial success can be achieved through emotional and agitation
politics. Results proved that these leaders were right. Failure of the Khilafat Movement enhanced
people’s trust and confidences in moderate politicians.
Success of a Moderate Approach:
The moderate Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal ‫ علیہ رمحۃہلال‬and the Quaid-e-Azam ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬were
second to none in their sympathies for the Turks, but they did not indulge themselves in the
politics of agitation of the emotional frenzy spurred by the Khilafat leaders. They believed that
no substantial success can be achieved through emotional and agitation politics. Result proved
that these leaders were right. Failure of the Khilafat Movement enhanced people’s trust and
confidences in moderate politicians.
PROF. ALYAS ALI CHAICHI. PAK_TURK MAARIF nd
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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Muslim league was established in:
(a) 1900 (b) 1902 (c) 1905 (d) 1906
2. Who was the first president of the Muslim League?
(a) Sir Agha Khan (b) Altaf Hussain Hali
(c) Zafar Ali Khan (d) Syed Suliman Nadvi
3. Sewary agreement was signed in:
(a) 1920 (b) 1921 (c) 1922 (d) 1923
4. Who was chosen by the Khilafah Committee as the leader of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Gandhi (b) Quaid-e-Azam
(c) Muhammad Ali Jauhar (d) Maulvi Fazal Haq
5. Mopla revolt started in.
(a) 1900 (b) 1905 (c) 1920 (d) 1921

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1: What objectives were set for the Muslim League at the time of its establishment? (K.B)
Ans: At the time of its formation the Muslim League had set a three point agenda:
 To safeguard and protect the interests of the Indian Muslims.
 Convey their demands to the British government in a peaceful manner and through
constitutional means.
 To create feelings of respect and goodwill for the government amongst the Muslims.
 Remove any misunderstanding, they might have, regarding government’s policies and actions.
 To create feelings of brotherhood between the Muslims and other Indian communities.
Q.2: What important change was made in the objectives of the Muslim League and when? (K.B)
Ans: Change of Objectives:
In March 1913 changes in the objectives of the All India Muslim League were made in Quaid-e-
Azam’s ‫ علیہ رمحۃہلال‬initiative. Policy of unconditional subservience was forsaken in the favour of
“self-government suitable for Indian conditions”. This proved to be a turning point in the history
of the Muslims of India.
Q.3: What do you know about the treaty of Sevres? (U.B)
Ans: In May 1920, the Allied forces decided on under the treaty made at service the empire was
stripped of its Europe and Arabia. The Treaty was named after venue where it.
Q.4: Write two effects of Khalifat Movement. (A.B)
Ans: Following are the two effects of movement of Khilafat:
 The Khilafat movement was the largest nationwide mass movement in the history of India.
 The political leaders got the opportunity to connect with the people for the first time in the
Khilafat movement.
 Through Khilafat Movement political awareness was created among the masses.
 The awareness gained during the Khilafat movement later proved helpful in the movement
for the independence of India and the creation of Pakistan.
Q.5: Who and when end the Khilafat Movement? (K.B)
Ans: Mustafa Kamal Atatürk gained power in Turkey and in 1923 he declared the end of the caliphate
forever. In this way, the justification for the movement in favor of Khilafat in India ended.

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
PAKISTANTEST
STUDIES
NO. 1 PROF ALYAS ALI CHAICHI.
LECTURE NO. 3
Student Learning Outcomes
👉 Important events of Lahore Resolution. 👉 Cripps Mission 1942.
👉 Important Points of the Lahore Resolution.
Q.1: write the Events, Points and importance of Lahore Resolution.
Ans: THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
Background:
The Lahore Resolution is the most significant landmark in the history of our freedom struggle. In
the month of March 1940, the Muslim of India adopted a resolution embodying their national
objectives and expressing their firm commitment to make all out efforts for the achievement of
these objectives. Important events and factors that led to the adoption of this Resolution are summed
up here:
The Two Nation Theory:
The Muslims, by virtue of their faith, are a nation separate and distinct from all other nations of the
World. Their spiritual and national aspirations could only be realized in a state which was Islamic
in nature, where they could live as free citizens and could model their lives in accordance with
Islamic injunctions. Hindu Extremism:
The Muslims had lived with the Hindus as neighbors and compatriots for about one thousand
years. On the basis of their experience they could not expect good neighborly treatment from the
extremist Hindus, who had already made it clear that the Muslims had no place in India, they
should either embrace Hinduism or quit India.
Iqbal’s Ideology of Muslim Nationhood:
Delivering his presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League held in December
1930, poet-philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬said that the north-western part of the Indian
sub-
continent was predominantly Muslim, that Muslims living in these areas form a distinct and separate
national entity and that their rights in any future constitution should be determined this light.
Period of Congress Rule:
Congress ministries were formed in seven out of the eleven Indian provinces, these governments
worked till 1939. Bad governance and the oppressive rule of the congress ministries created general
discontentment and despair among the Muslims. Demand for a separate Muslim homeland was its
immediate outcome.
Popularity of the Muslim League:
The Quaid-e-Azam ‫ علیہ رمحۃہلال‬kept persistently in touch with the Muslims during the oppressive
Congress rule, he was successful in impressing upon them that a horrible future lies ahead them if
the Congress were entrusted authority to rule the whole of India. As a result of the Quaid-e-
Azam’s

‫رمحۃہلال علیہ‬
efforts the Muslim League which had failed to attract the Muslim masses in 1937
elections, emerged as the sole representative of the Muslim nation in 1945-46 elections.
Muslim League’s Session in Lahore:
Historic Muslim League session was held in 1940 in Lahore. Addressing a rally of more than a
hundred thousand people after the Juma prayers on March 22, the Quid-e-Azam ‫رمحۃہلالیلع‬ said:
KIPS REVISION LECTURE NOTES – 2nd YEAR (FEDERAL BOARD) 11
“…..under the plea of unity of India and one nation, which does not exist, it is sought to pursue
here the line of one central government. We know that the history of the last twelve hundred
years has failed to achieve unity, and has witnessed India and Muslim India…… Musalamans are
a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homeland. We wish to
live in peace and harmony with our neighbors as a free and independent people.”

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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of
Adoption of The Lahore Resolution
The Resolution was moved on March 23, by the Bengal Chief Minister Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq. The
Resolution which later came to be known as the “Pakistan Resolution” was adopted in the last
session of the meeting on March, 24. First Pakistan Day was celebrated on March, 23 1941.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE LAHORE RESOLUTION
Federal Scheme Disapproved:
The federal scheme formulated in the Government of India Act 1935 is absolutely unsuitable for
the Indian conditions. The Indian Muslims will never accept it.
Establishment of Independent States:
It was clearly stated a constitution acceptable for the Muslims of India shall be based on the
following principle:
“Geographically contiguous units be demarcated into regions…….. in which the Muslims are
numerically a majority, as in the north-western and eastern zones of India, should be grouped to
constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall autonomous and sovereign.”
Safeguards for Minorities:
In the newly established Muslim and non-Muslim states adequate constitutional safeguards
should be provided to minorities, with their consultation, for the protection of their religious,
cultural, economic, political and administrative rights and interests.
Extent of State Sovereignty:
The Resolution authorized the Muslim League Working committee to draft a detailed
constitutional scheme in the light of the principles stipulated in the Resolution, this scheme shall
ensure that the states created under this scheme have full control over Defence, foreign affairs,
communications, customs and all other necessary subjects.
ANALYSIS
No Name of State
Word ‘Pakistan’ was not used in the text of the Lahore Resolution.
Demand of States instead of State:
The Resolution did not demand one Muslim state in clear terms. The ambiguity, which was caused
due to the use of plural ‘states’ was removed later at Madras session of the Muslim League held in
1941.
Undefined Boundaries:
The boundaries of the Muslim state or state or were not defined in the Resolution, words like
units regions and zones were used instead.
Reaction and explanation:
The Resolution was originally called ‘Lahore Resolution’ but later it came to be known as
“Pakistan Resolution’. This name was given by the hostile Hindu press and was readily picked
up by the Quaid-e-Azam ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬in the following years the Lahore Resolution was referred to as
the
sole document formulation Indian Muslims unanimous national demands. The points which were
left ambiguous in the Resolution were later clarified in a resolution adopted by the Muslim
Representatives Convention held at Delhi in 1946.
IMPORATANCE OF THE LAHORE RESOLUTION
Adoption of the Lahore Resolution was, undoubtedly, a significant landmark in the history of the

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Muslim India. Following reasons signify its importance:

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Determination Focused
Through this Resolution, the Muslims of Indian set their national objectives and expressed their
unflinching determination to make all out efforts for the achievement of these objectives.
Expression of confidence on Muslim League Leadership
Representative of the Muslims from all over India attended the Lahore session. Events in the
following years proved that Muslims had reposed full confidence in the Muslims League.
Pakistan was taken up as the core issue by the Muslim League in the election manifesto it gave
for the 1945- 46 elections. The Muslims rallied round the Muslim League in great numbers and
the same party which had failed to attract people in the 1937 elections, now emerged as the sole
representative of the Muslim nation all over India.
Emergence of Pakistan
The Lahore Resolution gave a direction to the political struggle of the Muslims, and within a
short span of seven years’ time the Muslims were able to achieve their cherished goal; Pakistan.
Q.2: write a detail note on Cripps Mission 1942.
Ans: CRIPPS MISSION 1942.
Background:
The British had to face some military setbacks during the early years of the World War II. This
made for them the need for Indian support more pressing. Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India
by the then Prime Minister of Britain Sir Winston Churchill to explore possibilities of a
compromise with the India political parties. Cripps discussed matters with the Indian leaders and
published his proposals on March 30, 1942.
Proposals Of The Cripps Mission
 A Constituent Assembly consisting of India representatives shall be formed at the
termination of the War.
 The Union of India will be given “Dominion Status”.
 Sub-Continent complete internal independence within the framework of the British
Commonwealth.
 Principle states will also be given representation in the Constituent Assembly.
 The British government shall be responsible for the implementation of the Constitution.
 The provinces will be given a right to opt out of the proposed Indian Union or retain their
present status and join the federation under the new Constitution at a later stage.
 Election for Provincial Assemblies will be held after the end of the War Provincial
Assemblies will elect members of the Constitution Assembly in a number equal to one
tenth (1/10) of their respective strength.
 The British government will continue to run Indian affairs till the termination of War.
 Any proposals regarding amendments in this plan shall not be entertained. The plan shall
have to be accepted or rejected in totality.
Reaction:
Major Indian parties, the Muslim League and the Congress, rejected the Cripps proposal,
obviously for different reason. The Congress despised the prospects of Indian’s disintegration,
which the formula apparently promised. The Congress knew that the Government was under
great stress due to her war engagements and it was golden opportunity to build pressure on her to
quit India. The Muslim League rejected the Plan, simply because it stood for a federal India and
did not grant her demand for Pakistan in clear terms.
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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Maulvi Fazlul Haq was the Chief Minister of which province?
(a) Bihar (b) Bengal (c) U.P (d) Punjab
2. Lahore resolution passed:
(a) 23 March 1940 (b) 24 March 1940 (c) 26 March 1940 (d) 25 March 1940
3. The Lahore Resolution was called in the Hindu newspapers.
(a) Pakistan Resolution (b) India Resolution (c) Punjab Resolution (d) Objective
Resolution
4. Which status will given to India after war according to Cripps Mission?
(a) Dominion (b) Independent Country (c) Occupied State (d) Slave State
5. Which British Prime Minister sent Cripps Mission to India?
(a) Tony Baliar (b) Winston Churchill (c) Gordon Brown (d) Margaret Thatcher

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1: What was the reaction Hindu News Papers about the Lahore Resolution? (A.B)
Ans: The Resolution was originally called ‘Lahore Resolution’ but later it came to be known as
“Pakistan Resolution’. This name was given by the hostile Hindu press and was readily picked up by
the
Quaid-e-Azam ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬in the following years the Lahore Resolution was referred to as the sole
document formulation Indian Muslims unanimous national demands.
Q.2: What is Iqbal’s concept of Nation? (K.B)
Ans: Delivering his presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League held in December 1930,
poet-philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal ‫ رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬said that the north-western part of the Indian sub-
continent was predominantly Muslim, that Muslims living in these areas form a distinct and
separate national entity and that their rights in any future constitution should be determined this
light.
Q.3: What did Quaid-e-Azam say while addressing a meeting in Minto Park in Lahore on March
1940? (K.B)
Ans: “…..under the plea of unity of India and one nation, which does not exist, it is sought to pursue
here the line of one central government. We know that the history of the last twelve hundred
years has failed to achieve unity, and has witnessed India and Muslim India…… Musalamans are
a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homeland. We wish to
live in peace and harmony with our neighbors as a free and independent people.”
Q.4: Describe the proposals for the Cripps mission. (K.B)
Ans: Proposals for Cripps Mission:
 A Constituent Assembly consisting of India representatives shall be formed at the
termination of the War.
 The Union of India will be given “Dominion Status”.
 Sub-Continent complete internal independence within the framework of the British
Commonwealth.
 Principle states will also be given representation in the Constituent Assembly.
 The British government shall be responsible for the implementation of the Constitution.
Q.5: Explain the reaction of Muslim League and Congress about the Cripps Mission. (U.B)
Ans: Major Indian parties, the Muslim League and the Congress, rejected the Cripps proposal, obviously
for different reason. The Congress despised the prospects of Indian’s disintegration, which the
formula apparently promised. The Congress knew that the Government was under great stress due
to her war engagements and it was golden opportunity to build pressure on her to quit India. The
Muslim League rejected the Plan, simply because it stood for a federal India and did not grant her
demand for Pakistan in clear terms.

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
PAKISTANTEST
STUDIES
NO. 1 PROF ALYAS ALI CHAICHI.
LECTURE NO. 4
Student Learning Outcomes
👉 Important Points of Cabinet Mission Plan. 👉 Reaction about Cabinet Mission Plan.
👉 Important Points of 3rd June Plan. 👉 Indian Independent Act.
Q.1: Write down the important points of Cabinet mission plan and what was
Reaction of Congress and Muslim League about cabinet Mission Plan.
Ans. THE CABINET MISSION PLAN
Background:
In fulfillment of the promise made during 1945-46 elections, the British Government sent three
senior members of the British Cabinet, in March 1946, as a last attempt to preserve unity of the
Indian federation.
Arrival of the Delegation
The delegation flew from London and arrived in Delhi on March 24, 1946.Representing the
Congress Maulana Abul-Kalam Azad and Gandhiji took a plea for the preservation of the Indian

Union and introduction of federal form of government. The Quaid-e-Azam ‫رمحۃہلال علیہ‬to tried
impress upon the members that Pakistan was the only possible solution of the Indian problem.
Dialogue with Indian Leadership and its Failure:
Difference of opinion between the two major political parties was substantial and sharp. The
Mission tried to make an effort to bring about the parties to a conciliatory formula acceptable for
Both. Leaders of the two major parties were invited at Simla from May 5, to 12, 1946 to discuss
matters. Seven sessions were held but no result could be achieved.
Recommendations:
After the declaration of its failure to bring about the parties to a conciliatory formula, the Mission
published its own proposals on May 16, 1946 with the hope that if these proposals were implemented,
rights of the Muslims and other minorities will be fully safeguard within the framework of an
Indian Union. Summed up here are the major proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Indian Union:
Indian shall be a Union comprising the British Indian and the Princely states. Union government
shall control foreign affairs, communication and taxation.
Grouping Scheme:
Provinces shall be divided into three group formed under following formula. Group A; six Hindu
majority provinces; Group B; three Muslim majority provinces; Group C; two Muslim majority
provinces.
Internal Independence of the Provincial Groups:
Members of the Constituent Assembly shall be divided into three groups and shall frame
constitutions for their respective groups. After the date of first elections held under the
Constitution, each provincial legislature shall be given a chance to decide whether it wanted to
remain a part of the group or quit it.
Establishment of the interim Government:
The Plan further envisaged that an interim government shall be formed at the center till the
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formation of the constitution and its implementation. In this government, all important portfolios,
including the Ministry of Defense, shall be held by the Indians.

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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
REACTION ABOUT CABINET MISSION PLAN
Reaction of Gandhi and Congress:
Gandhi Ji interpreted the Plan as “an appeal and an advice.” He said that the Constitution
Assembly as a sovereign body shall have the power to amend the Plan.
Reaction of Muslim League:
The Muslim League Council met on Jun 3, 1946 and after three days discussion decided to
approve the Plan. The Council resented that the Plan did not clearly provide for the demand for
Pakistan but it saw a ray of hope in the “grouping scheme”, and confirmed that the party would
join the Constituent Assembly with the hope that it would be able to achieve its objectives
through constitutional means.
Q.2: Give background account of the third June plan; also give its salient feature.
Ans: THE THIRD JUNE PLAN
Background:
As the first step in implementing the Cabinet Mission plan, Viceroy Lord Wavell decided to
form a interim government in June 1946 and announced that if one or both of the major political
parties (the Congress and the Muslim League) did not participate in the government. So the
government will be formed by making an alternative arrangement. The Muslim League agreed to
join the government, but the Congress refused to participate. Now according to the settled
principle, the Viceroy should have invited the Muslim League to form the government, but he
did not do so. In these circumstances, the Muslim League announced its detachment from the
cabinet mission plan. And decided to take direct action for the acquisition of Pakistan.
Prime Minister of Attlee's important announcement in Dar-ul-Awam
 On Feb. 20,1947 the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee made a statement in the
British Parliament declaring that:
 India shall be given independence by June 1948.
 If the Constituent Assembly fails to frame constitution within the stipulated time limit,
the British government shall decide if the powers are to be transferred to a central certain
provincial government.
 Mountbatten was appointed viceroy, he was to replace Wavell.
 The British government wants to hand over power to elected representatives of India
before June 1948 in every condition.
Arrival of Mountbatten:
Mountbatten reached India on March 22, 1946. He discussed matters with the Indian leaders and
was convinced that it was not possible to keep India united for a longer period of time.
Mountbatten worked out a partition plan and flew to England to seek approval of the British
Government on the plan. The approval was readily granted.
Arrival of Mountbatten:
On his return back he took seven important Indian leaders, including the Quaid-e-Azam ‫رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬
in confidence. Given approval by all major Indian political are the salient features of this Plan:
 The British Government shall not impose its constitution own constitution on India. The
Indian Constituent Assembly shall frame a Constitution under which shall not be
mandatory for the units unwilling to adopt it. These units shall be allowed to form
constituent assemblies top frame constitutions of their own choice.

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 Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 The Provincial Assemblies shall be entitled to decide which of the two Constituent
Assemblies their respective provinces shall join, The Plan stipulated different formulas for
the provinces of the Punjab, Bengal the NWFP, Balochistan and for district of Sylhet in
East Bengal.
 The Princely States were also offered an option to join either of the two states, keeping in
view their geographical position and “other conditions”, or to remain independent by
making treaty arrangements with either of the two successor states.
 Powers were to be transferred by the British to one or two successor states, with
“Dominion Status” during the same year.
Indian Independence Act:
 Indian Independence act was passed by the British Parliament and ratified by the Crown
in July 1947. The Act was framed on the principles stipulate in the Third June Plan. It
provided that:
 British rule over Indian will come to an end on Aug. 15, 1947.
 Hindustan will be divided into sovereign states.
 Title of the “Emperor of Indian” will no more form a part of the titles of the British
Crown after that date.
 The successor states will be under the Government of Indian Act 1935, adapted and
modified to meet their requirements, as Interim Constitution, till their respective
Constitution Assemblies frame Constitution.
Emergence of Pakistan:
Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on Aug. 14, 1947 as the then largest Muslim state in
Quaid-e-Azam The world. the ‫رمحۃہلالعلیہ‬ took over as the first Governor General of Pakistan, and
with this epoch making event the freedom movement of the Muslims of India entered a new
phase. Provincial Assemblies of the Punjab and Bengal decided to join Pakistan, the decisions
were made with heavy majority, but since the non-Muslim Members of these Provinces had
demanded partition, separate boundary commission were set on June 30, for the demarcation of
boundaries in both provinces. Sind Assembly and the Balochistan Shahi Jirga decided that their
provinces will join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Referendums were held in the NWFP
and district Sylhet, both decided to join Pakistan.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In which year did the Muslims observe the “Direct Action Day”?
(a) 1944 (b) 1945 (c) 1946 (d) 1947
2. Who was elected as the finance minister in the interim government?
(a) Muhammad Ali Johar (b) Shabbir Ahmed Usmani
(c) Jawahars Laal Nehru (d) Liaqat Ali Khan
3. How many Hindu majority provinces were in the Cabinet Mission Plan?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
4. Who was appointed as Viceroy in place of Lord Wavell?
(a) Lord Curzon (b) Lord Wilson (c) Lord Mount Batten (d) Lord Attlee
5. Sylhet and Province decided to join Pakistan through a referendum.
(a) KPK (b) Punjab (c) Balochistan (d) Sindh
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Chapter # 1 Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1: Write the background of the Cabinet Mission. (K.B)
Ans: In fulfillment of the promise made during 1945-46 elections, the British Government sent three
senior members of the British Cabinet, in March 1946, as a last attempt to preserve unity of the
Indian federation.
Q.2: What was the reaction of Congress about the Cabinet Mission? (U.B)
Ans: Gandhi Ji interpreted the Plan as “an appeal and an advice.” He said that the Constitution
Assembly as a sovereign body shall have the power to amend the Plan.
Q.3: What important announcement was made by the British Prime Minister on February 20,
1947? (K.B)
Ans: Prime Minister of Attlee's important announcement in Dar-ul-Awam
 On Feb. 20,1947 the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee made a statement in the
British Parliament declaring that:
 India shall be given independence by June 1948.
 If the Constituent Assembly fails to frame constitution within the stipulated time
limit, the British government shall decide if the powers are to be transferred to a
central certain provincial government.
 Mountbatten was appointed viceroy, he was to replace Wavell.
 The British government wants to hand over power to elected representatives of India
before June 1948 in every condition.
Q.4: Write down any two points of 3rd June plan. (K.B)
Ans: Points of 3rd June Plan:
 The Provincial Assemblies shall be entitled to decide which of the two Constituent
Assemblies their respective provinces shall join, The Plan stipulated different formulas for
the provinces of the Punjab, Bengal the NWFP, Balochistan and for district of Sylhet in
East Bengal.
 The Princely States were also offered an option to join either of the two states, keeping in
view their geographical position and “other conditions”, or to remain independent by
making treaty arrangements with either of the two successor states.
Q.5: Write down important points of Indian Independence Act. (K.B)
Ans: Indian Independence Act
 Indian Independence act was passed by the British Parliament and ratified by the Crown in
July 1947. The Act was framed on the principles stipulate in the Third June Plan. It
provided that:
 British rule over Indian will come to an end on Aug. 15, 1947.
 Hindustan will be divided into sovereign states.
 Title of the “Emperor of Indian” will no more form a part of the titles of the British Crown
after that date.
 The successor states will be under the Government of Indian Act 1935, adapted and modified
to meet their requirements, as Interim Constitution, till their respective Constitution
Assemblies frame Constitution.

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