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Advanced Engineering Math

The document discusses definitions of convex functions. It defines a convex function as one where the line segment between any two points on the graph of the function lies above the graph. Alternatively, a function is convex if its Hessian matrix is positive semidefinite, or if it is underestimated by its affine approximation. The gradient of a convex function is monotone, as proven using the three definitions of convexity.

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14 views12 pages

Advanced Engineering Math

The document discusses definitions of convex functions. It defines a convex function as one where the line segment between any two points on the graph of the function lies above the graph. Alternatively, a function is convex if its Hessian matrix is positive semidefinite, or if it is underestimated by its affine approximation. The gradient of a convex function is monotone, as proven using the three definitions of convexity.

Uploaded by

apeelec10337
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 4

EE 506: Engineering Mathematics

UET, Lahore

November 3, 2023
Outline

Convex Functions

Convex Functions 2
Definition 1

Consider an optimization problem

minimize x)
f (x
subject to x∈Ω

where f : Rn → R is the objective function and Ω ⊆ Rn is a convex set.


Then, f is a convex function if ∀x
x, y and ∀α ∈ [0, 1], we have

x + (1 − α)yy ) ≤ αf (x
f (αx x) + (1 − α)f (yy )

Convex Functions 3
Definition 1

x + (1 − α)yy ) ≤ αf (x
f (αx x) + (1 − α)f (yy )

Figure: Geometric interpretation

Convex Functions 4
Definition 2

If f : Rn → R is a continuously differentiable function or its gradient


exists, then it is a convex function if it is underestimated by an affine
approximation. In other words, f is convex if ∀x x, y , we have

f (yy ) ≥ f (x
x) + h∇f (x
x), y − x i

Convex Functions 5
Definition 2

f (yy ) ≥ f (x
x) + h∇f (x
x), y − x i

Figure: Geometric interpretation

Convex Functions 6
Definition 3

If f : Rn → R is a twice differentiable function (f ∈ C 2 ), then it is a


convex function if its Hessian matrix is positive semidefinite.

∇2 f (x
x)  0

Convex Functions 7
Definition 3

∇2 f (x
x)  0

Figure: Geometric interpretation

Convex Functions 8
Example: Quadratic Function

x) = x >Qx where Q  0 is a positive semidefinite matrix. Apply


Let f (x
all three definitions to establish the convexity of f
I Definition 3: ∇2 f (x x) = 2QQ  0 . Hence, it is a convex function.

I Definition 2:
?
f (yy ) ≥ f (x
x) + h∇f (x
x), y − x i, ∀yy
?
y >Qy
y Qy x>Qx
≥ x Qx + h2Qx
Qx, y − x i
Qx
?
y >Qy ≥ x >Qx + 2x x>Q (yy − x )
y >Qy − 2x
x>Qy + x >Qx >
= (yy − x ) Q (yy − x )
≥ 0

Convex Functions 9
Monotonic Gradient

If f : Rn → R is a convex function, then its gradient is monotone:

h∇f (x
x) − ∇f (yy ), x − y i ≥ 0

(Use Definition 2 to prove it)

Convex Functions 10
Definition 3 Implies Monotonic Gradient

If ∇2 f (x
x)  0 then it implies that its gradient is monotone:

h∇f (x
x) − ∇f (yy ), x − y i ≥ 0

Recall fundamental theorem of calculus


Z 1
F 0 (t)dt = F (1) − F (0)
0

Applying this with chain rule


R1
x − y )> ∇f (tx
(x x + (1 − t)yy )dt
R01 d
= 0 dt (∇f (t(x x − y ) + y )) dt
= ∇f (x x) − ∇f (yy )

Convex Functions 11
Definition 3 Implies Monotonic Gradient

R1
x − y )> ∇2 f (tx
(x x + (1 − t)yy )dt
R01 d
= 0 dt (∇f (t(x x − y ) + y )) dt
= ∇f (xx) − ∇f (yy )
x − y ):
Take inner product with (x
Z 1
x − y )> ∇2 f (tx
(x x + (1 − t)yy )(x
x − y )dt
0
= h∇f (x
x) − ∇f (yy ), x − y i

The LHS is ≥ 0 which means that RHS is also ≥ 0

Convex Functions 12

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