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36 views22 pagesChapter 19 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Uploaded by
floreCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 22
ria
ae atttetens
1 9. Exponential Functions ;
In Chapter 8, we study the relation y = a’ and use the 4
linear law to estimate the value of a. The nature
of the curve with y plotted against x depends
on the value of a.
For example, the graphs of y = 2° and y = 3"
are shown in the diagram. A function of the
form y= a’, where a > 0, is known as a power
function or an exponential function.
poe oe ie
Differentiation of Exponential Functions
Let us begin by differentiating the exponential function y = a with respect to.x from first
principles.
Let us differentiate y = a wars. x from first principles.
(2)- (1):
Taking dx = 0.000 1, 0.000 01 and 0.000 001 with a = 3, we have, respectively,
a
= 1,098 672, 1.098 618, 1.098 613,
| In fact, we can show that when a
b in( 5) ~ 1.098 61 (correct to 5 dec. pl.)
ic Functions
/ 406 Exponential and Logarith
Scanned with CamScanner sis implies that tne) = k and the value of & depends on the value of a.
If we want k to be equal to 1, we can find the corresponding value of a as follows:
&
a*-1
5 1 sa*= 1+ é&
ar
a= (14 o)*
Let dr = 4, we have & = mand
a= lim(1 + d)* = tim (1 a
ea a
which has the value ¢ ~ 2.718 28 as calculated in chapter 3.
Taking a =e in (3), we have:
The exponential function y = e’ is also known as the y
natural exponential function. The graph of y = e* i
similar to the other power functions such as y
y=3* as shown in the diagram. Note that the gradient of
y=ef at (0, 1) is 1.
The diagram on the left shows a
family of exponential functio
y =e where ke R
(1) The curve of y = e™ is the
reflection of y = e in the
y
(2) All the curves pa:
point EO, 1).
(3) As |x] > ©
approaches the x-axis (y = 0)
and the x-axis is called the
asymptote of the curve,
through the
each curve
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 407
Scanned with CamScanner \
ce? for 0 0.
Differentiate the following with respect to x.
@ @) et! (©) © @) &™
(@ e+7 (f) 2" (g) 4e'-6 (h) Se
@ cet ch 3e* ay Bee be Lee?
7
Using the rules of indices, express the following as e“**. Hence, or otherwise.
differentiate with respect to x.
@ eer gy SS © ey (@) Yer
Differentiate the following with respect to x.
(a) (+1) (b) @+e’ (© (w+ De™
(@) sin x @ en (f) &* cos 2x
Differentiate the following with respect to x.
x F
0) ts ©
© COs. ©
Sketch the curve defined by y = e*~! for 0 0. Find in terms of e,
(a) the area of the region when ¢ = 2,
(b) the rate of change of A when f = 2.
minimum value and calculate
Hence, obtain the percentage change in A when ¢ changes from 2 to 2.1, giving
your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
18. Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = Se. Given that x is increasing
at the rate of 0.1 unit s"', find the rate of change of y when x
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
19.2 Logarithmic Functions
Let us consider the inverse of the function f defined by f(x) =
Let ye
Then,
which is usually written as y = In x and is known as
the natural logarithmic function of x.
Since the inverse function of y = In x is the
exponential function y = e’, the graph of
y= In x is the reflection of y = e" in the line y =
a in the diagram, It is important to note
that;
(1) The curve of y = In.x cuts the &-
2) The domain of y = In.x is x > 0.
(3) The curve has an a t
xis at (1, 0).
0.
In
CE baw te grap of»
0.5, giving your
for 0.5 Sv % 3, taking intervals of
0.5. By drawing a straight line on your diagram, obtain an
approximate solution to the equation In 2v = 3 — x,
Scanned with CamScanner
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 413 GRAM te graph of y = In 28 is shown below.
i‘
‘An approximate solution to In 2x = 3 - x obtained from the point
of intersection of y = In 2x and y = 3 — x is 1.75.
Note: The curve y = In 2x is defined for 2x > 0, ic. x > 0, and
it cuts the x-axis at the point where 2x = 1, i.e. x
‘A curve defined by y = In (ax + 6) has domain ax +b > 0 and
the curve cuts the x-axis at the point where ax +b = 1.
State the domain of the curve y = In (2x — 1) and the coordinates
of the point where the curve crosses the x-axis. Hence sketch the
curve.
The curve y = In (2x - 1) has domain 2x - 1 > 0,
The curve cuts the x-axis at the point where y = 0,
and so x = 1. The coordinates of the required point is (1, 0).
A sketch is shown below.
= In (2e-1)
414 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Scanned with CamScanner Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions
The funeti nx can be written as x=
Different we have
a a
fey = Le
a) we )
= ey
y dy
tao
Cw
: ee
ie, pext
reel
de x
d oe
Zinx) = +
In u, where w is a function of x,
Wy = Wy Me. Den yy Mt = Loe
ae ue ae a) eae
In particular, if w= ax + b, then adn (ax +b) = SS
‘Thus, we have:
(a) “@nu) = 1%, where u is a function of x
& ude
>) Ltn ax + Hy) = 25, where a and b are constants
GERRI Ditroremtite the fottowing with respect 0.
(a) In (3x + 2) (b) n(@7-2)' © N+)
tnx
(d) In (1 + sin x) (@) xing Oo
“fin Gr + 2) =
de
») [n= 20']= Gs IW ~ 201
=3x
(©) Using Ln) = EE
Hun? + D1= yy ste tbe SS
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 415
Scanned with CamScanner Lu
(@) Using Lan) = 2
Lt (1 + sin. =
cos x
~ T+ sin
ino Law) 2 uit & pile
(©) Using Ban) =u +
d ) Van x ey
EG nx) = xg) + Inx TG)
ex tain
x
=l+inx
du _ dv
aoe
x4
hn (e+ 2m x) - nx L(x +1)
x rs
) (e+ 1P
(+x tine
(x4 IF
— (e+)-x ine
xe + IP
PRESS) Sketch the curve of y = In (2x + 3) for -3 0, i.e.
> 3
x > 3. It cross
seaxis at y
x+ v=—1, When
x=3,y=iIn9=22A
sketch of the curve is
here,
(a) y=In a +3)
we
dy ns
Atx=0,y=In3
we? 22
de 0439 "3
h 416 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
‘s the
0 where
‘Scanned with CamScanner Equation of tangent at x =
isy-In3 = 20-0) or
yetreing
(b) When the tangent meets the x=
is, y = 0 and so
-In3 = 2y
In3=Sx =>
Therefore, the required coordinates are ( din 3,0)
1, For each of the following functions, draw the graph for 0 ¢ has no stationary point.
The curve y = In (3x — k) crosses the x-axis atx = 2. Find the value of & and the
¢quation of the normal to the curve at this point.
°
Using a graph paper, draw the curve y = In (2v + 1) for 0 Sx S 3, taking values
Of x at unit intervals, By drawing an appropriate straight line, obtain an approximate
Value for the root of the equation x +3 In 2x + 1) = 4.5.
10,
tate the domain and the coordinates of the point
Where the curve crosses the x-axis.
(@) y=InQr-5) (b) y=ln B= 2x)
© y=3in (x-3) (d) y= In Gx - 27
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 417
Scanned with CamScanner dy
{Hence find, in terms of p, the
I. Given that y = Inv? = 4) for x > 2, find
approximate change in y when x increases from 3 to 3 + p, where p is small.
12. The volume of water in a container V (cm’) after 1 seconds is given by V= 20c *,
Find, in terms of e,
(a) the value of V when (b) the rate of change of V when 1
Hence obtain the percentage change in V when 1 changes from 5 to 5.1.
Sa
13. Two variables x
that x is inet
of y when
\d_y are related by the equation y = In(2 + e™') for x > 0. Given
at the rate of 3 unit s“, find, in terms of e, the rate of change
ImportanuNores:
1. Differentiation of exponential functions
fF - @ FQ () B(e""%) = aes"?
| More generally, by the chain rule, we have
d (ery = et :
ene de” Where w is a function of x.
vp
Graphs of exponential function y = e*
(a) Ifa>0: } (b) Ifa<0: }
3. Differentiation of logarithmic functions
1
(a) an N=
More generally,
(b) fin (@+ l= 4
x 6
din u) = + $4, where w is a funtion of x:
4. Graph of y = Inx
The functions of y = In x and y = e' are
inverse functions of each other. Hence the
graph of y = In x, (x > 0) is the reflection
of the graph of y = ein the line y = x,
i 418 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Scanned with CamScanner Find the val X for ie curve y= xe" has a stationary
‘alue of x for which th
y
Point. Determine wi is ra minimum pel int.
ine whether it is a maximum or a mini
x
ed —x)]
-e*-e(1-x)
-e'(2-x)
ay i
Atx = 1, 2 <0 and 50 the stationary point is a maximum
point.
Use a graph plotter, draw
the graph of y = xe“ as
shown:
+l for-2 sx <2.
wn the coordinates,
\
A function f is defined by fy 202"
(a) Sketch the curve of Cand show on the di
of the point A of intersection with the y-axi
(b) State, in terms of e, the range of f and obtain an expres
|‘)
Amy
for f' in terms of
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 419
Scanned with CamScanner 0 2
3 20 +1 * 6.44
With the table of values a
sketch of the curve of f is
drawn with AQ, 3).
(b)_ The range of f is
Let y = f(x).
Then
0.
Given that y = 3c, find
(a) the value of y when x = 0, (b) the value of x and of & when y= 1.
Sketch the graph of y = 3c for positive values of x.
. Sketch the graph of y = In (2x - 4) for 2 < x < 5, and state the coordinates of the
point where the graph crosses the x-axis.
. Sketch the graph of y = In x for x > 0. Express x°e" = 12 in the form
Inx= ax +b and state the value of a and of b. Insert on your sketch the additional
graph required to illustrate how a graphical solution of the equation xe" = 12 may
be obtained.
Draw the graph of y = e“ for -1
