yileilon cisielife 1 5a The Gradient Function Gradient of a Curve at a Point In the diagram, if A(x), 91) and BC, yQ) are two points on the curve y = 4°, the straight mow ts line AB has gradient —*, ae As B approaches A (ic. 2 approaches 24, written as x; 4;) the line AB becomes closer to a line ! which is called the tangent at A. Therefore the gradient of the line AB, % SL. approaches a value m which is known as the gradient of the curve at A and is also the gradient of the tangent at A. Taking x, = 3, x; = 3.1, 3.01, 3.001, 3.000 1, as shown in the following table: my Bree x;—2; vs no 3.1 0.1 9.61 0.61 6.1 3.01 0.01 9.060 1 0.060 1 6.01 3.001 | 0.001 9,006 001 0,006 001 6.001 3.000 1] 0.0001 | 9,000 600 01 | 0,000 600 01 | 6.000 1 c jon, 2221 7 The gradient, xy — 4° MPproaches the limiting value 6 (= 2, the gradient of the tange™™ at A(3, 9)). 330 Differentiation and lis Techniques Scanned with CamScanner‘The diagram on the right shows graphically a set of lines approaching the tangent at the point A(3, 9). The limiting value 6 is the gradient of the curve at A and the gradient of the tangent at A. Similarly, we could take x, = 2.9, 2.99, 2.999, 2.999 9, ... and we would have the same limiting value, tangent We can see that the gradient of a curve at (x), y,) is the ae limiting value of <=" and - 2 we write or (2) Alternatively, we let the changes in the x- and y-coordinates from A to B be dx and dy respectively. ‘Then: & = Y=n-y we a Asxy 9 x, Bx = 2-4, 9 0. Then (1) and (2) respectively become 2% mas br 30 and py (2) =m. Consider the points A(3, 9) and B(3 + dx, 9 + dy) y on the curve y = x° shown below. For the point B, we have 9+ dy =(3 + &? 9 + 65x + (Bx) which gives dy = 6dr + (6x)* = &u(6 + &) Hence, im (2) = lim (6+ &) =6 Gradient Function We are now in a position to obtain a general result for the gradient a da nearby point Q(v + &, ) . 2) Differentiation and lts Techniques 331 point on the y+ 5y) on the curve, Scanned with CamScannerSubtracting (1) from (2): 2vdv + (SY? ov Ole+ Bt. y + ay) 2 dv + dt oy lim (2) =o so (ie the curve y =. varies with the x-coordinate of p, ‘at B(2, 4) is 4 and so on. The function Unlike a straight Tine, the gradient of the c So the gradient at A(I, 1) is 2, the gradient is called the gradient funetion of y = m= By using the above process, we can find the gradient function of any given function as follows: (a) Consider two points P(x, y) and Q(x + Sx, y + dy) on the curve. (b) Obtain the ratio ae (©) Take the limit of & as dx > 0. This process is known as differentiation from first principles. JEReteele | ‘Find, from first principles, the gradient function of the curve y = + and write down the gradient of the tangent at GRE For any point Pts, 5) on the curve, we have (ay yey @ Q-W: ss 332 Differentiation and ts techniques Scanned with CamScanner~~" i... © a ‘The gradient function is m ‘The gradient of the tangent at A(2, &), oy 2) is denoted by $*. For the curve y = ‘These results can be obtained by applying the formula: If y= x", where n is a constant, then: &y ae! or 208) ene! Be nxt! or 26%) = ne" So, for y=, & = 2x7! = 2x or 2@)=2 and for y = Also if y = ax’, where a and n are constants, then: 8 any! or Zax’) = ane” In particular, if n = 1, then y = ax (a straight line) d aor yaaa If n = 0, then y = a (a horizontal line) we NS ae =0or ~@=0 More generally: (ax + bx’) = ax"! + bnx"', where a, b, mand n are constants. The process of obtaining “ of a given function is culled differentiation, The function dy " svat © is also known as the derived function or derivative or differential coefficient of J with respect to x. Differentiation and Its Techniques 333 Scanned with CamScanneran’ + dx. Soy + dy ay’ = 20 + 4) dy a ay 7 av " tas. toys 2 gO") - ee wo) = 35x) - 20") +4 = 15x! = Gx +4 C= pitterentite 3x! — 4alx ~ 2 with respect 0 5. d 1 @ie ger LG's? -2) 1-4 2 24a) 4 } 212 - fy = fla), then the derivative 4 may also be denoted by fx). Gz Differentiate the following with respect to x. @) fay = F444 fe) =OF- DO +3) GEE) w= EE & Hae DUE HD exes+4 aaxdx +3x- Vr -3 axe5 44x" Ma) = 14+ 400°) ras =1- TRENDS) Find the gradient of the curve y = 2x + + at the point (1, 3) GE eet ¥ ava? rm ae F242") 22-2 x 334 Differentiation and hs Techniques Scanned with CamScannerAU, 3)4 = 1 Therefore, the gra nt at (1, 3) is 0. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve ys 2c = 40 44 Lat which the gradient is -1. # 26-841 Gradient = -1 = 6x°- 8x41 3x? = 4x + -Iw-)=0 Ly=0 1 26) the required points are | 4,38) and (1, 0). Given that the curve y = ax? + 4 has gradient 4 at the point (1, 5). calculate the value of a and of b. b years > . (1) Since the point (1, 5) lies on the curve, S=atb . 2) -rreren fiat 4 b Differentiating (1) wart. x, % = 2ax- 4. ¥ Since gradient at (1, 5) = 4, ie. & = 4 when x = 1, 2a-b=4.. (3) Solving (2) and (3): 2a -(5-a)=4 a=3and b=2 Differentiate + with respect to x and find the coordinates of the points at which the gradient of the curve y = “+1 js zero, Differentiation and lis Techniques 335 Scanned with CamScannerSo, ee ay. wet a av ay tat 0, then and x = 1 into (1), we obtain y = 2 and Hence the required points are (1, 2) and Substituting y = -2 respectively. (-1, -2). to x (where a and b are constants). 1. Differentiate the following with respect G : (b) x¢ = 7° + Ox (a) 3e+4x-1 2 (o) 2 45x - 4x49 d) 4x+ > 6 1 @ 9-4 ® 3-7*3 (@) 3a+ be (yy 5°44 - @ 3x+2¥x -3 () 88 43x Ve ® 2x? — 4x? — 6x +8 @ 6xvx - 6x (m) 4x’ Vx - ) ar-4 2. Differentiate the following with respect to x. @ zit ax ) = fe +4 © 4x = -3 x+4 ax +x-1 6x7 — Vx +2 @ Sr © © See 3, Find © for the following functions of x. (@) @+NQr-1) b) a(x -2) (© (+ vx - vx) @ 4°@-yx) © x Qx+De-2) (l= s)4e- 1) B 4, Find the value of f(x) at the given value of x. (@) fla) = 3¥ - 2-4, x= 2 (b) f(a) = Gr = (© fix) =3x-4ix,x=4 @ fe) == 4x +3), 423 336 Differentiation and is Techniques Scanned with CamScannera 7. 10. . Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y ). The curve y . The tangent to the curve y = 4 + bx at (1, 3) is parallel to the line ) Given that f(x) = px? + qx and that £(2) = -2 and £(2) . Given the curve y . Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the given point, AN (a) y= 4x? - Gv + 1, (2,5) (b) () y= vxQ-x),x=9 @) y Cateutate the gradients) of the eurve at the points) where y is given. (b) y= 20 43x, y=2 (a) y=2v-Sr+ 1) (©) y= 28-8, waxis = 3x* + 6x + 2 at which the gradient is 3. ax’ + 2 has gradients 2 and -1 at x= 1 and x =4 respectively. Find the value of @ and of b. The gradient of the tangent to the curve y = ax’ + bx at the point (2, —4) is 6. Calculate the values of the constants a and b. Given that the gradient of the curve y= 4 + bx? at the point P(3, 15) is ~13. Find the value of a and of b. Show that the tangent to the curve at the point where x= I has the same gradient as that at P. +1. Calculate the value of a and of b. 3, calculate the value of pand of g. |. The equation of a curve is y = 9x + 4 Find (a) the gradient of the curve where x = 2, (b) the coordinates of the points where the tangent is horizontal. dy x= 3x? - 9x + LL, find $2. Hence obtain (a) the x-coordinates of the points where the gradient is 15, (b) the coordinates of the points where the gradient is zero, 16. The curve y = .x° + 2x has gradient 3 at the point (a, b). Find the value of a and of b. 17, The curve y = ax + 3 has gradient 1 at x = 2, Find the value of @ and the x-coordinate of another point at which the gradient is 1. Differentiation and Its Techniques 337 Scanned with CamScannera Function 15.2 Function of ction) (Composite Fun 4 1F can simply be expanded as y ; syoe Ww w+ 20 + 1 and 56, The function ) dy as Bo ay + av. For the function y = (2 + DS expan: jon of the expression (+ I)’ is tedious. If w viable w such that w =X) + 1 then we have e introduce a new yeu’ V+ function of x. a small change in x, and dy be a and Note that y is a function of wand 1 is change in w corresponding to Ox, Let du be a small ding to du (or 4). change in y correspon ; & 2 By Se Then we have & = ox lim dy lim(5y ,, du aed ge = 80 Bu * Oe, lim dy _ lim & lim du Bae = 80 By % FO de ee / Him = Him, HME (Be > 0. Ge > which gives the chain rule: 2 = gy yg dr du de teve yg 2 Hence for y =u’, 2 = Su’ and for w= 2° + 1, Har. w oy dy” du dv = Su’ x 2v = 10x(7 + 1 as shown in the 7 ables us to di , his method enables us to differentiate more complicated func! ions: " ie complicated f s | Differentiate the following watt. x. @) y=Gr420 yeas OF (3x - 2) GE) bet = 30 + ar and soy ‘Then “4 = 6x +2 and © MH = 6x +2 and P= 70! 338 Differentiation and Its Techniques Scanned with CamScannerBy the chain rule, = W(x + 2) ‘ = 1(3x + D(3x? + 2x) (b) Let w= 3x ~ 2 and so y acay te dy Then dy = 3 and fats By the chain rule, oly de ae = da % or 3 =-4@ Fi Gr (©) Let w= 3x7 +5 and soy = Wu. du dg od lat 1 Then Gy = Grand Gr = Ge) = tu? By the chain rule, dy) = nyt Me or Su’) = nut We may use this formula to obtain directly the derivatives of the functions in Example 9 as follows: (@) y= +20" With w= 3x + 2x,n =7 & 2 7Gx + 20" Lar +20 73x + 2x)"(6x + 2) 14(3x + 1)(3x? + 2x)* Differentiation and tts Techniques 339 Scanned with CamScanner(b) With w=3v-Qne — Tare Since we will encounter the differentiation of expressions such as [3x7 +5. Yx+2 x — a? which are of the form ,/f(x), the following formula will be quoted as a standard formula in subsequent discussions. 1. Differentiate the following w.rt. (a) («+2 (b) @x- © (xt (d) (= 4x)" (e—) (2-3) ( Q-x+xy 2. Differentiate the following war. ? 3 4 2 Ory Yam YS OS ¥ Differentiate the following w.ra..x. (a) ¥2"-3 (b) ¥6 - 2x (a) ¥5 = 3x? 340 Differentiation and les Techniques Scanned with CamScanner4. Differentiate the following wart. x 2 ye 1 @ @- vx) (b) ay © oF @ Ave +2) © («-4) © (ve +22)) dy 5. Find 5° and the gradient of the curve at the given value of x. (b) y= \5—2x,x= $ (d) y=(4x-5)',y =27 (a) y= Gx- 1) y 1 ) © ye pape 6. Calculate the coordinates of the point on the curve y = (1 — x)* at which the gradient is -4. 7. Calculate the coordinates of the point on the curve y = Vx? — 2x +5 at which dy ZH. 8. The curve y = (a ~ x)” has gradient -4 at x = 2, Find the possible values of a. 9. Find & and calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve (a) y = (2 - 2x—4)' at the point where x = (b) y= at the point where x = 3. l+x *10. Given that f(x) = 1 + x» where x = 0, show that f(x) = ax + ie 1 53 Product of Two Functions Now, we shall proceed to consider the differentiation of functions which are products of two functions such as the following: ys@?+D@ +3)" ye(@+lvxtl For the function y we let Then wo Let du, Sy be changes in u and v corresponding to Gr, a small change in x. Let Sy be the corresponding change in y. Then y + by =(u+ Suv + v) = uv + udv + vou + bud 2) Differentiation and lis Techniques 341 Scanned with CamScanner——————EE~ tt acting tr 2): Subtracting (1) from ( a ogy + VU + ud 5 vba 4, 5ub & oS ay dey fim Se Sy tim Bau fi thee wT a : i dn tim i jim Si lim ge =X ov since lim S6v= Him Be yc gi Be ae gv > 0 when dx > 0 +e we have This is known as the product rule for differentiation. Gms pifferentiate Q2 + 1G + 3) went Gia: La yao t Det 3y" = waxtl ys (x43) Then y = uv We have 2 = 2xand @ = 4x +3)’ dr de so B =utt ave a (+ 1) x Ae + 3) + FB) 2 = Ux + 3) [20° + 1) tae + 3) = 2 + 3)'Gr’ + 3x + 2) Giza Calculate the gradient of the curve y = xvx+3 at the point hich the gradient where x= I. Find the coordinates of the point at w is zero. 4 Using a) = uf + vit d shea) + Vee EO = 1 5 os) + vxt3 = X#2%x +3) wWx+3 — Ax+2) ” Wee 342 Differentiation and Its Techniques Scanned with CamScannerpv 7 - 10. |. Show that ify = x-V3 +27, then 2 = Calculate the gradients of the curve y dy a At the point where x = = 4. So the gradient at this point eat 2-. is2y Thenteendiente When gradient “* = 0 > x+2=0 x =-2and y The required point is (-2, -2). |. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x. (a) @= Dit 2 (b) x(x - @ (d- 2WwBx +2) @) +D0 +x ©) a ~ 4x)" ® x-x* (@) (= 2e + DQr+ 1 (ht) =x) + 49)? @ (=x +20) G@) @+ Did = 2x7 ) (= are (I - hs) G+ 6(1 -2x-4r) . Differentiate the following w.r.t. x. f@) Vvxd-.° (b) xvi 2x (©) (Qx+3)vi—4e @ (24+ 1vx41 @ xvi-2% () (4x = 1)VBx? +1 . By simplifying the following as products of two factors, differentiate (a) x0r+ De + 2), (b) («= 1) V5 + 6x. 34 2x7 a+ . A curve is defined by y=.x/x—T, find 2 and the gradient at the point (5, 10). (x + 1)'(x - 1) at the points where it crosses the x-axis. Given that y = (x-3)¥x-1, find - and the value of x for which the gradient is zero. A curve is is piven by y= Vx(v—4)*. Find # and the x-coordinates of the points where & =0. curve defined by y = (x-a)Vx— b , for.x > b, where a and b are constants, cuts the x-axis at A where x = b + 1. Show that the gradient of the curve at A is 1. Find the gradients of the curve y = x4 —x* at the points where it crosses the straight line y = x. Differentiation and Its Techniques 343 Scanned with CamScanner1 54 Quotient of Two Functions ing functions which are quotients of two func We shall introduce a rule for differentiating [un ting ch as the following: such as the f if beet xt val = I Ity = where w and v are functions of = (i): yet ay aq By the product rule, $* = w2(4) + since (4)= Given that y = 24+1, find xl Let w= 2x+landv=x +1. du ay Then gy =2and a7 dv (2 + 1)2) - Qe + 12x) (f+ i) = 20-r-¥) (4 ty? GEES & Ditferentiate JET wert. x. (b) Given that y = Bese show that d Giier w® {uas- ea ee 2x+l . 344 Differentiation and lis Techniques a tf Scanned with CamScanner*8. /. Calculate the x-coordinates of the points on the curve y © ax War eT 2+ (dv + Dyde th Differentiate the following wart. x. 5: @ © st © Ther : 3x? f+ Os © e @ a4 2x txt x OA w oy 1+ . Differentiate the following wart. x, simplifying your answers. x ) vi-x © Ta © AS © 3s Lx 2x - 3 . Find f(x) if @ t= 243, (b) fay = ax lt . y= find © at the point where x = 1. 2 . Calculate the gradient of the curve y = += at the point where it crosses the x-axis. + +1 . Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = ‘+2. at the point where 8 os hla #21, for which dy a 7% where a _ 3y 44 passes through the points PC, 2) and QQ, 4). Find {a) the equation of the tangent at P. (b) the equation of the normal at Q. (©) the coordinates of 2, the point of and the normal intersect. intersection where the tangent @) yevo3red Beaw-3 At PCI, 2), Ba2-3 Equation of the tangent at P is yo 2=-1(x- 1) yex+3 (b) At 0G, 4, 2 =2%3- 3 =3 Gradient of the normal at Q is -4 and its equation is aly yr 4a-3le 3) 1 aly 45 Z 5s (©) For the point R, we solve (1) and (2): ‘The coordinates of the point R are (3, 6). Differentiation and ts Techniques 347 Scanned with CamScanner£16 The diagram shows part of the curve y =" = 4x + Fand the tangent line at PCa, b), The tangent line is perpendicular to the line 2y +x = 4. Find (a) the value of a and of b, (b) the equation of the tangent atP. Gime (a) yer -4r41 = Barw-4 Gradient of the tangent line at P(a, b) = 2a - 4 Gradient of the line 2y + x = 4 is -+ Since the lines are perpendicular, Qa - a(- . a=3andb (b) Gradient of the tangent line at P(3, -2) is 6 — 4 = 2 and its equation is y- (2) = Ar-3) y=2r-8 1. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve (a) y = 2x — 3x + | at the point (2, 3), (b) y = 2° + 3x7 at the point where x = -1, (©) y=x-+ 2 at the point where x= 1. 2. Find the equation of the normal to the curve (a) y = 2(x- 1)' at the point where x 2 1 ) ye 7 at the point where x = 2. 3. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y y =-I. Find the coordinates of the point of interse 2x7 — 3x at the point where ion of the tangents. 348 Differentiation and Its Techniques A | Scanned with CamScanneri the equations of the normals to the curve y = 2x’ — 7 at the points where y= 1 and x = =1, Calelate the coordinates of the point of intersection of these normals, xvi — 2x at the point (-4. S$. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y r45 6. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = at the points where and x = 3. Find the coordinates of the point where these tangents intersect. 7. Find the equations of the normals to the curve y = 2x + 4 atc =I and x =4, Find the coordinates of the point where these normals intersect. 8. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve y = J4x—x° +1 at the point (1, 2). Show that the tangent is parallel to the line 6y ~ 31 9. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = x° ~ ILx which are parallel to the line y =x + 2. 10. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3x° — 2x + 5 which is perpendicular to the line dy +x = 2. which is parallel to the 11. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y= 3 + 2x line 2y — x = 3. 12. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x° - 7x" + 14x - 8 at the point where x = |. Find the x-coordinate of the point at which the tangent is parallel to the tangent at x = 1. (c) 13. The tangent to the curve y = 2x? + ax +b at the point (-2, 11) is perpendicular to the line 2y = x + 7. Find the value of @ and of b. () 14. The tangent to the curve y = ax’ + bx at the point (1, 3) crosses the y-axis at (0, -4). Find the value of a and of b, #15, Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = A + 1 at the point where x = a. x This tangent meets the axes at P(b, 0) and Q(O, b). Find the value of @ and of b, 16. The normal to the curve y =x — 2x7 at the point (1, -L) passes through the point (a, 2a). Calculate the value of a, Find the equation of the tangent {o the curve y= + Fat the point where x = a. Find the values of a for which this line passes through the point P(2, ~3). Hence find the equations of the tangents from P to the curve, ux + 4 at the point (2, 7) is 18. If the equation of the normal to the curve y y+ 2e= 11, find the value of a and of b, Given that this normal meets the curve again at P, find the coordinates of P. Differentiation and ts Techniques 349 Scanned with CamScannerx leraAe Nekas : aa dy 1 For the function y = ax", where a and 1 are constants, Gy = anx" 7 dy Ifn = 0, then y =a and i 0. ay If n= 1, then y = ax and ir =a. Rules for differentiation (a) If y is a function of w and w is a function of x, then dy _ dy dw : te = gu % dy (chain rule) (@ Fory =u", we have 2 (u') = mi i) Fory= au, we have 4 ql = Wie (b) If wand y are functions of x, hn du Ze) = 0% +r, (product rue) 4 oy a(4)= dx “dr (quotient rule) v ve For a curve defined by y = f(x), (a) the gradient at P(x,, y,), m = gradient of the tangent at P = value of at (x, 9), (b) the equation of the tangent at P is y-L= Mea - x), (c) the equation of the normal at P is + deer | -Lo-2). 350 Differentiation and Its Techniques Scanned with CamScannerMiscollaneouis BRUT SLT Gia In the graph, the tangent to the curve J meets the x-axis at BC, 0). The normal to the curve at A meets the waxis at C. Find (a) the value of a and of b, (b) the coordinates of C, (ce) the area of the triangle ABC. sax — 3x +b at A(2, 3) = 2 2307-3 At A(2, 3), 3 =8a-6+b 8a+b =9... (ly) and & = gradient of the tangent AB watore W2q-3 = 320 =3 ash 2 From (1), b =5 (b) Gradient of the normal line and its equation is y-3-le . 3 ALC, y= 0,4 = IL and the coordinates of C are (11, 0). (©) Height of A(2, 3) above the x-axis, = 3 Area of the triangle ABC= 4 x BC x h (UL = DG) sq. units Bele + =I Differentiation and tts Techniques 351 Scanned with CamScanner‘The diagram shows part of the curve ysauvyt2 for x > -2. The tangent of and the normal to the curve at P(2, 4) meet the y-axis at T and N respectively. (a) Find the equation of the tangent and the coordinates of 7. (b) Find the equation of the normal and the coordinates of N. (©) Calculate the area of the triangle PTN. (@) yy =xvee2 By the product rule, 2 Vx¥2)+ Vr+2 20) id ar = "ar = f )+ era Ax +2 = X+2%x42) _ 3xe4 "We +2 2x +2 dy At PQ, 4), a= S58 = 5 Equation of the tangent is y - 4 = 2@ -2), ie. 2y = Sx - 2. At the point 7, x = 0 = yr4= 32) ye-l Hence, the coordinates of T are (0, -1). (b) Equation of the normal is y~ 4 =-2(x- 2), ie. Sy =24- 2x, . At the point N,.x = 0 => yr4s 4 Hence, the coordinates of N are (0, 4 352 Differentiation and Its Techniques Scanned with CamScanner. Given that y = (ce) Referring to the diagram on the right, F is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the y-axis, and so area of x NT x PF (42 ra (HJ 1. units Differentiate the following with respect to x. (a) Vi-3e (b) x(1 + 2x)" ( 12s x . Differentiate the following with respect to x. (@) w 22 ( x2-x paane 2xel . Calculate the gradient of the curve a (= - 4) at the point where x = |. (a) Differentiate (x + 2-Vx)° with respect to x. P (b) Find the x-coordinates of the points on the curve y = at which the eel ¥ tangent is perpendicular to the line 3y + 4x = 2. . The gradient of the curve y = 8x — 3x° at (a, b) is the same as the gradient of the curve y = x7 - 6x + I at (4, 7). Find the value of a and of b. . Given that the equation of a curve is y = 2 — x, find (a) the equation of the normal to the curve at x = 3, (b) the coordinates of the points on the curve at which the tangent has gradient ay 7 . dy Ve = 4 i i Given that y = ——*—, prove that > = <==... Hence, obtain the equation of at y= Tae Ry We eq the normal to the curve y = at the point on the curve where x = Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3x = Sx + 4 at the point (1, 2). Find the coordinates of the other point on the curve at which the gradient is parallel to this tangent, 2+x 3-24 curve at the point where the curve crosses the line y= «find 4 and hence obtain the equation of the tangent to the Differentiation and Its Techniques 353 Scanned with CamScanneri. | 10. The tangent to the curve y =.17 + Gx = 4 at (1, 3) intersects the normal to the curve x = Gy + 18 at (4, 10) at the point R. Calculate the coordinates of R, ‘The tangent and normal to the curve y = 4vv-+2 at the point P(7, 12) cut the axis at M and N respectively. Calculate the area of the triangle PMN. xis at A and B. The tangents to the curve at als to the curve at A and B meet at NV. Find the area 12. The curve y =x A and B meet at 7; of the quadrilateral ATBN. 13, Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x° ~ 8x° + 15x at the point (4, -4), Calculate the coordinates of the point where the tangent meets the curve (c) - kx + 17, calculate the value of k such that the tangents coordinates 5 and —3 respectively are perpendicular. 14. Given the curve 8y at the points with 15, Find an expression for the gradient of the curve y = .x° + px? + 2x + q, where p and are constants. Given that the tangents at A(0, q) and B(2, 5) are parallel, find the value of p and of g. (c 16. The tangent to the curve y = ax? + bx + 2 at (1, 4) is parallel to the normal to the curve y = x° + 6x + 4 at (-2, —4). Find the value of a and of b. 17. The line y = 2x ~ 16 is a tangent to the curve y = ax’ + bx at the point where x = 2. Find the value of a and of b. 2x +1 18. Calculate the gradient of the curve y = at the point (—1, 1). Calculate also the gradient of the normal to the curve at the point where x = t 19. The tangent to the curve y = ax’ + 2x + b at A(1, 2) passes through the point B(2, 8). Calculate the values of the unknown constants a and b. #20. Find the coordinates of the two points on the curve y = 4 — x” whose tangents pass through the point (-1, 7): *21. The tangent at the point P(a, b) on the curve y a meets the x-axis and y-axis at Q and R respectively. Show that PQ = RP. 354 Differemiation and Its Techniques Scanned with CamScanner