nate Geometry id Coordinate geometry is the study of points, straight lines and curves defined by algebraic expressions. In this chapter, We shall study the basic knowledge of distance between two points, midpoint of two points, straight lines with equations of the form y = mx + ¢, Jel lines and perpendicular lines. 7.1 Distance between Two Points ys) and RO 1) ; lx, ¥,) E ith x-axis (the axis (the vertical axis) the diagram. Since x, < x» x, Similarly, y, < y2 and Three points P(x. 4). OC are on the cartesi horizontal axi By Pythagoras’ Theorem, PQ? = PR’ + RQ? x = x)? + 2 y PQ = Je - x) + 2-91 [Reteele | The vertices of a triangle are A(-2, 0), B(S, 0) and C(I, 4). Find (a) the length AB, (b) the area of the triangle ABC. GER to =5- = 7 mits (b) CC =4-024 ‘Area of AABC = £KABK CC =ixTxa = 14 sq. units B(S.0) AC2.0) Of E10) 144. Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScannerExampleem A triangle has vertices at A(2, -4), B(-4. 4) and C(3, 3). Caleu the length of AC and of BC and show that the triangle is an isosceles triangle. AC = ie -27' + (3 = 50 2 units BC = \(3-(-4))' + B-4y = ¥50 2 units Since AC = BC, the triangle ABC is isosceles. Three points have coordinates A(2, 5), BI, 1) and C(2. Calculate the length of BC and of CA, and the area of the tri ABC. Also, calculate the length of AB and of CF where F is on AB and CF is perpendicular to AB. BC =2-(-1) =3 units =5-1=4 units Area of the triangle = $ x3x4 y = 6 sq. units = (BC? +CA® =yere? = 5 units 4X CFXAB = 6 Pn 6X2 CF = 3 = 2.4 units Coordinate Geomen Scanned with CamScanner1. Find the perimeter and the area of the rectangle ABCD where A(4, 5), BO, ~2), C(-3, -2) and D(-3, 5). 2. Find the area of the triangle ABC given the following coordinates, fa) AQ. 1), BS, 1) and C(6, 5) (b) Ata, 2), Bla, 6) and C2, a) 3 Find the area of the trapezium ABCD where A(4, -1), BQ, 3), C1, 3) and D(-2, =1). Show that the perimeter is 17.6 units (correct to 1 decimal place). 4. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle with vertices A(-4, 0), B(3, 4) and (A, 1). Show that the triangle ABC is isosceles. 5. Calculate the area of the triangle ABC shown in the diagram. Hence, find the length AF, (14, -1) 6. If the point (4, 1 is equidistant from the points A(4, 1) and B(-1, 2), find the value of 7. 7. Given A(-1, 4) and B(S, 2), find (a) the point P on the x-axis such that AP = BP, (b) the point Q on the y-axis such that AQ = BO. 8. A trapezium with vertices A(, 0), Br + 2, 0), Cle + 2, 34 + 2) and Dit, 2t + I), where ¢ > 0, has an area of 18 square units. Find the value of 1. > Which of the points A(10, 4), B(7, 6), C(-3, 5) is nearest to P(3, 2)? 10. A point P(x, y) is such that its distance from the y-axis is equal to its distance from the point A@3, 2). Show that y? - 4y — 6 + 13 = 0, 146 Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner7.2 Midpoint of the Line Joining Two Points In the diagram, M(x. y) is the midpoint of the line joining A(x, yy) and BOs. y2)- Consider the points A, D and C. AM = MB z Bes. ¥3) M(x. yy Ebr, 9) Seis,.y) AGL yD Da.yp The coordinates of the midpoint of A(x,, y,) and B(x, y2) ove (5S, A, BEOIaL! Mis the midpoint of the line joining the points A and B. Find ~ (a) the coordinates of M if A and B have coordinates (1, 2) and (3, ~4) respectively, (b) the coordinates of A if M and B have coordinates (/ (3, 2) respectively. GER) ar as the coordinates (2 co. I) = (1. -D. (b) Suppose the coordinates of A are (a, b). Since M(2, =1) is the midpoint of AB 2,-1) = (3 42) 1) and 2 2 2 ie. 2243 and -1= 95? a=l and b=-4 The coordinates of A are (1, —4). Coordinate Geometry 147 Scanned with CamScannerMidpoints of the Diagonals of a Parallelogram Consider the parallelogram ABCD as shown below, ‘ Midpoint of BD is DS, 4) >> €(8,2) Midpoint of AC is the 6 The above show that the diagonals BD and AC bisect each other at a(3. 8). That midpoint of BD is the midpoint of AC. This result holds for any parallelogram. Before proceeding to study further, we recall the relationship between some special quadrilaterals as illustrated in the following diagram. ‘Quadrilateral Trapezium Note that rectangles, rhombuses and squares are special parallelograms and their diagon bisect each other, i.e. the diagonals have a common midpoint. PCA, ~4), 0, 6), R-2, 4) and S ate the vertices of a parallelogram, Find (a) the midpoint of the diagonal PR, (b) the coordinates of 8. Show that PORS is a rhombus. 148 Coordinate Geometry Pr : Scanned with CamScannernae em” (a) Midpoint of the diagonal PR is M = (: |. Three points have coordinates A(-1, 6), B(3, 2) and C(- IF AQ, 0), B(p, -2) and C(-1, 1) and DG 7) are the verti . Four points have coordin: = (1,0) (b) Let (a,b) be the coordinates of §. Since M(1, 0) is the midpoint of QS, we have = 244 ang o = Sth r and 0 t ee = ~7 and b = -6 and so the coordinates of 5 are PQ = (9 ~ 4)'+ (6 ~ (47) = VIS on = (9-2) + (6-4 PQ=QR = the paral |. Find the coordinates of the midpoints of the line segments joining the following pairs of points. (a) (4, 5) and (6, 9) (b) (2a, -a) and (4a, 5a) (© (21, 5) and (4, 1 - 28) (@) (@,— 6) and CB, a) . If M(3, 5) is the midpoint of the line joining A(-3, 7) and B(p, q), find the value of p and of q. 1. The coordinates of the midpoint of the line joining A(p’, p) and B(q*. g) are (5. 1). Find the possible values of p and q. 4). Given that D and E are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively, calculate (a) the midpoint of DE, (b)_ the length DE. . Three of the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD ae A(9, 3), BC2, 1) and C(8, 6). (a) Write down the coordinates of the midpoint of AC and hence, or otherwise, find the coordinates of the fourth vertex D. (b) Prove that ABCD is a rhombus. (Cc) of a parallelogram ABCD, calculate the value of p and of r. ates A(2,-3)s BG, 0), C0, L) and DCH, ~2). (a) Show that ABCD is a parallelogram. (b) Calculate the length of AC and of BD. Is ABCD a rectangle? Coordinate Geometry 146 Scanned with CamScanner73 Gradient of a Line Passing through Two Points Consider the line passing through the points ACI, 2) and BG, 5) as shown. The straight line makes an angle @ with the positive direction of the x-axis and this angle is a measure of the slope of the line with respect to the horizontal x-axis. In coordinate geometry, we use the gradient m given by: change in y-coontinate m= In general, In fact. the angle of inclination @ with the positive direction of the x-axis, and the gradient m, are related by: m= tan @ For the line AB in the above diagram, tan 6 = = and @ = 56.3°, an acute angle. Find the gradient of the line pa pairs of points. (a) AQ, 3) and BQ, 6) (b) CQ, 1) and DCL, 4) sing through each of the following (a) Gradient of the line AB = $=3 (b) Gradient of the line CD = 150 Coonlinate Geometry Scanned with CamScannerNote: In(a), the gradient of the line AB is positive and its angle of inclination, a, is acute. . In (b), the gradient of the line CD is negative and Bis an obtuse angle as shown in the diagram, 103.6) /m=3 @ie7 A, Band C are the points (2, 1), (5, 1) and (2, 5) respectively. Draw the lines AB and AC on a cartesian plane. Calculate. if possible, the gradients of these lines. Qin ‘The diagram shows the line AB, parallel to the x-axis and the line AC parallel to the y-axis. Gradient of the line AB is 1-1 _ 3 0. Gradient of the line AC cannot be calculated by the formula yy aon and x, — x, = 0. m= m= since x, = 2, x» =2 Note: The equation of the line AB is y = 1 and the equation of the line AC is x = 2. ‘The gradient of a line passing through the points A(xy y)) and B(x, y2) or provided that x #.x3. If x, =x, then the gradient cannot be calculated and the line is parallel to the y-axis. Coordinate Geometry 151 a Scanned with CamScannerGa Given that the distinct points AQ. 1). BQ. 4) and CQ, 2) are Given tha collinear, find the value of t. Qiu Since A. B and C lie on the same straight line, gradient of AB = gradient of BC. P-6r4+5 (@-1G-5) Since A and C are distinct points, r+ 1 and so 1 a 1. Find the gradient of the line passing through each of the following pairs of points. (a) AG, -2) and BQ, 1) (b) AG, 5) and BCA, -2) (c) A(t, 1) and BCP, r) (@) AG, 1+ 2) and BGr, 51 + 2) 2 Let P,Q, R be the points (2, 3), (4, -1) and (7, 6) and let M,N be the midpoints of PQ and PR respectively. Write down the coordinates of M and N and show that the line MN is parallel to the line QR. 3. Given that the Points (1, -1), (2, 2) and (, 2) are collinear, find the value of 1. |. Show that the points A(Q, -3), BA, -2) and C(16, 1) are collinear, 5. Given that the points A(1,—1), B, 2) and C(?, 143) are collinear, find the possible values of 1, 6 Alt, 31), BP, 21), C(t — 2, 1) an d D(1, 1) are four '0 CD, find the possible values distinct points. If AB is parallel oft. 2 The line joining the points A(3, 3p) and BCA, p* + 1) has gradient —1. Find the values of p, 8 Given that the points A2, 4), 2(6 1) and i sine at (6, 1) and C¢p, q) are collinear, show that 132 Coordinate Geometry a Scanned with CamScanner74 Equations of Straight Lines consider the straight Tine / passing through the points A(2, 3) and 2(4, 7) as shown below. adient of the Tine, m G ei Pe fms.ty Gradient of AP = B Psy x-2 = y-3 =%v-2) y or whic is called the e: tion of a straight line passing through The cartesian equ: (xy 91) and (x3, J2) is 22" =m, where m= 22, x=, moe, CEES Find the cquation of the line joining the points A(2, 5) and BOGS, -1). 5 Sa di e _ (-I) A Gradient of the line AB, m = C2—$ Equation of the line is From the above, we have an immediate result as follows: With gradient m and a point (x, y,) on a straight line, the cartesian equation of the line is yy, =m - x). Gama Find the equation of the straight line that and has gradient 2. s through (2, -1) Coordinate Geometry 153 > Scanned with CamScannerAx+ 6 passes through the point (1, 3). LL The tin h xis at point P and the x-< of f. If the line meets the y- the coordinates of P and Q. GT sivee 1.3) Hes on te tine y= eH FEN HS =f AL Px 6 the coordinates of P are (0, 6). 8 at Q, fing 6) at which the line y = 3x + 6 intersects the y-axis is In Example 11, the value of y= = -2 is the x-intercept. called the y-intercept. Similarly, Equations of vertical lines are of the form x = k and those of horizontal lines are of the form y =f as shown in the diagram below. Equations of non-vertical straight lines are in the form ysmx+e, where m is the gradient of the line and c is the y-intercept. eRetinele 12 | For each of the following lines, find the gradient and y-intercept and hence sketch the lines on the cartesian plane. (a) y+2r=3 (b) 3x-2y=1 @) y 154 Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScannerfixercise 7.4 , Find the equation of the Tine passing through (-3, 2) with gradient 2, epee . Find the equation of the line passing throu } Find the equation of the line with gradient +, (1 #0) which pass Hf the line through the point A(-2, 3) with gradient 4 also pa (b) 3x = 2y = dyesdr-1 3 ye Gradient, m = 3 y-intercept, ¢ = — 1 © y=5 > y=Oxxgs Gradient, m = 0 y-intercept, ¢ = 5 The line J has gradient 3 and cuts the x-axis at 4, Find its equation, gh each of the following pairs of points. (a) A(1, 5), BQ, 4) (b) ACI, 3), BC, 2) (© AQ, -1, BG, 0) (@)_ AG@, 0), BRa, 3a) . Write down the equation of the straight line given (a) gradient -3 and y-intercept 2, (b). gradient —2 and y-intercept 5. . Find where the following lines cut the x-axis and the y-axis, Hence sketch these lines. @) 2x-4 (b) 2y =3x+6 (©) 4x-3y-12=0 . The line joining the points A(-1, 3) and B(S, 15) meets the axes at P and Q. Find the equation of AB and calculate the length of PQ. (Cc) . Find in terms of t, the equation of the line through the point (t, 0) with gradient r. Find the values of t for which the line passes through the point (5, 6). through the point (*, 29. If this line passes through the point (-2, 1), find the possible values of t through the point Gb), find the value of k. is at B, Another line 2 through A(-L, 6) meets the 3 h is at C(2, 0). {@) Find the equation of AB and of AC. ©) Calculate the area of ABC. ‘ Coordinate Geometry 155 Scanned with CamScanner7s Equations of Parallel and Non-Parallel Lines For the lines Jy: and Rey shown in the diagram, 1, and 1, are parallel ¢ 0, = 0 em =m, mx + ey QX HC myx +e, and y = mx +c; are parallel <> m, "Find the equation of the line passing through the point A(2, 1) and parallel to the line y = 2x + 5. With common gradient m = 2, the equation of the straight line is y-1=2@-2 y=2e-3 Gaimet: Find the equation of the line which passes through the point AQ, 1) and is parallel to the line 2x + 3y = 5. Gi rea sys => yer => gradient, m= — ele wl Then, the required equation is y ~ ie. 3y-3 or 2x + 3y -7 Equations of Non-Parallel Lines If the gradients of the two lines /, : y = mx + ¢ and fy : y = myx +d are not equal (i.e. they are not parallel), then the two lines intersect at a point. The point of intersection may be found by solving the equations of the two lines simultaneously. ) 156 Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScannerys 3v44 and ar 4 n » . Find the equation of the line with y-intercept -2 and parallel to the line y ~ 31 of the point of intersection of the lines a+ 4 Substitute y = 34 + 4 into (2), we get: w+ (Bx + 4) = 10 Or =6 x= tandy=7 ‘The coordinates of the point of intersection are (1, 7). Note: Graphically, we have: Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (-1, 3) and is parallel to the line y = 4x — 1. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (3, -2) and parallel to the line 2x — 3y - 2 = 0. 4. |. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (~2, 3) and parallel to the line 4x + 3y - 5 = 0. If (p, -5) lies on this line, find the value of p. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (3, 1) and parallel to the line which joins (3/2) and (6,:4). « 6. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of each of the following pairs of non-parallel lines. @ 4r+y-2=0 aay S10 3x-y-5=0 ae Coordinate Geometry 157 > Scanned with CamScanner7. The straight line passing through the points (~1, 3) and (5, ~3) intersects the line 2y = ay — 9 = Oat the point P, Find the coordinates of P. Find the equation of the line parallel to 3x + 2y = 6 = 0 and passing through the -dv+1=0. ) intersect = 2y +3 and passing through the point (3, -1) intersects ind the coordinates of P. point where at y+ 2 9 The line parallel to another line y = 3x — 11 at the point P. Find the equation of the line parallel to x + 3y + 1 = 0 and passing through the poiny 10, where 3x = 2y + 6 = 0 cuts the x LL. The line y = ax +b is parallel to the line y = 2x ~ 6 and passes through the point (1, 7). Find the value of a and of b. 7 and y = 2x — 5 are concurrent (i.e. they 12. Prove that the lines 2y =v = intersect at only one point). 76 Equations of Perpendicular Lines In the diagram, two straight lines /, and J, with gradients m, and m, intersect at right angles at A and meet the x-axis at B and C respectively. If AD is perpendicular to the x-axis and ZABD = a, then it follows that ZCAD = a. Since 1, has positive gradient, we consider the right-angled AADB and we have AD ™ = DB = tan a Iiyemrte, Leysmxte, Since /, has negative gradient, we consider the right-angled AADC and we have AD bc at m, Therefore, m, x m, = tan @ Xx (-ae) ian @ 158 Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScannerris gives the following result: ‘Wo non-vertical lines with gradients m, and m, are perpendicular > mym, = 1, in other words, the line perpendicular to y = my + ¢ has gradient ~-L, where m #0. Cina The points A, B and C have coordinates (1, 1), (3. 4) and (6. ¢ + 1) respectively, Show that the line AB is perpendicular to the line BC a Example for all values of 1, Gradient of AB, m Gradient of BC, m' mm! For 1 = 3, we have A(3, 1), B(3, 4) and C(6, 4) and so the line AB is a vertical line and the line BC is a horizontal line. Therefore the line AB is perpendicular to the line BC for all values of t. Find the equation of the straight line passing through A(2, -3) and perpendicular to the line y = 3x + 1. The two lines intersect at F. Find (a) the coordinates of F, (Bb) the distance AF. ys3rt] (0) The gradient of this line is m = 3 and so the gradient of the perpendicular line is m’ = line is Equation of the perpendicula y=(3) =-40- 2) ie 3y ta 4750 (a) Solving (1) and (2), we get —Land y The coordinates of the point F are (+1 2 Coordinate Geometry 159 Scanned with CamScanneryy +( (b) AF = {e- (| For the above example, the perpendicular line and the points A and & are. shown in’ the diagram. The point Fis called the foot of the perpendicular from the point A to the straight from A to the line 3x +1. ISetuigle 13 Three points have coordinates P(1, 3), Q(5, 1) and RG, -1), The foot of the perpendicular from R to the line joining P and Qis Find . (a) the coordinates of F, (b) the ratio PF : FQ, (©) the perpendicular distance from R to PQ. a (@) Gradient of PQ, m= 3=4 Equation of PQ is y- 3 =-L(x- 1) 2y sT-x. 160 Coordinate Geometry CN Scanned with CamScannerGradient of RFLm' = =! = 2 m Equation of RP is y= (-1) = (x ~ 3) 2-7 Substitute (2) into (1), we a 2Q2x = 7) the coordinates of F are (b) By similar triangles, The ratio PF : FQ is 4 (©) The perpendicular distance, + FR= (2 3) + ( Three points have coordinates A(-I, 4), B(2, 2) and C(7, 3). Find (a) the equation of the line through A perpendicular to AB, (b) the equation of the line through C parallel to AB, (©) the coordinates of the point D at which these two lines intersect, (d) the distance AD. Gradient of AB, m = Coordinate Geometry 161 Scanned with CamScannerIn the above e: of parallel Ti . Given the points A(3, 7), B(, 1) and C(20, 8), prove that AB is perpendicular to BC. pv 6. 162 (a) Gradient of the perpendicular line, m= mi Equation of the perpendicular line through A is y-d= da-—D) av + U1, oA) or dy ion of the parallel line through C is y (2) (b) Equa dy = 23 - 2r.. (©) Solving (1) and (2), we have: (d) AD= a -Cl)y? + (7-4? = 13 units mple, AD is also known as the perpendicular distance between the pair s AB and CD. - Show that A(2, -1), B(S, 4) and C(15, -2) form a right-angled triangle and state which angle is the right angle. The line joining A(a, 3) to B(2; -3) is perpendicular to the line joining C(10, 1) to B. Find the value of a. Three points have coordinates A(1, 2), B(9, 0) and C(6, 1). Calculate the value(s) of rif (a) ZABC = 90°, (b) AC is perpendicular to BC. Find the equation of the straight line passing through A(4, 5) and perpendicular to the line x + 2y ~ 4 = 0. These two lines intersect at F. Find the coordinates of F. The line y = ax + b is perpendicular to the line y — 3x = 4 and passes through the point (1,2). Find the value of a and of b. Three points have coordinates A(3, 6), B(2, 1) and C(6, 7). The point F is the foot of the perpendicular from A to BC. Find the coordinates of F. Hence or otherwise, find the perpendicular distance from A to the line BC. Three points have coordinates A(6, 6), B(-3, 3) and C9, &). The foot of the perpendicular from A to BC is the midpoint of BC. Calculate the possible values of k, Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner9. Cateuate the Ue eee Ls distance from the given point to the given line. (a) AD. dy 42 = 0 O) Q3c4y4b=0 () G9 weve Seo @) GI), by 4 de = 2 10, Calculate the perpendicular dist ef i are sek D and BR, © from the point (1, 4) to the fine joining 11. The equations of No parallel Tine (a) Find the value of a, (b) Calculate the perpendicular dist Saray + y—~1=Oand ety + 11 =0. ance between the lines. 12, The line v = ax + 7 is parallel to the line y = 2 ~ 3, The line y = be +7 is perpendicular to the line y = 2y — 3, ; (a) State the value of a and of b, (b) Calculate the perpendicul: far distance between the pair of parallel lines. (C) 13. The line through A(3, 1) perpendicular to x — yranis at Q. Calculate the ratio PA: AQ. 14, Three points have coordinates A(4, 13), B(9, 3) and C(10. 8). Find the equation of (a) the line AB, dy = 8 meets the x-axis at P and the (b)_ the line through C perpendicular to the line y — 4x = 5. The line through C meets the line AB at point P. Calculate the coordinates of P and the ratio AP : PB, 15, ‘The equations of the sides AB, BC, CA of the triangle ABC are y = 2x, y xty=8 respectively. Find the equation of the line through C perpendicular to AB. This line meets the x-axis in P and the y-axis in Q. Calculate the ratio (c) 16. The line 2x + 3 intersects the y-axis at A. The points B and C on this line are such that AB = BC. The line through B perpendicular to AC passes through the point D(-1, 6). Calculate (a) the equation of BD, (b) the coordinates of B. (©) the coordinates of C. (Cc) 77 Perpendicular Bisector Let M be the midpoint of the line AB as shown in the diagram. The straight line through M and Perpendicular to AB is called the perpendicular bisector of AB. Any point on the perpendicular bisector is equidistant from A and B. Coordinate Geometry 163 Scanned with CamScannerGEE wo points have coordinates AC, 2) and BS, —). Find (a) the midpoint of AB, (b) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. GA Midpoint or avis (: +5 24f) = (34) (b) Gradient of ABLm = SE" F~G or Two points have coordinates A(-2, 3) and B(4, 15). Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. Hence or otherwise, calculate the coordinates of the point P on the line 3y = x + 1 if P is equidistant from A and B. [ Solutions Midpoint of AB is M = (24 248) =(1,9) 15-3 4-(2) =2 Gradient of AB, m= So gradient of the bisector, m’ = — m2 Equation of the bisector is y - 9 = -4@ -1) dy =x + 19 As P is equidistant from A and B, P must lie on the perpendicular bisector of AB, as shown in the diagram. 164. Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner~~ . Given the coordinat Hence P can be found by solving simultaneously eave 9 A) ay et (1) + (2) gives 5; a Substitute y ine either (1) oF (2), we get: of A and in each perpendicular bisector of AB. (a) A. 2.BG.4)—(h) ACL, 8), BCT, 4) (©) A(2, 3), BCI. 9) (@) AGS). B23) AG, ~6), HC2, 4) () A(a, 7a), BGa, a) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB given the points A(5, 4) and BG, -2). Hence or otherwise, find the coordinates of the point P on the x-axis, if P is cquidistant from A and B. of the following, find the equation of the .. Two points have coordinates A(5, -2) and B(3, 6). By finding the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB, or otherwise, find the coordinates of the points on the axes which are equidistant from A and B. . Two points have coordinates A(1, -3) and B(-3, 5). Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. Find the coordinates of the point P on the line y =x 2 if P is equidistant from A and B. Calculate also the length of AP. 3. Three points have coordinates A(2, 9), B(9, 7) and C(2, 0). Find (a) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB, (b) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of BC, (©)_ the point of intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors. . Two points have coordinates A(2, 3), and B(6, 7). If C(7, 1) lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB, find the value of 1. Find the coordinates of D such that the line AB is the perpendicular bisector of CD. Show that the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the points (t, 1 + 1) and (3t, t+ 3) is y + x = 2f + ¢ +2. If this perpendicular bisector passes through the point (5, 2), calculate the values of 1. Te Intersection of a Straight Line and a Curve Recall that two non-parallel lines intersect at one point. But a straight line and a curve May intersect at more than one point, The coordinates of the point of inte oblained by solving the equations of the line and the curve simultaneous ion can be Coordinate Geometry 165 Scanned with CamScanner'’ -2e+ lat two GRRE? tre tine y= 20 = 2 imterseetsthe curve y points. Find the coordinates of these points. Qe ave y= 2-2 .d) : ave (2) Substitute y = 2y + 1 into (1), we get w+ | = 2-2 va-dyt3=0 (v= Dr - 3) =0 Thus x=landy=0 or = 3 and The points of intersection are (1, 0) and (3, 4). A sketch of the line y = 2x - 2 and the curve of y=x'—2v+ I together with the two points of intersection is shown below. Note: 1. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line y = 2x + 4 and the curve y= — 4, 2. The line y = x -— 6 meets the curve y* = 8x at two points. Calculate the coordinates of these points. 3. The line y — x midpoint of PQ. 4. The line y— x ~ 5 = 0 meets the curve y = x? — 3x at A and B. Calculate (a) the midpoint of AB, (b) the length of AB. 5. The line 3x + y = 8 intersects the curve 3x7 + y* = 28 at A and B. Calculate (a) the length of AB, (b) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. — 2y at P and Q, Calculate the 1 intersects the curve xy = } 166 Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner6, Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the curve x’ + 2y?+ ay = 4 and the line 2y = 1. " straight line of gradient 3 is drawn through th it ~ the curve 7 no av" = 7x. Find the coordinates of GIGR CHT Ge Of the point at which the line meets the curve again. A straight line through the point (0, -3 at (2, 3), Calculate the coordinates of curve. @ ‘The diagram shows to illustrate parallel lines, perpendicul Use a graph plotter to draw the line ) intersects the curve x’ + y’~ 27x 4 41 =0 the point at which the fine again meets the © " application of a graph plotter, Graphmatica, to draw the lines Yew Rye awe eS yadend, pxed ar lines and perpendicular bisector. ‘cement AB and lines in the above examples. ———n 2-6 (2,4) ee | tt 2. Parallelogram idpoi ABCD is H parallelogram <> diagonals AC and BD have a common midpoint, Note that rhombuses, rectangles and squares are special parallelograms, Coontinate Geometry 167 Scanned with CamScannerGi) equation of the line is y= yy = mv =) 4b) The equation of a line may be written in the form MN + Cy where m = gradient and ¢ intercept, i.c. the line cuts the y-axis at CO. ©). Straight lines of different gradients are shown as follows y y y m<0 /m undefined 4. Equations of parallel lines The lines y = m,x + ¢, and y = myx +e, are parallel <> m, = mz. 5. Equations of perpendicular lines (a) The lines y = m,x +c, and y = mgx + ¢ are perpendicular => mm, =-1. (b) The line passes through the point (x,, y,), perpendicular to the line mx + c, has gradient mt -1 and the equation of the line is Loe-a). 6. Perpendicular ‘The Jine that passes through the midpoint of A and B, and perpendicular to AB is known A ~ as the perpendicular bisector of AB. For any point ? on the line, PA = PB. Mw 168 Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner aedline 1. The Po ris 4 perpendicular tro 1 The distance AP jg distance from th, distance between the pat ey Parallel lines 7 and 1, he foot of the he point 4. to the the perpendicutar © POINE A to the line ota IS the perpendicuta: 8. Points of intersection The coordinat Poin) of intersection of ora curve can be obtai em: Gin rr of the a line and an ‘ations simulta }on-parallel fine neously. ined by solving their equ Three points have co where t > 1, Given units, calculate (a) the value of t, (b) the perpendicular distance from B to AC. ordinates A\ (1, -2), BU, 2) and C(, ¢ — 1) that the ai rea of triangle ABC is 12’ square y Cert) (a) 4 Area of AABC = 12 4 x base x height =12 5X ABX CE = 12 dx4x(-Ie12 AQ, 2) 2 “ot 7 (b) Now 1=7 = C has coordinates (7, 6) ac= (7-1 +(6-(ay Area of AABC = 12 ie. ; x AC x BF So, 4 x 10 x BF = 12 2 BF =2.4 | = the perpendicular distance is 2.4 units, Coordinate Geometry 169 Scanned with CamScannerARCD is a traperium in which AB is parallel to DC and AD jg perpendicular to both AB and DC. The coordinates of A, B and Bre (2. 0), (7, b) and (7. 7) respectively. Given that the gradient of the line AB is 4, find (a) the value of b. (b) the equation of DC. on of AD, (a) the coordir (e) the area of the trapezium. Gs" ~ @) Gradient of AB = 5 > (b) Equation of DC is y- 7 = $0 -1) dext7.. (c) Equation of AD is y — 0 = —2(x ~ 3) y =6-2r x+7 land y=4 The coordinates of D are (1, 4). (a) Solving (1) and (2), we have: 2(6 — 2 (&) Since AD = 2V5, AB = 25 and DC = 35: Area of trapezium ABCD = 5B + DC) x AD = $5 +35) x 215 = 25 sq. units ABCD is a quadrilateral where A is (1, 3), C is (5, 1) and B lies on the x-axis. BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC and CD is a vertical line. Find (a) the equation of BD, (b) the coordinates of B and of D, (c) the area of ABCD. 170. Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner(b) AUB y = 0 and s0 v= 4 = 0,4 ‘The coordinates of B are (2, 0). Since CD is a vertical line, x ‘The coordinates of D are (5, 6). and y = 2(5) -4=6at D. (©) Since AC = 25 and BD = 345: Area of ABCD = ; x AC x BD 5x25 x 35 = 15 sq. units " 1, |. Given A(1, 2), B(2, -3) and C(6, 1), show that AB = AC. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AC. If the figure ABCD is a rhombus, find the coordinates of D. Given that P(h, k) is a point equidistant from the points A(3, 5) and B(7, -1), prove that 3k — 2h + 4 = 0. sib 13,7 3. Three points have coordinates A(-2, 1), B(10, 6) and C(a/ —6). Given AB = BC, find the possible values of a. If the figure ABCD is a rhombus, find the coordinates of D. 4. Given the points A(a, a + 1), B(—6, -3) and C(5, -1), find the possible values of a if the length of AB is twice the length of AC. 5. Three points have coordinates O(0, 0), A(5, 0) and B(7, 6). It P is the point (x »), where y > 0, calculate the value of x and of y given that AP = BP, and that the area of triangle AOP is 10 sq. units. 6 (a) Prove that the distance from the point (1, -1) to the point (7+ 1, Ytoe »v is the same for all values of ¢ where -1 << 1, (b) Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (a, 0), (0, 6) and (£4 foe ). a The points A(6, 7), B(O, 1) and C(9, 4) are vertices of a triangle, Find the length AB and the area of the triangle ABC and hence obiain the perpendicular distance from C to the line AB, Coordinate Geometry V7 > Scanned with CamScanner- 13. 15. 16. 17. 172 os A(3. 1) and B(-1, 5). Calculate the coordinates of p ‘TWo points have coordi ¢ ant from A and from B. If the figure APBQ is a if P is on the x-axis and is equi rhombus, find the coordinates of Q. Given that the four points ACL, 2), B(2, -5), C(7, 0),and D(or, B) are the vertices of the thombus ABCD, calculate (a) the value of orand of B. (b)_ the length of AC, (©) the length of BD, (a) the area of the rhombus. . The points A, B, C and D have coordinates (3, -2), (p, 3), (6, 2) and (g, ry respectively, The figure ABCD is a rhombus. Find (a) the values of p,q, 1 (b) the area of the rhombus. (Cc) Three points have coordinates A-1, 2), B(3, 10) and C(p, 8). Find the value(s) of pit (a) A, Band C are collinear, (b) AC is perpendicular to BC. (a) Find the equation of the line passing through the points (-1, 3) and (3, 9). If the line also passes through the point (t, ¢ + 2), find the value of 1. (b) Find the equation of the line through the point (5, 2) and parallel to the line 2y — 3x = 4. Find the value of a if the line ax - (a + I)y + 2 = 0 does not intersect the pair of parallel lines. The lines x — y ~ 2 = 0 and 2x — Sy — 7 = 0 intersect at the point P. Find the coordinates of P. The line through P with gradient 2 meets the axes at A and B. Calculate the area of triangle AOB. Find the equation of the line with gradient m which passes through the point (2, 3). If m < 0 such that the line meets the positive x-axis at A and the y-axis at B, find (a) the coordinates of A and of B in terms of m, (b) the values of m for which the area enclosed by this line and the axes is 16 square units. Given that points A(1, 8), B(4, 7) and O(0, 0), find (a) the equation of the line through A parallel to OB, (b) the equation of the line through B perpendicular to AB, (c)_ the coordinates of the point C at which these two lines intersect, (d) the area of the triangle ABC. (C) The line y = ax + b is perpendicular to the line y + 2x = 8 and meets the line y +x +43 =0 on the y-axis. Find the value of a and of b. (b) In the triangle ABC the equations of AB and BC are y = 3x + | and y=x-1 respectively. The foot of the perpendicular from A to BC is (3, 2). Find the coordinates of A. Three points have coordinates A(2, 6), B(6, -2) and C(3, -1), Find the equation of (a) the line AB, (b) the line through C perpendicular to AB. Hence find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from C to AB. (a) Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner18, Given three points A(t, perpendicular bisector of (a) AB, Hence find the coordinates of the poin 2). BO. 4) and CQ, 6), find the equation of the (b) BC, " equidistant from A, Band C. 19, The eu fs Not drawn to scale, shows an isosceles triangle ABC in whicl = AC. The coordinates of A and B are (5, 6) and (0, —4) respectively. y (5, 6) A _ i is 3 ; Given that the gradient of BC is + and that the perpendicular from A to BC meets BC at D, find {a)_ the equation of BC and of AD, (b) the coordinates of D, (©) the coordinates of C, (@) the length of th dicular AD, (©) the area of ABC, cee en NC) The diagram shows a trapezium in which AD is parallel to BC and angle ADC = angle BCD = 90°. The points A, B and C are (a, 18), (12, -2) and (2, -7) respectively. Given that AB = 2BC, find (a) the value of a, (b) the equation of AD, (©) the equation of CD, (d)_ the coordinates of D, (e) the area of the trapezium. ce.) () 21. In the quadrilateral ABCD shown in the diagram, BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC. The midpoint of AC is M. The coordinates of A and M are (2, 6) and (5, 5) respectively, AB is parallel to OM and ODC is a straight line, Find (a) the coordinates of C, (b) the equation of AB, of BD and of CD, (©) the coordinates of B and of D, (@) the area of ABCD. (c) Coordinate Geometry 173 Scanned with CamScanner‘lateral ABCD in which The point C lies on the and the point 2) lies IC is By = d= 14 22. The diagram shows a quadr Aig (2. 8) and Bis (8, 6) perpendicular bisector of AB on the waris. The equation of Bi and the angle DAB = 90°. Find fa) the ation of AD, (hb) the coordinates of D. (©) the equation of the perpendicular bise A(2, 8) T ctor of AB, (A) the coordinates of C. Show that the area of triangle ADC is 10 unit’ and find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. (Cc) 23. The diagram, which is not drawn to scale, shows + 112, 16) a a trapezium ABCD in which BC is parallel to AD and CD is perpendicular to both BC and AD. The coordinates of A, Band C are (0, 2). (3. 13) and (12, 16) respectively. Find (a) the equation of AD and of CD, (b) the coordinates of D. The line AB produced meets the line DC produced at E. Find (c) the coordinates of E, (@)_ the ratio AE : BE, (e) the ratio of the area of the triangle BEC to the area of the trapezium ABCD. (Cc) 3) and C(7, 7). Find the equation of the (0, 2)A| 24, Two points have coordinates A(1, perpendicular bisector of AC. Bis the point on the y-axis equidistant from A and C an the coordinates of B and of D. Show that the area of the rhombus is 52 square units and hence, or otherwise. calculate the perpendicular distance of A from BC. (C) 25. Find the equation of the line joining the points A(S, -1) and C(-1, 7) in the form Lx + my =n where /, m,n are integers. Given a point B(p, 0) such that BA = BC, find the value of p. Find the coordinates of D, the fourth vertex of the square ABCD. Calculate the area of this square. \d ABCD is a rhombus. Find 26. The diagram, which is not drawn to scale, shows a right-angled triangle ABC in which BAC = 90°. The coordinates of A and B are (3, 5) and (1, ~3) respectively. Given that the gradient of BC is 4 and Dis the foot of the perpendicular from A to BC, find (a) the equation of BC and of AC, (b) the coordinates of C, (c) the coordinates of D, (d) the length of the perpendicular AD. ) 174. Coordinate Geometry Scanned with CamScanner27. 29. #30. 3. . A trapezium PORS, with parallel sides PQ ‘Three points of a quadrilateral ARCD AB=AD and BC = DC and F is the fog Find (a) the coontinates of P, (b)_ the coordinates of D, (c)_ the area of the quadrilateral ABCD, are ACL, 2), BOG, 7) and C(9, 6). Given that OLOF the perpendicular from B to the line AC. mr i and SR, has vertices PU, =1). OC. 1) and SQ. 3). Given that POR = 90°, fing (a) the coordinates of R, (b)_ the area of the trapezium POR, If Tis a point such that POTS show that RT = SR, 'S parallelogram, find the coordinates of T and The diagram shows the quadrilateral ABCD. ‘The coordinates of A and B are Ga, da + 1), where @ > 0, and (0, 1) respectively, (a) The length of AB units. Calculate the value of a. (b) AB is perpendicular to BC and C lies on the x-axis. Find the equation of BC and the coordinates of C. " (©) The point D lies on the x-axis Find the coordinates of D and y and also on the perpendicular bisector of AB. the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. AGa, 4a+ 1) Given the points 0(0, 0), AI, 1) and a(4, +). where A> 0, show that the area of AOAB is ae sq. units. Find AB in terms of 2. Show that the height from O to the line joining A and B is units and hence find the value of 2 W240 - 2041 for which this height is the largest. Given the points P(ar, 2at), Q(a, 0) and RI ‘ and 1 > 0, show that P, Q and R are collinear, Find, in terms of a and t, (a) the area of the triangle OPR where O is the origin, (b) the length PR. , Hence deduce that the perpendicular distance from 0 to the line PR is 244, ee sea posit =) where a is a positive constant Coordinate Geometry 175 Scanned with CamScanner