LOGICAL

REASONING
WHAT IS LOGIC ?
- the science of reasoning
- distinguishing correct reasoning from incorrect
reasoning
- way of thinking that helps us reason through
problems and arrive at accurate conclusions
 INFERENCES &
ARGUMENTS
To infer is to draw conclusions from information.

Example:
1. You see smoke and infer that there is a fire.
2. You count 19 persons in a group that originally had 20, and you infer that
someone is missing.
An argument is a collection of claims or statements, one
of which is designated as the conclusion, and the
remainder of which are designated as the premises.

• Premises of an argument are intended to support (or justify)

the conclusion of the argument.
• Conclusion is the result after analyzing the premises
• Terms are the points of interest in an argument
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- a top-down approach that starts with general
principles and works towards specific
conclusions.
- based on the principles of validity and soundness,
and it is used to draw logical conclusions from
general principles to specific cases.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Example: In this example, we start
with the general principle that
all mammals have lungs
1. All mammals have lungs. (Premise 1). We then apply this
2. A dolphin is a mammal. principle to a specific case, a
dolphin (Premise 2), and
Therefore, a dolphin has conclude that the dolphin must
also have lungs (Conclusion).
lungs.
The conclusion is logically valid
because it follows necessarily
from the premises.
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING
- involves making generalizations or
predictions based on specific observations or
evidence
- In other words, we start with specific instances or
examples and use them to draw broader
conclusions or hypotheses.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Example: In this example, the idea is
that every time the person has
1. Every time I have gone to gone to the park on a sunny day,
the park on a sunny day, I they have seen people playing
have seen people playing frisbee. Based on this past
observation, they use inductive
frisbee.
reasoning to make a prediction
2. Today is a sunny day. about what they will see at the
park today. They conclude that
Therefore, I will probably see they will probably see people
people playing frisbee at the park playing frisbee at the park today
today. because it is a sunny day.
 SYLLOGISM
A form of deductive reasoning wherein we study two
premises or ideas in order to make or to arrive at a
specific and logical conclusion
A. Categorical Syllogism
If A is B (1st premise)
And B is C, (2nd premise)
Therefore, A is C (conclusion)
In here, the term B serves as a feature that describes and creates a
connection between A and C. For example:
Scarlet is a dog. (1st premise)
Dogs can bark. (2nd premise)
Therefore, Scarlet can bark. (conclusion)
The term dog describes both Scarlet and bark, and therefore linking the
two other terms.
B. Disjunctive Syllogism
A is either B or C. (1st premise)
A is not C. (2nd premise)
Therefore, A is B. (conclusion)
The terms B and C in the first premise describe the term A. The second
premise eliminates either of the terms B or C that does not apply to term A, so
that we can create a conclusion. For example:
The chicken is either fried or roasted. (1st premise)
The chicken is not roasted. (2nd premise)
Therefore, the chicken is fried. (conclusion)
The terms fried and roasted are possible attributes of the term donut.
Following the second premise, roasted cannot be used to describe the
chicken, therefore the attribute only left to be used is fried.
C. Conditional Syllogism
If A is true, then B is true. (major premise)
A is true. (minor premise)
Therefore, B is true. (conclusion)
Example:
If Taylor likes singing, then she must like (major premise)
writing songs.
Taylor likes singing. (minor premise)
Therefore, Taylor must like writing songs. (conclusion)
The argument will be invalid if we change the minor premise with “Taylor
likes writing songs,” and conclude that “Taylor likes singing.” Based on the
argument, it is natural for Taylor to like writing songs if she likes singing.
C. Conditional Syllogism
If A is true, then B is true. (major premise)
B is not true, (minor premise)
Therefore, A is not true. (conclusion)
Example:
If Alison studies hard, then she will get (major premise)
good grades.
Alison did not get good grades. (minor premise)
Therefore, Alison did not study hard. (conclusion)
Alison can still get good grades even if she does not study hard. However, if
she does not get good grades, then it is logical to conclude that Alison did not
study hard.
C. Conditional Syllogism
If A is true, then B is true. (1st conditional premise)
If B is true, then C is true. (2nd conditional premise)
Therefore, if A is true, then C is true. (conclusion)

Example:

If Olivia makes dinner, then she will go to bed early.

If Olivia goes to bed early, then Sabrina will wash the dishes.
Therefore, if Olivia makes dinner, then Sabrina will wash the dishes.
 VENN DIAGRAM
• Useful when a problem involves categorizing certain
names or objects as it helps represent categorical
statements
• Involves visualizing which set a name or object belongs
to
Example: All Filipinos are Asians.

Let every set be represented by

a circle. Since it is stated that all
Filipinos are Asians, then it
Filipinos means that the whole of the
Filipino circle will be placed
inside the Asians circle. The
figure shows how the venn
Asians
diagram would look like.
Example: Some women are doctors.

Women Doctors

To express the statement, we have to intersect the circles that

represent the two sets, women and doctors. Only part of the women
circle will overlap with the doctors circle. A valid inference would be
that only some doctors are women.
Example: All kids are energetic. Some humans are kids.

Energetic
Humans Kids

We can combine two diagrams to make a single Venn diagram.

Based on the combined Venn diagram, it can be inferred that some
humans are energetic.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
1. Assuming that the first
two premises are true,
determine whether or not
the conclusion is true.

Premise 1:
All students are diligent.
Premise 2:
Anya is a student.
Conclusion:
Therefore, Anya is
diligent.
 SOLUTION:
1. Assuming that the first
two premises are true,
determine whether or not
the conclusion is true. Anya

Student
Premise 1:
All students are diligent.
Premise 2: Being diligent
Anya is a student.
Conclusion:
Since Anya is found inside the
Therefore, Anya is “being diligent” circle, then the
diligent. conclusion that Anya is diligent is
true.
2. Given that the first two
premises are true,
determine if the
conclusion is always true.

Premise 1:
All artists are imaginative.
Premise 2:
Rick is imaginative.
Conclusion:
Therefore, Rick is an
artist.
 SOLUTION:
2. Given that the first two
premises are true,
determine if the
conclusion is always true.

Premise 1: Artists Rick

All artists are imaginative.
Premise 2: Being imaginative
Rick is imaginative.
Conclusion:
We are certain that Rick is
Therefore, Rick is an imaginative. However, Rick may
artist. or may not be an artist. So, the
conclusion is not always true.
3. If the premises are
true, is the last
statement also true?

Premise 1:
No bugs can lift a
stone.
Premise 2:
Hova can lift a stone.
Conclusion:
Hova, is not an bug.
3. If the following SOLUTION:
premises are true, is
the last statement also
Bugs
true?
Can lift a
stone
Premise 1:
No bugs can lift a
Hova
stone.
Premise 2:
Hova can lift a stone. The illustration above tells us that
Conclusion: Hova is not a bug. So, the
Hova, is not an bug. conclusion is true.
4. Consider the
following premises:

Only powerful wizards

can cast a deathly spell.

Harry Potter can cast a

deathly spell.

Is Harry Potter a
powerful wizard?
 SOLUTION:
4. Consider the
following premises:
Powerful wizards =
Only powerful wizards can cast a spell
can cast a deathly spell.

Harry Potter can cast a Harry Potter

deathly spell.

Is Harry Potter a If Harry Potter is in the set of those

powerful wizard? who can cast a deathly spell, then he
is also in the set of powerful wizards.
Therefore, he is a powerful wizard.
5. Consider the
following premises:

All Ilocano people are

Filipinos.

All Filipinos are Asians.

Are all Ilocano people

also Asians?
 SOLUTION:
5. Consider the
following premises: Asians

Filipinos
All Ilocano people are
Filipinos.
Ilocano
people
All Filipinos are Asians.

Are all Ilocano people

The illustration above shows that the
also Asians? Ilocano people are a part of both
Filipinos and Asians. Therefore, all
Ilocano people are also Asians.
DIAGRAMMING CHARACTERS
1. Make a line and assign a direction in which to place each
character.
2. Write the first character that appeared in the problem and
place it in the middle of the line.
3. Analyze each statement and place characters on the line
depending on comparisons with other characters.
4. Create your conclusion based on the drawn diagrams.
Example:
Bart is younger than Therese but older than Joy. Therese is older than Harold but
younger than Larry. Neville is younger than Larry and Joy. Harold is older than
Neville and Bart. Who among them is the oldest and the youngest?
Solution:
1. Make an upward line, and place the a) Bart is younger than Therese but older
characters that are older higher than than Joy.
those that are younger. Therese
Bart
2. Place the first character’s name (Bart) Joy
in the middle of the line.
b) Therese is older than Harold but younger
than Larry.
Bart Larry
Therese
Harold
3. Analyze the statements that follow. Bart
Joy
Example:
Bart is younger than Therese but older than Joy. Therese is older than Harold but
younger than Larry. Neville is younger than Larry and Joy. Harold is older than
Neville and Bart. Who among them is the oldest and the youngest?
Solution:
c) Neville is younger than Larry and Joy. 4. Based from the created diagram, it
Larry can be concluded that among the six of
Therese them, Larry is the oldest and Neville is
Harold
Bart
the youngest.
Joy
Neville
d. Harold is older than Neville and Bart.
Larry
Therese
Harold
Bart
Joy
Neville
RANKING AND
ORDERING
RANKING AND ORDERING
- involves an arrangement of position or ranks of
an object or a person either from left to right, first
to last, or top to bottom
RANKING AND ORDERING
TIPS
1. Visualize the structure in which the ranking has to be
created.
2. Lookout for indirect clues and important words like
none, only, all, etc.
3. Either use the ranking to get the total number of
objects/people or use the total number to evaluate the
ranking.
RANKING AND ORDERING Q1
Anna, Betty, Chandler, Debby, Evie and Flora are running
in a race.

1. Anna beat only Betty and Flora

2. Evie was beaten only by Debby
3. Betty did not finish last in the race

Who is the last in the race?

RANKING AND ORDERING Q1
Anna, Betty, Chandler, Who is the last in the
Debby, Evie and Flora are
race?
running in a race.
A > B/F
1. Anna beat only Betty and D > E > A > B/F
Flora D > E > C > A > B > F
2. Evie was beaten only by
Debby Answer: Flora
3. Betty did not finish last in
the race
RANKING AND ORDERING Q2
There are six persons named Chance, Dream,
Earnest, Xandra, Ynes, and Zane. Each of them is of
different age. Only one person is younger than Ynes.
Earnest is older than Ynes. Xandra is older than Earnest
but younger than Dream. Neither Dream nor Chance is the
eldest. How many people are older than Zane?

a. All of them are older than Zane

b. None of them is older than Zane
c. Three of them is older than Zane
d. Only one of them is older than Zane
RANKING AND ORDERING Q2
There are six persons named
Chance, Dream, Earnest, Xandra, Ynes,
and Zane. Each of them is of different
age. Only one person is younger than
Ynes. Earnest is older than Ynes.
Xandra is older than Earnest but younger Y > ?
than Dream. Neither Dream nor Chance D > X > E > Y>?
is the eldest. How many people are older
than Zane? Z > D > X > E > Y >C
a. All of them are older than Zane
b. None of them is older than Zane
c. Three of them is older than Zane
d. Only one of them is older than Zane
ALPHANUMERIC
SERIES
POSSIBLE TYPES
- Missing Series
- Alphabet-Number-Symbol
- Only Alphabetic Series
- Only Numerical Series
TIPS AND TRICKS TO SOLVE
ALPHANUMERIC SERIES
- Analyze and crack the pattern
- Recheck the entire series after finding an
answer
ALPHANUMERIC Q1
Find the missing element in the series:
ABD EFH IJL MNP QRT ______

a. XYZ
b. VWY
c. WXZ
d. UVX
e. XZA
ALPHANUMERIC Q1
Find the missing element in the series:
ABD EFH IJL MNP QRT ______

A B C D
a. XYZ
E F GH
b. VWY I J K L
c. WXZ MN OP
d. UVX QR S T
e. XZA U V WX
ALPHANUMERIC Q2
Find the missing element in the series:
ACE ______ MOQ SUW

a. GIK
b. FHJ
c. GHJ
d. GIL
e. EFH
ALPHANUMERIC Q2
Find the missing element in the series:
ACE ______ MOQ SUW

a. GIK A B C D EF
b. FHJ GH I J K L
c. GHJ MN OP QR
S T U V WX
d. GIL
e. EFH
 BLOOD
RELATIONS
 TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMINOLOGY IN USE
Mother’s or Father’s son Myself/Brother
Mother’s or Father’s daughter Myself/Sister
Mother’s or Father’s brother Uncle
Mother’s or Father’s sister Aunt
Mother’s or Father’s father Grandfather
Mother’s or Father’s mother Grandmother
Son’s wife Daughter-in-law
Daughter’s husband Son-in-law
 TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMINOLOGY IN USE
Husband’s or wife’s sister Sister-in-law
Husband’s or wife’s brother Brother-in-law
Brother’s son Nephew
Brother’s daughter Niece
Uncle or aunt’s son or daughter Cousin
Sister’s husband Brother-in-law
Brother’s wife Sister-in-law
Grandson’s or Granddaughter’s Great-granddaughter
daughter
BLOOD RELATIONS Q1
Pointing to a photograph of a boy Mr. Ram said, “He is the
son of the only son of my mother.” How is Mr. Ram related
to that boy?

A. Brother
B. Uncle
C. Cousin
D. Father
BLOOD RELATIONS Q1
Pointing to a photograph of
a boy, Mr. Ram said, “He is
the son of the only son of
my mother.” How is Mr.
Ram related to that boy?

A. Brother
B. Uncle
C. Cousin
D. Father
BLOOD RELATIONS Q2
Introducing a boy, a girl said, "He is the son of the daughter
of the father of my uncle." How is the boy related to the
girl?

A. Brother
B. Nephew
C. Uncle
D. Son-in-law
BLOOD RELATIONS Q2
Introducing a boy, a girl said, "He is the son of the daughter
of the father of my uncle." How is the boy related to the
girl?

Father of my uncle → grandfather

A. Brother
B. Nephew Daughter of the father of my uncle → daughter of
my grandfather → mother or auntie
C. Uncle
Son of the daughter of the father of my uncle →
D. Son-in-law son of my mother or auntie → brother or cousin
MORE LOGIC
QUESTIONS
1. Melvin is shorter than
Ivo. Roland is shorter
than Melvin. Casper is
taller than Ivo. Who is
the third tallest person
among the four?

a. Melvin
b. Ivo
c. Roland
d. Casper
 SOLUTION:
1. Melvin is shorter than
Ivo. Roland is shorter
Melvin is shorter than Ivo:
than Melvin. Casper is
Ivo > Melvin
taller than Ivo. Who is
Roland is shorter than Melvin.
the third tallest person
Ivo > Melvin > Roland
among the four?
Casper is taller than Ivo.
Casper > Ivo > Melvin > Roland
a. Melvin
b. Ivo
a. Melvin
c. Roland
d. Casper
2. A computer is more
expensive than a book. A pot
is cheaper than a computer.
An oven is more costly than
a pot. A plate is more
expensive than a book but
cheaper than a pot. What is
the third cheapest object
among the five?

a. Pot
b. Plate
c. Computer
d. Book
 SOLUTION:
2. A computer is more
expensive than a book. A pot
is cheaper than a computer.
Ranking from most expensive to cheapest:
An oven is more costly than Computer
a pot. A plate is more Oven
expensive than a book but
Pot
cheaper than a pot. What is
the third cheapest object Plate
among the five? Book

a. Pot
b. Plate a. Pot
c. Computer
d. Book
3. Anton is behind Dominic.
Carl is ahead of Anton and
Dominic. Bobby is in between
Anton and Dominic.
Meanwhile, Earl is in
between Dominic and Carl.
Anton overtakes Earl.
Afterward, Bobby overtakes
Dominic. Lastly, Dominic
overtakes Anton. Which
runner is behind Anton?

a. Bobby
b. Carl
c. Dominic
d. Earl
3. Anton is behind Dominic. SOLUTION:
Carl is ahead of Anton and
Anton is behind Dominic. Carl is ahead of Anton
Dominic. Bobby is in between
and Dominic. Bobby is in between Anton and
Anton and Dominic.
Dominic. Meanwhile, Earl is in between Dominic
Meanwhile, Earl is in and Carl.
between Dominic and Carl.
Anton overtakes Earl.
C>E>D>B>A
Afterward, Bobby overtakes Anton overtakes Earl
Dominic. Lastly, Dominic C>A>E>D>B
overtakes Anton. Which Afterward, Bobby overtakes Dominic.
runner is behind Anton?
C>A>E>B>D
a. Bobby Lastly, Dominic overtakes Anton.
b. Carl
C>D>A>E>B
c. Dominic
d. Earl D. Earl
4. If the inflation rate significantly increases
in the next quarter, the BSP will raise the
interest rates or sell bonds to the public.
Which of the following is necessary for the
BSP to raise interest rates?

a. The inflation rate did not increase

significantly, and the BSP did not sell
bonds to the public
b. The inflation rate significantly increased,
and the BSP sold bonds to the public
c. The inflation rate significantly increased,
and the BSP did not sell bonds to the
public.
 SOLUTION:
4. If the inflation rate significantly increases If the inflation rate significantly
in the next quarter, the BSP will raise the
increases, BSP raises the
interest rates or sell bonds to the public.
Which of the following is necessary for the interest rate or sells bonds to
BSP to raise interest rates? the public. Otherwise, nothing
will happen.
a. The inflation rate did not increase
significantly, and the BSP did not sell Therefore, BSP will only raise
bonds to the public
interests if the inflation rate
b. The inflation rate significantly increased,
and the BSP sold bonds to the public significantly increases and if it
c. The inflation rate significantly increased, does not sells bonds to the
and the BSP did not sell bonds to the public
public.
5. All magicians are
deceivers. Oz is a
magician. Therefore,
_________

a. Oz is not a magician
b. Oz is a deceiver
c. Oz is not a deceiver
d. Oz may not be a
deceiver
 SOLUTION:

5. All magicians are

deceivers. Oz is a Since all magicians are deceivers and Oz is
magician. Therefore, a magician (a part of the set being
_________ described), then Oz is a deceiver.

a. Oz is not a magician
b. Oz is a deceiver B. Oz is a deceiver.
c. Oz is not a deceiver
d. Oz may not be a
deceiver
6. Either Erica will marry
Rudy or Erica will work
abroad. Erica did not work
abroad. Therefore,
__________.

a. Erica will marry Rudy

b. Erica loves Rudy
c. Erica does not love
Rudy
d. Erica will not marry
Rudy
 SOLUTION:
6. Either Erica will marry
Rudy or Erica will work The argument follows this reasoning: If P or
abroad. Erica did not work Q, and not P, then Q.
abroad. Therefore,
__________. Since Erica did not work abroad, she will
marry Rudy, which is in choice 1.
a. Erica will marry Rudy
b. Erica loves Rudy
A. Erica will marry
c. Erica does not love Rudy
Rudy
d. Erica will not marry
Rudy
7. Four people witnessed a
robbery. Each of them gave a
different description of the robber.
Which description is probably
right?

a. The robber was average height,

thin, and middle-aged.
b. The robber was tall, thin, and
middle-aged
c. The robber was tall, thin, and
young
d. The robber was tall, of average
weight, and middle-aged
7. Four people witnessed a SOLUTION:
robbery. Each of them gave a
different description of the robber. Tall, thin, and middle-aged are the
Which description is probably parts of the description repeated
right? most often and are therefore the
most likely to be accurate.
a. The robber was average height, B. The robber was
thin, and middle-aged. tall, thin, and middle-
b. The robber was tall, thin, and
aged
middle-aged
c. The robber was tall, thin, and
young
d. The robber was tall, of average
weight, and middle-aged
8. Ludo is fairer than Cisco.
Cisco is fairer than Mila.
Therefore, ________.

a. Ludo is fairer than Mila

b. Cisco is fairer than
Ludo
c. Mila is fairer than Cisco
d. Mila is the fairest of
them all
 SOLUTION:

8. Ludo is fairer than Cisco. The fairness of the three people can be
Cisco is fairer than Mila. ranked as follows:
Therefore, ________.
Ludo > Cisco
a. Ludo is fairer than Mila Ludo > Cisco > Mila
b. Cisco is fairer than
Ludo
c. Mila is fairer than Cisco A. Ludo is fairer than
d. Mila is the fairest of Mila
them all
9. Erin is twelve years old. For three
years, she has been asking her
parents for a dog. Her parents have
told her that they believe a dog would
not be happy in an apartment, but
they have given her permission to
have a bird. Erin has not yet decided
what kind of bird she would like to
have.
a. Erin’s parents like birds better
than they like dogs.
b. Erin does not like birds.
c. Erin and her parents live in an
apartment.
d. Erin and her parents would like to
move.
9. Erin is twelve years old. For three SOLUTION:
years, she has been asking her
parents for a dog. Her parents have Since Erin's parents think a dog
told her that they believe a dog would would not be happy in an
not be happy in an apartment, but apartment, we can reasonably
they have given her permission to conclude that the family lives in
have a bird. Erin has not yet decided an apartment. We do not know if
what kind of bird she would like to Erin's parents dislike dogs
have. (choice a) or if Erin dislikes birds
a. Erin’s parents like birds better
(choice b). There is no support
than they like dogs.
for choice d.
b. Erin does not like birds.
c. Erin and her parents live in an C. Erin and her
apartment.
d. Erin and her parents would like to
parents live in an
move. apartment.
10. FAG, GAF, HAI, IAH, ?

a. JAK
b. HAL
c. HAK
d. JAI
 SOLUTION:
The middle letter in the given do not change.
So we should pay attention to the first and
third letters.
10. FAG, GAF, HAI, IAH, ?
The series involves an alphabetical order
a. JAK with a reversal of the letters. The first letters
b. HAL are in an alphabetical order: F, G, H, I, so we
c. HAK know that the first letter of the missing term is
J.
d. JAI
The second and fourth terms are reversals of
the first and third segments.

A. JAK
11. QPO, NML, KJI, ___,
EDC

A. HGF
B. CAB
C. JKL
D. GHI
 SOLUTION:

The solution behind this problem is

simple: the series consists of letters in a
11. QPO, NML, KJI, ___, reverse alphabetical order.
EDC
A. HGF
A. HGF
B. CAB
C. JKL
D. GHI
12. QAR, RAS, SAT, TAU

A. UAV
B. UAT
C. TAS
D. TAT
 SOLUTION:

In this series, the third letter is repeated

as the first letter of the next segment. The
12. QAR, RAS, SAT, TAU middle letter, A, remains the same. The
third letters are in alphabetical order,
A. UAV beginning with R.
B. UAT
C. TAS
D. TAT
A. UAV
13. Circle indicates 'strong',
square indicates 'tall' and triangle
indicates 'army officers'. The
strong army officers who are not
tall are shown:

A. 4
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
13. Circle indicates 'strong', SOLUTION:
square indicates 'tall' and triangle
indicates 'army officers'. The This problem follows the concept of
strong army officers who are not
a Venn diagram. Since we deal with
tall are shown:
strong army officers who are not tall,
we exclude everything that is within
the square. This leaves us with the
intersection of those army officers
who are strong: number 4.

A. 4
A. 4
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
14. Landon’s daughter is
the cousin of Nicky’s
daughter. Landon has no
sister. How is Landon
related to Nicky?

a. Landon is the brother of

Nicky
b. Landon is the brother-
in-law of Nicky
c. Landon is the father of
Nicky
d. Landon and Nicky are
close friends
14. Landon’s daughter is SOLUTION:
the cousin of Nicky’s
daughter. Landon has no Option A is already eliminated since it is
sister. How is Landon given that Landon has no sister. As for the
related to Nicky? Option C, Landon cannot be the father of
Nicky since their daughters are cousins.
a. Landon is the brother of Option D is also incorrect because the
Nicky statements does not verify it being true.
b. Landon is the brother-
in-law of Nicky
c. Landon is the father of B. Landon is the brother-
Nicky in-law of Nicky
d. Landon and Nicky are
close friends
15. CMM, EOO, GQQ,
___, KUU

A. GRR
B. GSS
C. ISS
D. ITT
 SOLUTION:

The first letters are in alphabetical order

with a letter skipped in between each
15. CMM, EOO, GQQ, segment: C D E F G H I J K. The second
___, KUU and third letters are repeated; they are
also in order with a skipped letter: M N O
A. GRR P Q R S T U.
B. GSS
C. ISS
D. ITT C. ISS
16. Four friends who are
sharing a pie decide that
the oldest of them should
get the extra piece. Rosa is
two months older than
Gem, who is three months
younger than Norman. Kurt
is one month older than
Gem. Who will get the
extra piece of pie?

a. Rosa
b. Gem
c. Norman
d. Kurt
16. Four friends who are SOLUTION:
sharing a pie decide that
the oldest of them should Rosa is two months older than Gem
get the extra piece. Rosa is R>G
two months older than Gem is three months younger than
Gem, who is three months Norman
younger than Norman. Kurt N>R>G
is one month older than Kurt is one month older than Gem
Gem. Who will get the N>R> K>G
extra piece of pie?
C. Norman
a. Rosa
b. Gem
c. Norman
d. Kurt
17. Marcus, Rhys, Clyde, and
Logan each likes one sport.
One of them plays basketball
every day, another plays
tennis on weekends, one
likes badminton, and one
likes volleyball. Logan likes
tennis. Marcus hates playing
basketball. Rhys likes
volleyball. Which sport does
Clyde play?

a. Basketball
b. Tennis
c. Badminton
d. Volleyball
17. Marcus, Rhys, Clyde, and SOLUTION:
Logan each likes one sport.
One of them plays basketball Logan: Tennis
every day, another plays
Marcus: No basketball (which leaves us
tennis on weekends, one
with Badminton)
likes badminton, and one
likes volleyball. Logan likes Rhys: Volleyball
tennis. Marcus hates playing Clyde: Basketball
basketball. Rhys likes
volleyball. Which sport does
Clyde play?
A. Basketball
a. Basketball
b. Tennis
c. Badminton
d. Volleyball
18. In the following, given
the first two statements,
determine whether or not
the third statement is true:

During the past year, Jade

saw more movies than
Steve.

Steve saw fewer movies

than Danny.

Danny saw more movies

than Jade.
18. In the following, given SOLUTION:
the first two statements,
determine whether or not We are certain from the first statement
the third statement is true: that Jade saw more movies than Steve.

During the past year, Jade Based from the second statement, we can
saw more movies than see that Jade and Danny both saw more
Steve. movies than Steve. However, based only
from the first two statement, it is uncertain
Steve saw fewer movies whether or not Danny saw more movies
than Danny. than Jade. So, we cannot confirm the
trueness of the third statemen.
Danny saw more movies
than Jade. Uncertain
19. All beggars are poor.
Which of the conclusions is
valid from the given
statement?

a. If Chase is a beggar,
then he is poor.
b. All of those who are
poor are beggars.
c. If Jace is poor then she
is a beggar.
d. If Blaise is not a beggar,
then she is rich.
 SOLUTION:
19. All beggars are poor.
Which of the conclusions is Choices B and C are incorrect. What is
valid from the given known only is that all beggars are poor,
statement? but it is not stated if all poor people are
beggars. Choice D is also wrong because
a. If Chase is a beggar, if a person is not a beggar, it does not
then he is poor. necessarily follow that a person is rich.
b. All of those who are Thus, the correct answer is choice A.
poor are beggars.
c. If Jace is poor then she
is a beggar. A. If Chase is a beggar,
d. If Blaise is not a beggar, then he is poor
then she is rich.
All the offices on the 9th floor
have wall-to-wall carpeting.

No wall-to-wall carpeting is
pink.

None of the offices on the 9th

floor has pink wall-to-wall
carpeting.

20. If the first two statements

are true, the third statement
is:
a. True
b. False
c. Uncertain
All the offices on the 9th floor SOLUTION:
have wall-to-wall carpeting.
If no wall-to-wall carpeting is pink and all
No wall-to-wall carpeting is
the offices have wall-to-wall carpeting,
pink.
none of the offices has pink wall-to-wall
None of the offices on the 9th carpeting.
floor has pink wall-to-wall
carpeting.
A. True
20. If the first two statements
are true, the third statement
is:
a. True
b. False
c. Uncertain
21. Atlas is the son of
Quinn. Quinn and Yani are
sisters. Zenaida is the
mother of Yani. Prince is
the son of Zenaida. Which
of the following statements
is correct?

a. Prince is the maternal

uncle of Atlas
b. Prince and Yani are
sisters
c. Atlas and Prince are
cousins
d. None of the above
21. Atlas is the son of SOLUTION:
Quinn. Quinn and Yani are
sisters. Zenaida is the Grandmother: Zenaida
mother of Yani. Prince is Children: Quinn, Yani, and Prince
the son of Zenaida. Which Grandchild: Atlas
of the following statements
is correct?
A. Prince is the maternal
a. Prince is the maternal uncle of Atlas
uncle of Atlas
b. Prince and Yani are
sisters
c. Atlas and Prince are
cousins
d. None of the above
22. In a family there are
husband, wife, two sons
and two daughters. All the
ladies were invited to a
dinner. Both sons went out
to play. Husband did not
return from office. Who
was at home?

a. The wife
b. All ladies
c. The sons
d. No one
 SOLUTION:
22. In a family there are
husband, wife, two sons
and two daughters. All the
ladies were invited to a
dinner. Both sons went out
to play. Husband did not
return from office. Who D. None
was at home?

a. The wife
b. All ladies
c. The sons
d. No one
23. Musicians are generally
creative. Some of them are
frustrated. Frustrated people
are prone to become
alcoholics. What can we
conclude from these
statements?

a. All frustrated people are

alcoholics
b. Some musicians may be
alcoholics
c. All alcoholics are
musicians
d. Frustrated people are
creative
23. Musicians are generally SOLUTION:
creative. Some of them are
frustrated. Frustrated people Given that some of the musicians are
are prone to become
frustrated, and frustrated people tend to
alcoholics. What can we
become alcoholics, we can conclude that
conclude from these
statements? some musicians may be alcoholics.

a. All frustrated people are B. Some musicians may

alcoholics
be alcoholics
b. Some musicians may be
alcoholics
c. All alcoholics are
musicians
d. Frustrated people are
creative
24. Inside the cinema,
Holden was seating in seat
53. Morris was sitting to the
right of Holden in seat 54.
In the seat to the left of
Holden was Garry. Icarus
was sitting to the left of
Garry. Which seat was
Icarus seating?

a. 51
b. 54
c. 55
d. 56
24. Inside the cinema, SOLUTION:
Holden was seating in seat
53. Morris was sitting to the 51 52 53 54
right of Holden in seat 54. (I) (G) (H) (M)
In the seat to the left of
Holden was Garry. Icarus A. 51
was sitting to the left of
Garry. Which seat was
Icarus seating?

a. 51
b. 54
c. 55
d. 56
25. The fifth day of the
month falls on a Thursday.
What day of the week will
precede the ninth day of
the month?

a. Sunday
b. Tuesday
c. Thursday
d. Monday
 SOLUTION:

25. The fifth day of the The fifth day of the month is Thursday.
month falls on a Thursday. What we need to figure out first is the
What day of the week will ninth day. So counting four days from
precede the ninth day of Thursday, we get Monday. Now, we have
the month? to know the preceding the day – Sunday.

a. Sunday
A. Sunday
b. Tuesday
c. Thursday
d. Monday
References
• Hardegree, G. M. (2011). Symbolic logic: A first course. McGraw-
Hill/Learning Solutions.
• “Logical Reasoning - Topics, Examples and Questions & Answers.”
BYJUS, BYJU’S, 5 Aug. 2019, https://byjus.com/govt-exams/logical-
reasoning.
• Fabula, Jewel Kyle. “Logic - FilipiKnow.” FilipiKnow, FilipiKnow, 31
Dec. 2022, https://filipiknow.net/logic-reasoning-reviewer/.
• “Logical Reasoning Practice Test (Civil Service Exam) -
TOPNOTCHER PH.” TOPNOTCHER PH,
http://facebook.com/topnotcherph, https://topnotcher.ph/logical-
reasoning-practice-test-civil-service-exam/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2023.