Chapter dl Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations LECTURE TOPICS + Introduction Chaps Chapter : Fundamentals of Mass Transfer Process Chapter : Convective Mass Transfer Chapter : Interphase Mass Transfer Chapter : Introduction to Mass Transfer Equipment Chapter : Absorption Chapter : Distillation Chapter: Liga — Lguld and Liga ~ Sold Extraction Drying +: Membrane Separation Processes REFERENCES Se sancti, CONTENT L.1. Classification of Mass Transfer Operations 1.2. Selection of Mass Transfer Processes 1.3. Methods of conducting the mays-transfer operations 1.4. Design Principles 1.5. Mole Units, and Mass or Weight Units1.1, Classification of Mass Transfer Operations + Unit Operations *Unit Operations” has largely been superseded by the more modern and descriptive term “separation processes”. 4 The separation process are common to all types of diverse process industries. 1. Momentum Transfer: Transfer of momentum which occurs in ‘moving media. 2. Heat Transfer: Transfer of heat from one place to another 3. Mass Transfer: Mass is being transferred from one phase to ‘another distinct phase UNIT OPERATIONS, c PHYSICAL CHEMICAL, Lema L IRREVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE *Mersentuse ‘Mans Transfer (Chemical Trantor ‘ase aquirium) + WeatTranser ——guiiiriem) Definition The mass-transfer operations are characterized by transfer of a substance through another on a molecular scale. It is not bulk movement as a result of pressure, kinetic... difference. The mass transfer is the result of a concentration difference, or gradient. The diffusing tubstance moving from a place offigh io saab ‘one of low concentration. == aMass Transfer and Its Applications Mass transfer ~ transfer of material from one homogeneous phase to another. Tt may oceur ina gas mixture, a liquid solution or solid. Based on differences in vapor pressure, solubility, diffusivity. Driving force for transfer is a concentration difference (gradient in the concentration ofa species) Mass transfer operations — gas absorption, distillation, extraction, leaching, adsorption, crystallization, membrane separations, ete. Dist Separation of a liquid mixture of miscible and volatile substances into individual components or group of components by vaporization. Example: 1. Separation of ethanol and water into its components, 2. Crude petroleum into gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil. Gas Absorption A solute gas is absorbed from an inert gas into a liquid Example: Removal of ammon oxtuae air by means of liquid water. i Ammonia is transferred from ‘asiey J Sovotnte conte 292] vaeor Cools Liquid Extraction A mixture of two components is treated by solvent that preferentially dissolves one or more of the components in the mixture. Example; 1. recovery of penicillin from fermentation bot solvent: butyl acetate 2. recovery of acetic acid (bp 118%c) from dilute aqueous (bp 100%e) solutions solvent: ethyl-acetateAdsorption A solute is removed from either a liquid or a gas through contact with solid adsorbent y Adsorbent has surface of which H has a special affinity for the solute. ‘ne Example: Removal of dyes using activated carbon as adsorbent. 1.2. Selection of Mass Transfer Processes The chemical engineer faced with the problem of separating the components of a solution must ordinarily choose from several possible methods. 1. Mass Transfer Process & Mechanical Process 2. Mass Transfer Process & Chemical Reaction or both 3. Mass Transfer Processes The principal basis of choice in any case is cost. Occasionally other factors also influence the decision, however. Membrane separations Gas or liquid separations Such as Reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration One component of liquid or gaseous mixture passes through, selective membrane more readily than the other components. Driving force ~ concentration or partial pressure 1.3. Methods of conducting the mass-transfer operations Several characteristics of these operations influence our method of dealing with them and are described in terms which require definition atthe start. 1) Solute recovery and Fraetionation 2) Unsteady-State operation (Batch) & Steady-State operation 3) Stage-wise Operation & Continuous-Contact Wifferential-Contact) Operation‘There are four major factors to be established in the design of any plant involving: 1. Number of theoretical stages 2. Time of phase contact 3. Capacity ~ The permi 4, Energy requirement Rate equation ible rate of flow Driving Force Resistance eee weight Ty fraction C mole ala fraction *A= weight ratio mole ratio 1.5. Mole Units, and Mass or Weight Units Molar concentration of species ‘unit volume (kmol/m') Mass concentration = {umber of moles of i per lass of i per unit volume (kg/m?) Xq (mole fraction of A) = moles of A / total moles Wa (mass or weight fraction of A) = mass of A/ total mass X, (mole ratio of A) = moles of A/(total moles ~ moles of A) W, (mass or weight ratio of A) = mass of A/(total mass ~ mass of A) Gas phase: % volume = % pressure =% mole Convert concentrations ‘Mass fraction Mass ratio ‘Mole fraction Mole ratio