RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

A report about
GOVERN SYSTEM AND OFFICIAL PRODUCERS
OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Borromeo, Alyza G.
CEA-01-503P
Mr. Jerome Felicidario
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Make a report regarding to the govern systems and official producers of climate change.

1. United Nation framework convention on climate change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was an

international treaty signed by 154 states at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It
aimed to combat human interference with the climate system by stabilizing greenhouse
gas concentrations. The treaty called for ongoing scientific research, regular meetings,
negotiations, and future policy agreements to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to
climate change, ensure food production isn't threatened, and enable sustainable economic
development.

Their goals are, to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent harmful human-
induced climate system interference, ensuring ecosystems can adapt naturally, food
production is not threatened, and sustainable economic development can proceed within a
timeframe that allows for this things. Thus the Convention outlines the commitment of
industrialized nations to provide financial support to developing countries for climate
change activities, beyond their current aid. This support is managed by the Global
Environment Facility through a system of grants and loans. Additionally, these nations
pledge to share technology with less advanced nations. The Convention acknowledges
the vulnerability of all countries to climate change effects and calls for special efforts to
ease consequences, particularly in developing countries. Initially, adaptation received less
attention than mitigation due to increased certainty on impacts and vulnerability.

In order for this to be effective for the climate the UNFCCC process relies heavily on
knowledge-building, with parties gathering and sharing data to establish evidence, set
goals, and track progress on greenhouse gas reduction. Developed countries submit
detailed mitigation strategies, which have informed policies and international agreements
like the Paris Agreement. Public understanding and participation are crucial for national
and international transformation, and countries are required to promote climate education,
awareness, and training to the public. Hence the impact of this was the UNFCCC has
influenced numerous agreements and policies, forming the foundation of climate action at
both international and national levels. These include measures for emission tracking and
reporting, knowledge generation, and capacity building to tackle climate change's causes
and effects.
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

2. European Union emission trading scheme.

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a carbon emission
trading scheme that began in 2005 to lower greenhouse gas emissions by EU countries.
The scheme covers around 45% of the EU's emissions and has been divided into four
trading periods. The first three periods lasted from January 2005 to December 2007, the
second from January 2008 to December 2012, and the third from January 2013 to
December 2020. The proposed caps for 2020 represent a 21% reduction of greenhouse
gases, reaching 6 years early as emissions fell to 1.812 billion tonnes in 2014. The fourth
phase began in January 2021 and will continue until December 2030, with emission
reductions unclear as of November 2021. The EU commission proposes an increase in
the EU ETS reduction target for 2030 to -61% compared to 2005. EU countries view the
ETS as necessary to meet climate goals, and a 2020 study found that the scheme
successfully reduced CO2 emissions even with low carbon prices. A 2023 study identified
a reduction in carbon emissions of around -10% between 2005 and 2012 without impacts
on profits or employment for regulated firms.

The EU Emission Trading System (EU-ETS) is a cap and trade model that allows one
to emit 1 ton of CO2 (tCO2) per year. The system sets a maximum cap on the total
amount of greenhouse gases emitted by all participating installations. EU allowances are
auctioned off or allocated for free, and can be traded. Installations must monitor and
report their CO2 emissions, ensuring they hand in enough allowances to cover their
emissions. To exceed their emissions allowance, an installation must purchase
allowances from others. If an installation emits less than its allowance, it can sell its
leftover credits. This allows the system to find cost-effective ways of reducing emissions
without significant government intervention. The scheme was initially designed to cover
energy and heat generation industries, with around 11,186 plants participating in the first
stage. Over 90% of these allowances were free of cost, building a strong base for future
phases. However, the overallocation of allowances caused the price to drop to €1/tCO₂ in
the first few months of 2007, creating market price instabilities for businesses to reinvest
in low carbon technologies. The EU-ETS is the largest multi-national greenhouse gas
emissions trading scheme in the world, with Phase I starting in January 2005 with all 15
member states participating. It caps the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from large
installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW and covers almost half of the EU's
Carbon Dioxide emissions.

Overall, uncertainty is crucial in designing climate policy, affecting its efficiency. High
compliance costs and natural price fluctuations can hinder strict policies. Credible
investment incentives are essential for change. Traditional technologies may be less risky
than new ones. Efficient mechanisms to manage uncertainty can strengthen climate
policy's political case and effectiveness.
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

3. Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the

stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-
depleting substances (ODS). It is the first treaty to achieve universal ratification by all
countries, spurring global investment in alternative technologies, many developed by U.S.
companies. The protocol has placed the ozone layer in danger and placed it on a path to
repair. This was also about the substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer it was a
multilateral agreement that regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100 man-
made chemicals, known as ozone depleting substances (ODS), which damage the
stratospheric ozone layer, Earth's protective shield from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Adopted in 1987, the Protocol is one of the rare treaties to achieve universal ratification. It
phases down ODS consumption and production in a step-wise manner, with different
timetables for developed and developing countries. All parties have specific
responsibilities related to ODS phase-out, control of trade, annual reporting of data, and
national licensing systems. Both developing and developed countries have equal but
differentiated responsibilities, but both have binding, time-targeted, and measurable
commitments.

In order to implement or to make this protocol efficient they launched a Multilateral

Fund that will help the Montreal Protocol to help developing countries with annual per
capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) below 0.3 kg
comply with the Protocol's control measures. Currently, 147 of the 196 Parties to the
Montreal Protocol meet these criteria, known as Article 5 countries. The Fund is managed
by an executive committee with equal representation from seven industrialized and seven
Article 5 countries, elected annually by a Meeting of the Parties. The work of the
Multilateral Fund in developing countries is carried out by four Implementing Agencies.

Furthermore the Montreal protocol aims to help those people from the ozone layer that
was responsible for filtering harmful ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancer,
cataracts, reduced agricultural productivity, and marine ecosystem disruption. The United
States, a key player in the Montreal Protocol, has been actively involved in phasing out
ODS, such as chlorofluorocarbons and halons, to prevent a 2.5°C temperature increase
by the end of this century. The EPA estimates that with full implementation, Americans
born between 1890 and 2100 could avoid 443 million skin cancer cases, 2.3 million skin
cancer deaths, and over 63 million cataracts, with even greater benefits worldwide. The
Montreal Protocol's Scientific Assessment Panel predicts near-complete recovery of the
ozone layer by the middle of the 21st century.
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

4. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was about an international agreement that aimed to reduced carbon
dioxide emissions and greenhouse gas presence in the atmosphere. It was adopted in
1997 in Kyoto, Japan, to address climate and environmental threats. It was replaced by
the Paris Agreement in 2016, which came into effect in 2016. The Kyoto Protocol,
adopted in 1997, aimed to reduce industrialized nations' greenhouse gas emissions
during a rapidly growing global warming threat. It became international law in 2005 and
assigned maximum carbon emission levels for specific periods. Countries that ratified the
Protocol participated in carbon credit trading and were penalized for exceeding their
limits. Under the Protocol, developed countries committed to reducing their annual
hydrocarbon emissions by an average of 5.2% by 2012. Each country had a different
target, with the EU pledging to cut emissions by 8%, the U.S. and Canada pledging to
reduce emissions by 7% and 6%, respectively.

The Kyoto Protocol introduced three mechanisms to assist countries in achieving their
emission-limitation targets:
The International Emissions Trading Mechanism, that allows the countries
with excess emission units to engage in carbon trading and sell them to countries over
their target.
The Clean Development Mechanism, that was about countries with emission-
reducing or limiting commitments to implement emission-reducing projects in developing
nations to earn certified emission-reduction credits.

The Joint Implementation Mechanism, involves countries with emission-

reducing or limiting commitments to earn units from a project in another party.

The Kyoto Protocol was a global agreement among developed nations to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases to mitigate the effects of climate
change. This was an agreement between developed nations, aimed to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases, addressing climate change concerns. It aimed
to mitigate global warming effects such as rising seal levels, island state disappearance,
glacier melting, and increased extreme climate-related events. There were a lot of
countries that signed this agreement and Afghanistan became the 192nd and last
signatory of the Kyoto Protocol after joining in 2013. This protocol has a significant
international treaty on climate change, is a significant legislative achievement and a key
part of environmental and conservation history, although it has been replaced by the
Paris Agreement.
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

5. Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement, also known as the Paris Climate Accords, is an international
treaty adopted in 2015 that covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. It
was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
As of February 2023, 195 UNFCCC members are parties to the agreement. Iran is the
only major emitter not ratified. The US withdrew from the agreement in 2020 but rejoined
in 2021. This aims to limit global average temperature increase to below 2°C above pre-
industrial levels and limit it to 1.5°C by the end of this century. However, world leaders
have emphasized the need to limit warming to 1.5°C due to potential severe climate
impacts. To achieve this, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 and decline
43% by 2030. The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral climate change
process, as it brings all nations together to combat and adapt to climate change. It
operates on a five-year cycle of ambitious climate action, with countries submitting their
nationally determined contributions (NDCs) since 2020. The COP27 cover decision
requests Parties to revisit and strengthen their 2030 targets to align with the Paris
Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2023, considering different national
circumstances.

How does this can help people or other countries? The Paris Agreement provides
financial assistance to less endowed and vulnerable countries, while encouraging
voluntary contributions from other Parties. Climate finance is crucial for mitigation and
adaptation, as large-scale investments are needed to significantly reduce emissions and
adapt to the adverse effects of a changing climate. This also aims to enhance climate
change resilience and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by establishing a technology
framework and guiding the Technology Mechanism, which is accelerating technology
development and transfer through policy and implementation arms. In order to make he
Paris Agreement effective it requires 186 countries that was responsible for over 90% of
global emissions, to submit carbon reduction targets, known as "intended nationally
determined contributions," prior to the conference. These targets outline each country's
commitments to curb emissions through 2025 or 2030.

For now the Paris Agreement established an enhanced transparency framework (ETF)
for countries to report on climate change mitigation, adaptation measures, and support.
Starting in 2024, countries will use international procedures for reporting and provide
information for the Global stocktake. This data will assess collective progress towards
long-term climate goals, recommending more ambitious plans for countries in the next
round. They also has sparked low-carbon solutions and new markets, with countries,
regions, cities, and companies setting carbon neutrality targets. Zero-carbon solutions are
becoming competitive across sectors representing 25% of emissions, particularly in
power and transport, creating new business opportunities. By 2030, zero-carbon solutions
could be competitive in sectors representing over 70% of global emissions.
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

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