4 Maximum/Minimum Value of a Quadratic Expression ‘A quadratic expression such as 2x’ — 8x + I] or Ax? + 12x - 9 has either a minimum or a maximum value. In this section, we shall eam how to find this extreme value for any quadratic expression. First, let us consider the simplest case y = Observe that the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis and that the Ieast value, 0, of y occurs when x = 0. Hence: y =x? > 0 for all real values of x ‘That is, the square of a real number is non-negative. Feslon|) | State the minimum value of 2° +3 and the corresponding value of P43, : x. Hence sketch the graph of y Gia For alll real x, ¥r=o => ¥4+3 23 <. the minimum value is 3 when x = 0. So, the graph of y = «° + 3 has minimum point (0, 3) as shown in the figure. Note: Do you know why we need to give the coordinates of another point (1, 4)? Quadratic Expressions and Equations 61 Scanned with CamScannerLet us now consider the completed square form, a 24v = 2) + 3 is of the form atv — hy + k, where a Yx = 2+ 3 = 2-84 11, Ar - 2? +3 = hy +k. The expression 2, h = 2 and k = 3. Since a quadratic expression. Consider the curve y = 2(x = 2)7 +3 Note that (a) a>0@ (b) y = 2%x—2))=0 => y= 3 and so the minimum value of y is 3 and this minimum value occurs when the squared term (x — 2)* = 0, ie. when x = 2. Hence the curve h minimum turning point at (2, 3). (©) the curve is a parabola symmetrical about the vertical line through the turning point, ic. x = 2. shown below. Next, consider the curve y = 6 - 2(x + 1)’, where a = -2, h = -1 and k = 6, as shown below. Note that (a) a<0 (a=-2) (b) y-6 =-2¢+ 18 <0 => y <6 and so the maximum value of y is 6. This maximum value occurs when the squared term (x + 1)? = 0, i Hence the curve has a maximum turning point at (-1, 6). (c)_ the curve is symmetrical about the line x = -1. 62. Quadratic Expressions and Equations —_— Scanned with CamScannerIn general, the curve y following types. yeaty= hy +k ee als k Note that the squared term (x — )’ = 0 > x = hand y =k. Hence the turning point is at (11, k). (a) When a > 0, (2, &) is a minimum point and k is the minimum value of y. (b) When a < 0, (f, &) is a maximum point and k is the maximum value of y. (©) The curve is symmetrical about the line x = h. Gaze State the minimum value of 2(¢- 1)? + 5 and the corresponding value of x. Hence sketch the curve y = 2(x- 1)’ + 5, indicating the coordinates of the turning point and the y-intercept. Gi For 2(x — 1)? + 5, the minimum value is 5 and it occurs when xeL Since a = 2 > 0, the turning point (1, 5) is a minimum point. The curve cuts the y-axis atx = 0, y= 7. The curve is sketched as shown in the diagram. Note: (1) The y-intercept (when x = 0) is used in sketching a curve. (2) The parabola is symmetrical about the vertical line through the turning point, ie. x Quadratic Expressions and Equations 63 Fe Scanned with CamScannerRecall that (x +4 > v4 ny + (2) . Hence: halve square aT 2 2 win tnx (e+ 4) -(5) We may use the above result to complete the square and express ax? + bx + in the k halve square or 7 2x? + 12 + 8 = [x + Gx] + 8= Ale + 3-37] +8 = 2x + 3)- 18 +8 = x + 3) - 10 eto > Express y =—4x° + 12-9 as y = a(x - hy + k. Hence state the maximum value of y and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the curve y ‘The maximum value of y is 0 and it occurs when (x . 3 .e.whenx= 3, ie, when x = 3 the curve has a maximum point at (3, 0), At the yenxis, 220 => ‘The curve is sketched as shown in the diagram, Ay 64 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScannerCa By completing the square, sketch the graph of y = 2x + 4x — 16, indicating the coordinates of the turning point and the x-intercepts. V4 2w)-16 = Ait I= 2] 16 = r+ 1-18 Since a = 2 > 0, the curve At the y as a minimum point at (-1, -18). x=0 => y=-I6, At the x O = We I-18 =0 wey = xt] =33 x -4,2 The curve is sketched as shown. 1-18 In Example 4, we could have factorised the quadratic expression as follows: ys 2x + 4r— 16 (x? + 2x - 8) (x + A(x — 2) This readily yields the x-intercepts -4 and 2, and the line of symmetry (-4) +2 2 x= Hence in the case when ax* + bx + ¢ can be easily factorised to a(x - a(x — B), the graph of y = a(x - @)(x - B) can be sketched using the lercepts o: and ff as follows: Quadratic Expressions and Equations 63 Scanned with CamScannerSketch, on separate diagrams, the curve EM See we 9 GE Fortieenn Qne-2,y=0 = x=Oorx=2, ~ So, the x-intercepts are 0 and 2. The coefficient of x? is 2 (positive) . ; 0 => the curve has a minimum point atx = 242 = 1, ye the minimum point is (1, -2)- The curve is sketched as follows: y (b) Similarly for y = (@ + 2)(6-), y=0 = x=-2orx=6. So, the x-intercepts are —2 and 6. The coefficient of x* is -1 (negative) => the curve has a maximum point at x = y= 16. 1) + 6 *. the maximum point is (2, 16). The curve is sketched as follows: 66 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScannerwn as . Express 3 + 9x — . Given that 4x° ~ 16x + 15 = a(x — py + q for all values of x, . Find the least value of 2x7 - 4x + 37 . Given that the greatest value of k + 8x — 2¥ i + Sketch y = (x a(x + 3a) for * A quadratic curve cuts the y-axis Ih plotter to explore how the varying the value of (a) a (bh, In each of the following, state the minimum o1 corresponding value of x. Hence sketch the curv graph of y u(x — hy’ + k is affected by (ce) k. r maximum value of y and the I ¢, indicating the y-intercept. (@) y=2v-3)" +1 (b) y=4—-(- 2) @ year +2 (d) (+ IP -5 @ ysl-@+3) ® y=9-Qr-1) State the minimum value of 3(¢x + 2)? , and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the curve y = 3(v + 2) for 3 0. Hene ch the g fy s+ 2av—3a° + 1 and state the coordinates of its turning point in terms of a, Land & where & > 1, Its nd find the equation of the maximum point occurs at tate the value of k ve, cu Quadratic Expressions and Equations 67 Scanned with CamScanner‘Ata food eum fun fair, Lester plays a game in which he has to throw a marble into ‘a hole of diameter 0.14 m and whose centre is ata distance of 2 m away, Taking tion his height and that the marble’s path is a parabola, we can mode] shown in the diagram. y a possible path of the marble 2 193 2.07 Use a graph plotter to find a possible equation for the parabola which starts at (0. 0.4) and passes through the hole on the x-axis. Can you find one such equation for Lester within 3 tries? In the above model we had assumed that the diameter of the marble was inconsequential. What if Lester has to throw a ball of diameter 0.08 m instead? Would your earlier answer still hold good? If not, find a possible equation of the parabola in this case. &.. Someone challenged Jack to show that: =b + Vb? ~ dac (ty if ax + bx +c =0, then x = 2a (a) Jack knew he had to complete the square but he could not get the desired result. The first four lines of his attempt are: ax +bx+c =0 vet (-4-¢ (b) Actually, the result in (1) was not stated correctly and a condition was mi! known what it was, he would have a triumphant victory over his ! Can you figure out what was missing? n that y = ke? ~ 4x + 3k, express y in the form a(x = p) + q, where a, p and q are in terms of k, Hence find the value of & if the maximum value of y is 4 68 Quadratic Expressions and Equations —_| Scanned with CamScanner42 Roots of a Quadratic Equation ‘aw that the x-intercepts of the curves +. are found by i i ic equations Xd by solving their Quww~2)=0 and (v4 26-4) = 0. For the curve y 2x = 1, the roots or solutions of the quadratic equation can be found using the quadratic formula (sce Exercise 4.1 Question 16) av+bxtc=0 3 x= 1040 Notice that the formula involves the expression Yb" — 4ac. This expression may or may not give a real value. In the next two examples, take note of the expression Vb" —4ac and observe the relationship between the value of b? - 4ac and the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation. (EEBISE 6 soe the equation x? — 2x — 1 = 0. Hence sketch the curve y =x? — 2x I, indicating the x-intercepts clearly. Gra When we compare x° ~ 2x — we have a = I, b = -2 and c So, b? = 4ac = ¢ A(DCD 0 with ax + bx +c =0, Q By the quadratic formula, e-w-1=0 => slty2 Hence the x-intereepts are 1 ~ 72 and t+ 2. a= 1 > Oand so the curve has a minimum point at , a hohe bad Quadratic Expressions and Equations 69 Scanned with CamScanneri “the minimum point is (1, -2) and the curve is sketched as. follows Note: * — dac = 8 > 0 and the equation x° - 2x - 1 = 0 has 2 distinct real roots, Gaines Find the roots of the following equations: (a) ww +4x4+4=0 (b) 2° -x+1=0 Gru (a) Here a= 1,b=4 and Then, o The two roots are equal to -2. (b) Here a = 2, b = -1 and c = 1. Then, b* — dac = -7. But the value Yb" - 4ac = V=7 is not a real number. In this case, the equation has no real root. Note: Recall that x° > 0 for real x. Hence (J=7) =-7 0 => J is not real. Examples 6 and 7 show that there equation ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0, (a #0). are three possible cases for the solution of the (a) b*— dac > 0 <= the roots are real and distinct (b) b? - dac = 0 <& the roots are real and equal (c) b= dae <0 ¢ the roots are not real From (a) and (b), we conclude that 6 - dac = 0 <= the roots are real, 70 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScannerOUEST ‘The value b ~ dae is called the discriminant of the ¢ (a# 0), as it allows us to discriminate amon; the position of the curve y= ax" + bx+ ¢ rel quadratic expression ax? + bx + c, ong the possible types of roots, It aso tells us ative to the x-axis as summarised in the following: (a) B= dac > 0: ‘Iwo distinct real roots y = two x-intercepts a<0 7 \ os fos (b) BP = dac = 0: y P Equal real roots Be) => only one x-intercept or * and the x-axis is a a=p tangent to the acB parabola Ol a>0 3 (©) B= 4ac < 0: y y No real roots = no x-intercept and “o| aso * y= ax’ + bx +c is either always positive 0 or always negative Oo * Wetelol) Find the values of p for which px” = 2x — p, where p #0, has equal real roots. pr=2x-p => pr-2x+p=0 Here a = p, b =-2 and c =p. For equal real roots, b* — 4ac = 0 ie. (2 - 4(p)(pP) = 9 Py a=” ‘The quadratic equation 3° + 2x + (k= = 3) = O has no real roots, Find the range of values of k. cs p=lor-l Qi Here a = 1, b = 2k and ¢ = (k- Ik -3). ince the roo not real, -dac <0 -A(DK = D&=-3) <0 ak = A(R - 4k + 3) <0 16k < 12 3 k<3 Quadratic Expressions and Equations. 71 Scanned with CamScannerGiineo Show that the roots of the equation x7 — 2v + 2 = p are real and distinct if p > 1. VoW+2ep > V-2av+2-pso Here a= 1, b = -2and c= 2-p. Now b? = dac = (-2)' ~ 4(D2 = p) p-4 (p-1) If p > 1. then p = 1 > 0 and so b= 4ac > 0. the roots of the equation are real and distinct if p > 1. Gia Show that the roots of the equation «2 + (I~ p)x ~ p = 0 are real for all real values of p. Here a = 1, b= 1-p and c=-p. : We need to show that b* - dac > 0. Now, 1 - pY -4()Cp) +24 =(p+1y Since p is real, (p + 1)° = 0 and so b* - 4ac > 0. Hence the roots are real for all real values of p (p € f). Intersection Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations Consider the line and the curve whose respective equations are: The following diagrams show the three possible cases with regard to their inte Fig. (a) 2e+1 x+6xtk rsection: a / x y Fig. (b) Fig. (c) 72, Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScannerIn order to know which simultaneously: alues of corre: i PK will correspond to which case, we solve the equations V4Or4e k= art Viedve (kay 0 Notice that whether the the discrimi inant of the line intersects the curve or quadratic equation hot depends on the roots as follows: and hence Diagram (a) Discriminant >0 Nature of Roots Points of Intersection Fig. (b) =0 2 distinct real roots 2 qual real roots 1 poin 2 points Tine is a tangent to the curve Fig. (c) <0 No real roots none Hence in Fi - (C), for the line not to intersect the curve, B~ dac <0 4 -4(k-1) <0 16-4k +4 <0 k>5 Can you find & for the other two cases? aw If the line y = mx — 8 meets the curve y m+ 6m-7 > 0. Sx + m, show that By solving the two equations, we get: ¥-Sx+m = (S 4 mxtm48 For the line to meet the curve, this quadratic equation must have real roots. So, b - 4ac > 0 (5 +m)? - A(1)(m + 8) = 0 25 + 10m +m? — 4m - 32 > 0 m+ 6m-7 >0 How do we find m from mt? + 6m — 7 > 02 This enquiry leads us into the next section on solving quadratic inequalit se the discriminant to determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations, When the roots are real, find these roots: (a) x - 2 0b) dx td (d) x1 - 3y) (e) Qv= Dar D ‘The equation x + k = 6x two distinet real root: () 3 oy (O 2-3 -4y ind the range of values of k. Quadratic Expressions and Equations. 73 Scanned with CamScanner17. |. Find the value(s) or range of What is the Teast . Find m if the line IF the equation 2x(p —) = 3 has real and equal roots, find the exact values of p s of p for which the equation ) has equal real roots, 3 = p has real roots 2y +p — 1 has distinct real roots, (a) pix + Dw- — dp — 2 has no real roots. Find the range of ¥: are not real. falues of m such that the roots of the equation mx +2 = x(x + 3) t value & can take if the roots of the equation x? ~ 2kx + = 3 +x are real? values of k for which the roots of the equation Find the range of 2_ 3 = 0 are not real. State the range of values of k for which the + Qk+ Dxtk roots are real. Find the range of values of k for which the equation x? — 2kx + k° — 2k = 6 has real roots. Find the roots in terms of k. Show that the roots of the equation 2x° + p = 2(¢— 1) are not real if p > -3. Given that the equation px? + 3px + p + q = 0, where p # 0, has two equal real roots, find q in terms of p. The equation x(x — 2) + Ke = k(2x — 1) is satisfied by two distinct real values of x. Find the range of values of k. Show that px - 4x + p = 2px - 3x? — | has real root(s) for all real values of p. . Show that the solutions of the equation x? + kx = 3 — k are real for all real values of k. Given that x(x — 2) = f— 2, find x in terms of t. Hence deduce the range of values of 1 for x to be real. The curve y = 3° - 2x + c— | cuts the x-axis at 2 points. Find the range of values of c. ind the values of p for which the x-axis is a tangent to the curve y =.x° + px —p + 3. For each of these values, find the coordinates of the point of tangency. (a) Find the value of p for which the equation (1 — 2p)x? + 8px — (2 + 8p) = 0 has two equal roots. (b) Show that the line x + y = q will intersect the curve 1° — 2x + 2y? = 3 in wo distinct points if ? < 2q + 5. (0) Find the value of ¢ such that the straight line whose equation to the curve with equation y = 3x7 ~ Gx + 5. 2v-+c is tangential 2x — dn? intersects the curve y = a* - dmx + 9 in (a) 2 distinct poin (b) 1 point. (¢)_ no poin at all, 74 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScanner20, the line y+ 20 =p does not intersect the curve y ofp. «+p, find the range of values 21. For what range of values of © doe 8 the line y= ex +4 cut the curve 5x7 2 point 22, Show that the line y= 2my-— 1 intersects the curve = me — x +m for all non-zero values of m. 23, If the curve y = kx(x + 2) meets the line y State the value of k for which the line is \— k, find the range of values of k. tangent, 4s Solving Quadratic inequalities An inequality with a quadr s called a quadratic i ic expression in one variable on one equality in one variable. For example, and zero on the (x- D-4) <0 ig a quadratic inequality in x. The range of values of x which satisfies this inequality can be found from the quadratic curve y = (x - 1)(x ~ 4) as follows: y For (x — I(x - 4) < 0 (ic. y is negative), we choose the interval for which the curve is below ye(r- Dur) the x-axis, (= w-4)<0 > 1 0 (i.e. y is positive), Wwe choose the interval where the curve is above the x-axis. = @-Ne-4)>0 = x4 2e+ Dor=3) that: Quadratic Expressions and Equations 75 Scanned with CamScannerFind the set of values of m for which the equation 2v = my + 2. = 0 has real roots. Here a = 2. b = -m and ¢ = 2. ; y= (m—Aym+4) For real roots. b* — dac = 0 ie. (my = 4Q)2) = 0 Gn -4)in + 4) = 0 From the curve y solution set is (in: (im — 4)(m + 4), we require y > 0 and so the m=-4 orm > 4,me R). Note: Give your answer in set notation when the question requires you to find the set of values. 1. Find the solution set of each of the following quadratic inequalities. (b) x= 2) <3 @) 2-743 > (@) <> 4r4 12 () 4x+ 1) <3 (g) (1-3) = 17-2 (h) (x + 2)(v4+ 3) S046 @ (x= 16x + 4) > 2@- 1) @ w+ 2)? 6. 4. There is no real value of x for which mx? + 8x + m = 6. Find m. 5. The equation 2x° + 4x + 2 = p(x + 3) has two distinct real roots. Find the range of values of p. 6. If the equation (p + 2)x7 — 12x + 2(p — 1) = 0 has real and distinct roots, find the set of values of p. 7. Find the set of values of m for the equation 2x7 + 4x + 2 + m(x+ 2) = 0 to have real roots. 8. The roots of the equation 3kx7 + (k - 5)x of k. 9. Ifthe equation px? — p + 10 = 2(p + 2)x has real solution(s), show that p cannot lie between J and 5.7 + 2 are not real. Find the set of values: 10, Given that the lin values of ¢, 3x does not intersect the curve ay = 3, find the range of (c) k WM. The curve x? ~ xy + y? = J cuts the line 2x y = & in two distinct points, Find the set 4 of values of k #12, The curve y= (k ~ 6)x? ~ By + k cuts the x-axis at Wo points and has a minimum point. Find the range of values of ky 1 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScanner213. Given that y= 20? + px + 16 and that y <0 only when 2 0 B=dac <0 (real roots) (no real roots) bP -4ac > 0 DP -4Aac (distinct real roots) ‘equal, coincident or (Mepeated ret os) Quadratic Expressions and Equations 77 Scanned with CamScannerwar ’ dveraectior eos exquations, ofthe Tine and he curve fead to vation, then: ine meets curve in 2 points | ts r line meets curve curve ine is a tangent to the line does not meet curve d using the corresponding quadratic 4. A quadratic inequality may be solve i y aa + yo(e-@lx-B) (w-amx-p)<0 = a0 > x Bp Miscoltancous EXOiip 5S "=> Find the set of values of m for which the line y = mx — 1 does not intersect the curve y = x° — 2x + 3. State also the values of m for which this line is a tangent to the curve. GE se simutianousty te ation v(m +4=0 ince there is no real roots. be -dac <0 [-(2 + mP - 44) <0 ; d+ dn tn? = 16 <0 t a + Am = 12 <0 (n+ Om = 2) <0 = -61ke R). Note: Otherwise, we have vt4ye5ak Ytdr+ (5-H =0 For this equation to have 2 distinct real roots, 4-415 -k) > 0 k>l Find the smallest integer p such that x° -— 2x +p is always greater than 3. ~2+p > 3, = 2+ p-3 > 0 forall real vi yaa’ — 2r+p —3 must lie above the So a > O and b? - dac < 0. y Now a > 0 is satisfied as While bP -dac <0 = (2% -4(Dip-3) <0 4-dp +2 <0 p>4 the smallest integer p is 5. Quadratic Expressions and Equations 79 Scanned with CamScanner1. Sketch the following graphs, clearly labelling all intercept (b) y=3r+5 (@) y= -5x-6 2, Find the range of values of p for which the equation (a) x + 3= 2x +p has real roots, (b) 2x + 2x3 + p = p(x? + 2) has distinct real roots. 3. Find the range of values of x for which fa) (1+ 96-%) <-8, (b) 2x(x + 2) < + De +3). 4. Given that y= 5 + px—x7 = 9 - (x +g)’, where q > 0, for all values of x, (a) calculate the values of the constants p and q, (b) state the maximum value of y and the value of x at which it occurs, (©) find the set of values of x for which y is negative. 5. (a) State the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve y = 2(x — 1)? + 3 and sketch the curve. Find the value of c for which the line y = 2x + c is a tangent to the curve. (b) Find the largest negative integer p for the equation 4x° + 8 = px to have real Toots. 6. (a) Find the values of ¢ for which the equation 4x” — (c + 2)x + ¢ = 1 has equal Toots. (b) Find the range of values of k for which the curve y = 1° intersects the straight line y = k — x at two distinct points. (C) 7. (a) Find the set of values of x for which x(2x — 1) > 3. (b) The line y = 2k—x does not intersect the curve y = (x — 1)* + k. Find the range of values of k. 8. (a) Calculate the smallest positive integer k for which the equation 22 + 2kx +7 = 0 has two distinct real roots. (b) Given that 3px* — 7gx + 3p = 0 has equal roots and p and q are positive, find the ratio p : g and solve the equation. 9. (a) Find the range of values of p for which the graph of. 2 + 8x + p —6 crosses the x-axis. State also the values ofp. for which the x-axis is a tangent to the curve. (b) Express y = 1{(x + 5)? + (x — 7)°} in the form y = (x + q)° + r. Hence find the least valué of y and the corresponding value of x. (C) 10, (a) The quadratic equation 2px? + 4(p + q)x + 2(p + 7) = 0 has equal roots. Express pin terms of q and id the set of values of k for which the equation (2 - real root(s). W" + 3ky — 4k = 2 has 11. (a) Find the solution set of the inequality * + 2 > (2a (b) Show that the roots of the equation x? = (2p = Dx + all values of p. (c) Given that the line y= mx + 3 meets the curve 2xy — 2x of values of m. D(x + 2). 1 =p are not real for , find the range 80 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScanner12. 13. 14. 16. 17. 18. *19. 20. 21. 22, . (a) Given that the curve whose equation is y = p — (a) Find the range of values of & for which lies entirely below the y-axis, un — 3)0r+ 1D. Hence, or otherwise, find the value of P if (x = 3) + 1) = p has equal real roots and state the value of these roots, the graph of y = =x + 2(k = 3)x ~ 25 ) Ie.x is real and (x + 1)* = k(x + 2), show that & cannot lie between —4 and 0. (a) If pis real and p #-1, show that the equation (p + 1x? + 2p + Ix + p =0 has two real roots, What can we conclude about the equation if p = 1? (b) Solve for. if.v- 3 < x(x - 3) < 4, (x= @)? crosses the x-axis at the points (1, 0) and (5, 0), find the maximum value of y. (b)_ The Tine (k ~ 2)y = 3x meets the curve xy = | = x at two distinct points, Find the set of values of k. State also the values of & if the line is a tangent to the curve. Find the minimum value of 2x° + 3x + 4 and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the curve + 3x + 4. Hence or otherwise, find the range of values of k for which 2x7 + 3x + 4 = & for all real values of x. (a) Calculate the range of values of x for which x2 + 4x—5 > 5x—3. (b) Calculate the range of values of c for which 3x7 - 9x + ¢ > 2.25 for all values of x. (Cc) (a) Find the range of values of k for which 8 — 3x ~x° < k for all real values of x. (b) Find the range of values of m for which the line y = mx + 1 does not intersect the curve y* = 8x. (C) Find the range of values of k if kx? + 8x > 6 —k for all real values of x. Given that the equation ax? + bx + c = 0 has real roots, show that the roots of the following equations are also real. (a) cx’ -bx+a=0 (b) ax? + mbx + mc = 0, where m is a constant Sketch the curve y = 2x - 4x + 1, indicating the coordinates of the turning point and the exact values of the x-intercepts. Hence find (a) the set of values of x for which 2x7 + 1 < 4x, (b) the range of values of p if 2x° - 4x + 1 + p = 0 has no real roots. Show that the line y = 5x ~ 4 is a tangent to the cu +x. Find also the condition for y = mx = c to be a tangent to the curve. ey A quadratic curve is mmetrical about the line x= 3 and passes through the points (2, 13) and (-1, -2), ind its equation and sketch this curve, What values of m make the expression (2m = Dx? = dn = 2x -+ (m= 1) a perfect square? ‘The curves y = (x — a)? +b and y= raph plotter, compare their graphs or all of a, b, ¢ and d. +d do not intersect. With the help of a and find what relationships exist between any Quadratic Expressions and Equations 81 Scanned with CamScannerGe + cach of the following pairs of quadratic curves, where a # 0. are there any relationships between their turning points, their intercepts with the axes and their ap With a gi (a) tigate these relationships for ax? — bx + ¢ by varying the value of b, y = -ax’ + bx +c by varying the value of a. and y = -ax’ + bx — c by varying the values of @ and c. ation, we have only induced results from certain values of a, any values of these raph plotter, inves In the a b and c, How can we prove that our results will hold for cons 82 Quadratic Expressions and Equations Scanned with CamScanner —d