17.4 Determination of Maxinum and Minimum Points Changes in Gradient We shall now apply the calculus to find gradient functions of given curves and observe the changes in the gradients to help us find the maximum and minimum points of curves. Gia The diagram shows part of the curve y=x+ 4-2 forx > 0, and the point L(2, 2) on the curve. (a) Show that 2 = 0 at L. (b) Observe the change in gradient as x increases through 2. = a @ y=x+4-2 i = (x +2)r= 2) x cea. We Axi B=0 @) B= te2u-2) 2, es, As x increases through 2, as is always positive and so both (x= 2) and a change sign from negative to positive, Higher Derivatives and Applications 373 Scanned with CamScannerIn Example 1, we observe that @ “ = 0 when x = 2 and so the point L(2, 2) is a stationary point. dy (ii) the gradient * changes sign from negative to positive asx increases through 2 and the point L is a minimum point. Gimmes The diagram shows part of the curve defined by y = 3x —.x° for x = 0, @) Find © and show that H is a stationary point. (b) Show that 2 changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through 1. 3 (@) y =3x-¥ dy @ =3-3%=30-x) =1,%-=0a ii Atx=1, a = 0 and so His a jonary point. dys ) 2 = 30+ 90-9) As x increases through 1, 3(1 + x) is always positive and so both (I~ x) and 2 change sign from positive to negative. In Example 2, we observe that i dy @ ra = 0 when x = | and so H(1, 2) is a stationary point. es 5 dy . (ii) the gradient, 2 changes sign from positive to negative and the point H is a maximum point. Weunple 3 (a) Show that the curve y = 3 — 2, for x > 0, has no stationary point. (b) Find the stationary point of the curve y = 1 + e gradiet oy ot i iti Since x > 0, the gradient, = of the curve is always positive and the curve has no stationary point, 374 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScanner(bh) y slew dy 2 ax = 0 For stationary point, & =0 => x=0¥ the stationary point is A@, D)- In Example 3(a), the curve does not have any stationary point as shown below. A In Example 3(b), * does not change sign as x increases through 0 and the point A is 7 2 Pr neither a maximum nor a minimum point as shown in the diagram. A stationary point is called a turning point if it is either a maximum point or a minimum point. Therefore, the points Hand L (in Examples | and 2) are turning points. But the stationary point A (in Example 3(b)) is not a turning point. Given a curve y = f(x): “(a) 2 =O0atx=a = S(a, f(a) is a stationary point. (b) For the stationary point at x =a, @ it a changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through the point $ is a minimum point, ign from positive to negative as x inereases through Gi) if 2 chang a, the point $ is a maximum point. (©) Asstationary point is called a turning point if tis either a maximum point or a minimum point. Higher Derivatives and Applications 375 Scanned with CamScanner1. Find, by calculus, the stationary point of the curve y 3. A curve is defined by y (a) (b) € @) (b) © = 2). Show that ge = 2x - Ir - 2. Find the coordinates of the tw tionary points on the curve, Observe the change in sign of “ asx increases through each of the stationary points. Deduce the nature of the point. = x(x - 2)" x13(x — 2] + = 2) = (x — 2)71Bx + (x - 2)] = 2(2x - 1)@ - 2° dy = a When # = O,x= 4 and y=-2 orx= 2 and y =0 and so the stationary points are Als po Z) and B(2, 0). As x increases through A, 2 changes its sign from negative to positive and hence the ao A is a minimum point. ‘As x increases through B, 2 = 0 and hence B is not a turning point. It is in fact a point of inflexion. Use a graph plotter to draw the curve of y = x(x - 2)" and observe how the stationary points look. — 4x + 6. Observe the changes in the sign of the gradient of the curve and determine the nature of the stationary point. A curve is defined by y Show that 2 = 4x — N(x - 2). (a) (b) © 2x - 2). Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve. Observe the change in sign of 2 asx increases through each of the stationary points and hence deduce the nature of the points. A curve is defined by y = 2x" - 9x? + 12, (a) Show that 2 = 6x(x - 3). (b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve. (©) Observe the change in sign of & ra as x increases through each of the stationaty points and hence deduce the nature of the points. ey 376 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScanner _dlThe di graph plotter, Graphm; am shows an appli ‘ation of a a, 0 draw the S344 and its derivative — function MY = 3x - 6x. dv Observe the change in sign of a graphs of the function increases through each of the stationary points (0, 4) and (2, 0). Hence deduce the nature of the points. Repeat the above for the functions given in questions 1 to 3. 17.2 Maxinwin and Minimum Points Higher Derivatives The diagrams show the curve y=x+ 4 = 2 in Example | and the curve of its gradient dy function =1l- x From the graph of ‘& against x, we observe that: gi increases as x increases through 2 ¢€ rate of change of “ is positive atx = a (ay A () > 0atx=2 ° a(ar) a " age y w Differentiating a wart. x, we have £(2) Atx=2, 4 (2) = 1 > O as observed. de Higher Derivatives and Applications 377 — — Scanned with CamScannerA ich & From the above, we conchide that the stationary point L(2, 2) at which ay 7 and (4) > 0 is a minimum point. dv (dy yx" in Example 2 and the curve Similarly, the following diagrams show the curve of its gradient function #Y = 3 - dv . dy & . H(1, 2) From the graph of 2 against x, we observe that: & decreases as x increases through 1, € rate of change of 2 is negative at x = | d (dy e E(2) 0, then S isa minimum point, | 2 & Gi) it “2 <0, then § is a maximum point. Ges Find by calculus, the turning point on the quadratic curve y = 18x — 23 - 3x° for 1 < x <5. Sketch the curve. Differentiating w.rt. x, we have & & = 18 ~ 6 = 6(3 -x) ay 2 =-6 When @ = 0,x=3 and y=4. Since * < 0, the turning point (3, 4) is a maximum point. The curve is sketched as shown. Higher Derivatives and Applications 379 _—_—_—— et Scanned with CamScannerGes ‘The diagram shows part of the curve ye + k which touches the is at B. Find i 2 alue of Kn e value of { (a) the value of k and the value of ae x-axis at A and cuts the y- al A, (b) the coordinates of B and the value of wy at B. a Qa @) dy W 237-6 ar 3x" - 6x he curve touches the x-axis at A, = Aisa stationary point. aye > a TOMA => 3Y-6r=0 = x=Oorr=2 Since x > 0, the coordinates of A are (2, 0). AtA, 2-32 +k=0 Hence k= 4 and SE = 6-6 = 6, v (b) AtB,x=0,y=4 and ©F = The coordinates of B are (0, 4). Use Graphmatica to draw the graphs of y =° — 3x7 + 4 and # shown above. Draw the tangent lines to the curve 2 = If x7 = 6x at A(2,0) and B(O, 4) and F (ay) [5 hence find the value of (2) (i with the calculated values of at A and at B, Compare your results &, in Example 6. a? \etinbe(e 7 ‘Find the value of x, where x > 0, for which the curve has jitionary point and determine whether it is a maximum oF 4 minimum point, Wy oy 16 a tar- 4b A 380 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScannerAta stationary point, “= 0, ie. 2r- 6 0 x Differentiating x want a Atx=2, © = 6, which is positive and so the stationary point ck (2, 12) is a minimum point. 1. Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the following curves and determine the nature of each point. (a) Sxt1 (b) y=5-6x+x () y=xr- 12k @) y=at-8¥4+2 0 © yoxr-6* Q r+ 2. Find the coordinates of the turning points of the following curves. Determine in each case whether the point is a maximum or a minimum point. ¥(« - 3) © ysxed (a) y=x-4x41 (b) y @ y=r+ 8 © y= 2 4x! 7 9 rr) 3. Find the coordinates of the turning point of the curve y = 8v + 1 and determine whether this point is a maximum or minimum point. 4. Show that the curve y = 24=+ has neither a maximum nor a minimum point. =x 3x" + kx has only one turning point, Find the turning point when k = 12 and determine the nature of this point. 5. Prove that the curve y 6. The curves y = 2x - 4x +5 and y a+b have a common turning point, Find (a) the coordinates of the turning point, (b)_ the value of @ and of db. 7. The graph of y = 2x" + ax + b has a stationary point (3, 19), Find the value of @ and b, Determine whether this stationary point is a maximum or a minimum, has a stationary point at (2, 7). Bind 8. ‘The curve y = ax 5 (a) the value of a and b, (b) the other stationary point 9. Given that y= Vx 7 — 2(¢~4), find {and show that wy = a Gy = Wax 7 Hence find the maximum point of the ce Higher Derivatives and Applications 381 Scanned with CamScanner1 73 Maximum and Minimum Values In Example 5, the curve y = 18x — 23 — 31? for 1 has only one (3. 4) and it is a maximum point, This means that y has the stationary value 4 and it is the maximum value when x Similarly, in Example 7, the curve y = 47 + # for x > 0, has only one s (2. 12) and it is a minimum point. This meails that y has the stationary value 13 and it is the minimum value when x In general, for a function y = f(x): (a) If 2 = 0 atx =a, f(a) is a stationary value of y. 0 only atx =a and S% “ > 0, then f(@) is the minimum value of y. #Y < 0, then f(a) is the maximum value of y. © re = 0 only atx =a and age GERENSE Wo positive numbers x and y vary in such a way that xy = 18. Another number z is defined by z = 2x + y. Find the values of x and y for which z has a stationary value and show that this value of z is a minimum. em gee ay8 Then, zadrty=2r+ 8 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have dz * de For a stationary value, Since x > 0, x = 3 and thus y = 6. Next, 43 = 36, de 4 (> 0), giving a minimum value of z Note: The function z='2x + 18, x > 0, has only one stationary . When x = 3, Scanned with CamScanner_—- em emo) Gin An equilateral triangle ABC of side 6 cm is to have a rectangle PORS inscribed in it as shown in the diagram, Show that the area of the rectangle, A cm’, is given by A= “3x6 — x), where PQ = x cm. Calculate the value of for which A has a stationary value, Show that this value of x makes A a maximum, Po= Bp = 46-x) em yom SP= BP tan 60° = Area A = PQ x SP Me 86-2 = BG-9 Atx =3, “4 = 0 and so A has a stationary value. Since #4 = —¥3, which is negative, A is a maximum when x=3 is made from ‘An open paper box with a square base of side x em a vanguard sheet of area 75 cm®, Show that its volume, V em’, is Find the value of x for which V given by V= fsx =x). maximum and find the maximum volume, Let the height of the box be fem. urd sheet ‘Total surface area of the box wt dah Volume of the box, Vv hem Higher Derivatives and Applications 383 Scanned with CamScannerx 4. 6. 7. . ety = W 21539 WY 2 115 - 3x) Differentiating wirt..x, > = x’) av and xy For a maximum value of V, we de => ¥=25 Since x > 0, xo5 2 vo and so, : B 0. In this solution, x > 0 is used Note: —5 as a value of x. to reject For each of the following expressions, calculate the value of x which gives ya stationary value. Determining whether this value of y is a minimum or a maximum. Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures where necessary. (a) y=2e-8r43 (b) y= + Qr- 1 © y= Bx- 6? +1 (dy = 2ax-(x- 2)" Find the stationary values of the following functions. (a) y=(x-2)'+3 (b) y= (- 3)@ + 2) (©) y=xvi-2x . @ yesh 10 and A = xy, find the maximum value of A. Another variable < is Two variables x and y vary in such a way that x + y= defined by z =." + y°. Find the values of x and y that make za minimum. 2. A third variable z is defined fationary value and show that The positive variables x and y are such that xy by z=? + y. Find the values of x and y that sive za this value of z is a minimum, A rectangle has sides x em and y cm, If the area sof the rectangle is 16 cm’, show 2v + #2, Hence, calculate the value of * that its perimeter, P cm, is given by P = tationary value and show that t this value of P is a minimum. which gives P a If the perimeter of a rectangle is to be 80 m, calculate the maximum area. 384 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScanner10. . A piece of wire of length 104 em, i . A rectangle block has a total surface area of 1.08 m?. bent to form a um trapezium as shown in the diagram, Express y in ‘ terms of x and show that the area, A cm, enclosed 2° a by the wire is given by A = 208y ~ 20x". Find the a value of x and of y for which A is a maximum, oo The dimensions of the block are.xm, 2x m and rm, Show that h = ie and hence express the volume of 6x the block in terms of x. Find the value of x that makes this volume a maximum. (Proof that it is a maximum is not required.) (c) upright triangular prism, the triangular base ABC is right-angled at B, Sxem and BC = 12x cm, The sum of the lengths of all its edges is 180 cm. (a) Show that the volume, V cm’, is given by V = 1800x - 600x. (b) Find the value of x for which V has a maximum value. 11, From a rectangular piece of metal of width 2m <—— 6 m—_—_+ and length 6 m, two squares of side x m and [eke ty two rectangles of sides x m and (x + y) m are T removed as shown in the figure. The metal is 2)" ! then folded about the dotted lines to give a _ i closed box with heightxm. ¥ Show that the volume of the box, Vm’, is given by V= 20 — 8x + 6x. Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of x and of y for which V has a maximum. value and show that this value of V is indeed a maximum. 12. A solid circular cylinder has radius r cm and height h cm. It has a fixed volume of 400 cm’. Show that the total surface area, A cm’, of the cylinder is given by A= 2np? + 800. Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of r that gives the cylinder its minimum. surface area, 13. A metal sheet of area 100 cm* is used to manufacture a closed cylinder can, Find, to two significant figures, the largest possible volume of the can. 14. An open rectangular box of height cm has a horizontal rectangular base of sides x cm and 2x cm, If the volume of the box is 36 cm’, express /i in terms of x and show that the total surface area, A cm*, of the box is given by A = 2v° + 108, Calculate the value of x and of A which make the total surface area a minimum, 15. The figure shows a triangle ABC where A AB = AC, BC = 18 cm and A is a right angle. PORS is a rectangle with PQ = 2x em and s & QR = y cm, Show that the area, A cm’, of PORS is given by A = 18x — 24°, : ly Hence find the maximum area of the c rectangle PQRS. Pe eo Higher Derivatives and Applications 385 Scanned with CamScanner16. The diagram shows a metal plate consisting of a rectangle PORT and an isosceles triangle cm, T, where PQ i OR = y em and SM = = em. Given that the perimeter of PORST is that the area, A em’, of PQI em, show is given by A= 30r- 18 Calculate (a) the maximum value of A, (b) the length of the perpendicular SN from Sto PQ when A is a maximum. 17. The solid prism shown in the diagram has triangular ends perpendicular to the parallel edges AD, BE and CF. The length of each of the edges AD, BE and CF is y em, The triangles have right angles at C and F. The edges AC and DF are each of length 4x cm and the edges BC and EF are each of length 3x cm. Given that the volume of the prism is 1500 cm’, (a) obtain an expression for y in terms of x, (b) show that the total surface area, $ cm’, is given by $= 12x" + 3. Given that the volume remains constant and that x varies, find (©) an expression for s in terms of x, (@) the stationary value of 5. — A cylinder of base radius r cm and height / cm is inscribed C1 in a sphere of radius 6 cm, centre 0. (a) Show that f? + 4° = 144, (b) Find the largest possible volume of the cylinder. = (a) If oe 0 and g #0 and x =a, then S(a, f(a) is a ‘a turning point, (b) Seating point atx =a, 2 @ if rd > 0, then S is a minimum point, Gy it & 'y <0, then $ is a maximum point 386 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScannerwe = 0 when x = a, f(a) is a Anlear Pie ror (b) If f(a) is the only stationary value and ty > 0 when x =a, then f(a) a is the minimum value of y. ay (c)_If f(a) is the only stationary value and “ < 0 when x = a, then f(a) is the dy maximum value of y. Miscellaneous EXIST The lengths of the sides of a triangle in cm are x + 3, x + 3 and 10 — 2x, Show that the area, A cm’, of the triangle is given by A=A4(5-x)vx-1. Determine, asx varies within 1 <.x <5, the maximum area of the triangle. In the diagram, K =tor=10- OS = OR = 5 (10 2x) =5-x x43 x+3 PS? = PG - OS = (+3) - 6-4) = 16(x = 1) PS =41x—1 A= 5x ORXPS = 4x clo 2x) x 4¥x—1 " = wa t = * ' By the product rule, weg alo-9e (r= 1) + r= 14(5-.)| ae )- 7] Higher Derivatives and Applications 387 Scanned with CamScannerwhen “4 20,05 2 anda =4 dy 3 By the quotient rule, a =2 =| -6e= = (7-38 ~ 2x - IWx-1 = 3x41 (= Ix When x = 2, = -33, which is negative, and hence the 3 corresponding value of A is a maximum. Note: (1) Alternatively, we can observe the change in the sign of % to determine the stationary value as a maximum value. (2) Inthe APQR, OP + PR > OR, iext+34x4+3>10-2r @ x>1 and OP + QR > PR. iext+3+10-2r>x43 @ x<5 (3) The perimeter is a constant. 1. Calculate the coordinates of the stationary points of the curve y « Determine whether each of these points is a maximum point or a minimum point. 2. Find the turning point of the curve y 22 where > 0. Determine the nature of the point and find the minimum value of y. 3. Find the stationary value of (x ~ 2)y5 =n. 4, The curve y = ax’ + 20° + a?x + b has a minimum point at (a) the value of a and of b, (b) the coordinates of the other turning point, A 388 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScanner5 6 10. ‘Two positive quantities p and q vary in such a way that pq = 9. Another quantity zis defined by <= l6p + 3g. Find the values of p and q that make z a minimum A piece of wire, 360 cm Tong, is used to make the twelve edges of a rectangular box in which the length is twice the breadth, Denoting the breadth of the box by xem and the height by / cm, express fr in terms of x and show that the volume of the box, Vem’, is given by V= 180x* - 6x’, Determine, as x varies, the maximum volume of the box. Show that this volume is a maximum and not a minimum. (c) A piece of wire, 100 cm in length, is divided into two parts. One part is bent to form a square of side x cm and the other is bent to form a square of side y cm. Express y in terms of x. Show that A cm’, the total area enclosed by the two squares is given by A =." + (25 —1)°. Calculate the value of x for which A has a stationary value. Determine whether this value of x makes A a maximum or a minimum. The triangle XYZ shown in the figure has XY = XZ= 13 cm and ¥Z = 10 cm. The rectangle PORS is inscribed in the triangle so that PQ is parallel to YZ and PS and QR are parallel to XM where M is the midpoint of YZ. Given that > SM = MR = x cm and QR = y cm, express y in terms of x, and show that if the area of the rectangle is A cm’, then A = 25 = x). Hence find the value of x for which the area is a maximum and the value of the maximum area. tink (c) A rectangular box is such that the sides of its base are.x cm and 2 cm. The volume of the box is 100 cm’, Show that the total surface area, $ cm’, of the box is $= 4 + 30 Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the stationary value of S. Determine x whether this value is a maximum or a minimum. is bent to form the shape shown in the figure. This and two sides, each of length a SS A piece of wire, 80 cm long, | shape consists of a semicircular arc, radius, r cm, cm, of a right-angled triangle. given by A= dar + L(80 = ery, Show that the area enclosed, A em’ significant figures, the value of 7 Hence determine, to 3 for which A is either a maximum or a minimum. Determine whether this value of r makes A a ma or a minimum. aximum Higher Derivatives and Applications 389 Scanned with CamScanner11. A piece of wire, of fixed length L cm, is bent to form the — 2 a boundary OPGO of a sector of a circle, The circle hi centre O and radius r cm, The angle of the sector is // @ radians. Y Show that the area, A cm’, of the sector is given by Az dr- (a) Find the relationship between rand L for which A has a stationary value and find the corresponding value of @. Determine the nature of this stationary value. (b) Show that, for this value of 6, the area of the triangle OPQ is approximately 45.5% of the area of the sector OPQ. (c) 12. A closed cylindrical can, of base radi m and height / cm, is to be constructed to hold 250n cm’, Show that the total area, A cm’, of material required to make the 5007 can is given by A = 2nr° + The material for the curved side of the can costs 0.05¢ per square centimetre and the material for the top and base costs 0.03¢ per square centimetre. Find the dimensions of the can if (a) the area of the material used is to be the least, (b) the cost of the material used is to be the least (where necessary, give your answers correct to 3 significant figures). 13. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 6 + x, 6 +.x and 16 ~ 2x units. (a) Show that the area of the triangle is (8 - x) 28(x — 1). (b) Find the value of x which makes this area a maximum. 14, A piece of wire of length J cm is bent to form a rectangle. Show that the area of the rectangle is maximum when it is a square. 15. If ais a positive root of the equation 2x7 + px + 18 = 0, calculate the value of & for which p has a stationary value and determine whether this value of p is ® maximum or a minimum. 16, (a) The diagram shows a piece of wire bent to form B the perimeter OABCO of a sector of a circle, centre O, radius r cm, where angle AOC is, A 9 radians, The wire is of length 100 cm and r and @ may vary. Find ren Fem (i) the value of r for which the area enclosed by the wi i ° (ii) the corresponding value of the angle AOC in degree (b) Given that y = -2, + or ~ 2 find the two values of x for which » stationary, Show that the larger of these values of x corresponds to a minimum value of y, © A 390 Higher Derivatives and Applications Scanned with CamScanner7 18. 19, (a) The diagram shows part of the line y =. and part of the curve y = 4(6— y), The point P lies on yenG—x the line and the point Q lies on the curve. The \ yee x-coordinate of both P and Q is r, where o > 0S rs 5S, and the distance PQ is denoted by h. I" Express /h in terms of rand hence find the greatest value of fas r varies, if (b) The diagram shows a rectangular field ABCD 0} with AB = 50 m and AD = 80m, The field is partitioned by three straight fences AP, AQ and PQ. The distance of P from C is twice the distance of Q from D. Given that DQ = x m, show that the area, A m?, of triangle APQ is given by A = x7 - 40x + 2000. Given that x varies, find the stationary value of A and determine whether this is a maximum or a minimum value. (c) The diagram shows a solid body which consists of a right circular cylinder fixed, with no overlap, to a rectangular block. The block has a square base of side 2x cm and a height of x cm. The cylinder has a radius of x cm and a height of y cm. Given that the total volume of the solid is 27 cm’, express y in terms of x. Hence show that the total surface area, A cm’, of the 54 x solid is given by A = 4 + 8°. Find (a) the value of x for which A has a stationary value, (b) the value of A and of y corresponding to this value of x. Determine whether the stationary value of A is a maximum or a minimum, (C) (a) Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve 16x* + 4x° + 1 = eee st and [ 2x determine the nature of this point, (b) In the triangle ABC, angle hee eth ABC = 90°, AB = 5 em and an , AC = 13 cm. The rectangle BPQR is such that tices P,Q and R lie on BC, CA and AB respectively. Given that BP = x cm and PQ = y cm, prove that y= & 3 Express the area of the rectangle in terms of x and hence calculate the maximum value of this area as a varie (Cc) Higher Derivatives and Applications 391 Scanned with CamScanner20. “21 o + 24. find Given that y = dy wy a) and Sf, Oem a (b) the In the diagram, a man walks a distance of xm at a speed of 1.25 ms" from A to B. Then he swims across a river directly from B to D at a speed of 1 ms“ Given that D is directly opposite to C, CD = 10 m and AC = 20 m, show that the time, 1 seconds, taken to reach D is given by Find the value of x for which fis a minimum. (Proof that it is a minimum is not required.) ationary values of y and determine the nature of these values. —— D 10m fox m 4 a B + 20m —__y #22. Which point on the curve y = 2° is nearest to the point (3, 0)? 392 Higher Derivatives and Applications _—_ Scanned with CamScanner