13/02/2024, 07:27 Worst, Average and Best Case Analysis of Algorithms - GeeksforGeeks

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In the previous post, we discussed how Asymptotic analysis overcomes the

problems of the naive way of analyzing algorithms. But let’s take an
overview of the asymptotic notation and learn about What is Worst,
Average, and Best cases of an algorithm:

Popular Notations in Complexity Analysis of Algorithms

1. Big-O Notation

We define an algorithm’s worst-case time complexity by using the Big-O

notation, which determines the set of functions grows slower than or at the
same rate as the expression. Furthermore, it explains the maximum amount
of time an algorithm requires to consider all input values.

2. Omega Notation

It defines the best case of an algorithm’s time complexity, the Omega

notation defines whether the set of functions will grow faster or at the same
rate as the expression. Furthermore, it explains the minimum amount of time
an algorithm requires to consider all input values.

3. Theta Notation

It defines the average case of an algorithm’s time complexity, the Theta

notation defines when the set of functions lies in both O(expression) and
Omega(expression), then Theta notation is used. This is how we define a
time complexity average case for an algorithm.

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Measurement of Complexity of an Algorithm

Based on the above three notations of Time Complexity there are three
cases to analyze an algorithm:

1. Worst Case Analysis (Mostly used)

In the worst-case analysis, we calculate the upper bound on the running

time of an algorithm. We must know the case that causes a maximum
number of operations to be executed. For Linear Search, the worst case
happens when the element to be searched (x) is not present in the array.
When x is not present, the search() function compares it with all the
elements of arr[] one by one. Therefore, the worst-case time complexity of
the linear search would be O(n).

2. Best Case Analysis (Very Rarely used)

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operations to be executed. In the linear search problem, the best case occurs
when x is present at the first location. The number of operations in the best
case is constant (not dependent on n). So time complexity in the best case
would be ?(1)

3. Average Case Analysis (Rarely used)

In average case analysis, we take all possible inputs and calculate the
computing time for all of the inputs. Sum all the calculated values and divide
the sum by the total number of inputs. We must know (or predict) the
distribution of cases. For the linear search problem, let us assume that all
cases are uniformly distributed (including the case of x not being present in
the array). So we sum all the cases and divide the sum by (n+1). Following is
the value of average-case time complexity.

Average Case Time = \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\theta (i)}{(n+1)} =

\frac{\theta (\frac{(n+1)*(n+2)}{2})}{(n+1)} = \theta (n)

Which Complexity analysis is generally used?

Below is the ranked mention of complexity analysis notation based on
popularity:

1. Worst Case Analysis:

Most of the time, we do worst-case analyses to analyze algorithms. In the

worst analysis, we guarantee an upper bound on the running time of an
algorithm which is good information.

2. Average Case Analysis

The average case analysis is not easy to do in most practical cases and it is
rarely done. In the average case analysis, we must know (or predict) the
mathematical distribution of all possible inputs.
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The Best Case analysis is bogus. Guaranteeing a lower bound on an

algorithm doesn’t provide any information as in the worst case, an algorithm
may take years to run.

Interesting information about asymptotic notations:

A) For some algorithms, all the cases (worst, best, average) are
asymptotically the same. i.e., there are no worst and best cases.

Example: Merge Sort does ?(n log(n)) operations in all cases.

B) Where as most of the other sorting algorithms have worst and best
cases.

Example 1: In the typical implementation of Quick Sort (where pivot

is chosen as a corner element), the worst occurs when the input
array is already sorted and the best occurs when the pivot elements
always divide the array into two halves.
Example 2: For insertion sort, the worst case occurs when the array
is reverse sorted and the best case occurs when the array is sorted
in the same order as output.

Examples with their complexity analysis:

1. Linear search algorithm:

C++

// C++ implementation of the approach

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Linearly search x in arr[].

// If x is present then return the index,
// otherwise return -1
int search(int arr[], int n, int x)
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acknowledge that you have read and understood our Cookie Policy & Privacy
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
Policy
if (arr[i] == x)
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13/02/2024, 07:27 Worst, Average and Best Case Analysis of Algorithms - GeeksforGeeks

return i;
}
return -1;
}

// Driver's Code
int main()
{
int arr[] = { 1, 10, 30, 15 };
int x = 30;
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

// Function call
cout << x << " is present at index "
<< search(arr, n, x);

return 0;
}

// C implementation of the approach

#include <stdio.h>

// Linearly search x in arr[].

// If x is present then return the index,
// otherwise return -1
int search(int arr[], int n, int x)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (arr[i] == x)
return i;
}
return -1;
}

/* Driver's code*/
int main()
{
int arr[] = { 1, 10, 30, 15 };
int x = 30;
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

// Function call
printf("%d is present at index %d", x,
search(arr, n, x));

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Java

// Java implementation of the approach

public class GFG {

// Linearly search x in arr[]. If x is present then

// return the index, otherwise return -1
static int search(int arr[], int n, int x)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (arr[i] == x) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}

/* Driver's code*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int arr[] = { 1, 10, 30, 15 };
int x = 30;
int n = arr.length;

// Function call
System.out.printf("%d is present at index %d", x,
search(arr, n, x));
}
}

Python3

# Python 3 implementation of the approach

# Linearly search x in arr[]. If x is present

# then return the index, otherwise return -1

def search(arr, x):

for index, value in enumerate(arr):
if value == x:
return index
return -1

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# you acknowledge
Driver's Codethat you have read and understood our Cookie Policy & Privacy
if __name__ == '__main__': Policy

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arr = [1, 10, 30, 15]

x = 30

# Function call
print(x, "is present at index",
search(arr, x))

C#

// C# implementation of the approach

using System;
public class GFG {

// Linearly search x in arr[]. If x is present then

// return the index, otherwise return -1
static int search(int[] arr, int n, int x)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (arr[i] == x) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}

/* Driver's code*/
public static void Main()
{
int[] arr = { 1, 10, 30, 15 };
int x = 30;
int n = arr.Length;

// Function call
Console.WriteLine(x + " is present at index "
+ search(arr, n, x));
}
}

Javascript

// javascript implementation of the approach

// Linearly search x in arr. If x is present then

// return the index, otherwise return -1
function search(arr , n , x) {
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var i;you have the best browsing experience on our website. By using
our site, you acknowledge
for (i that= you
0;have
i <read
n;and understood
i++) { our Cookie Policy & Privacy
if (arr[i] Policy
== x) {

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13/02/2024, 07:27 Worst, Average and Best Case Analysis of Algorithms - GeeksforGeeks

return i;
}
}
return -1;
}

/* Driver program to test above functions */

var arr = [ 1, 10, 30, 15 ];

var x = 30;
var n = arr.length;
document.write(x+" is present at index "+ search(arr, n, x));

PHP

<?php
// PHP implementation of the approach

// Linearly search x in arr[]. If x

// is present then return the index,
// otherwise return -1
function search($arr, $n, $x)
{
for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
{
if ($arr[$i] == $x)
return $i;
}
return -1;
}

// Driver's Code
$arr = array(1, 10, 30, 15);
$x = 30;
$n = sizeof($arr);

// Function call
echo $x . " is present at index ".
search($arr, $n, $x);

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Output

30 is present at index 2

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Time to ensure you have the best browsing
Analysis: experience
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notation)
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Best Case: O(1), This will take place if the element to be searched is on
the first index of the given list. So, the number of comparisons, in this
case, is 1.
Average Case: O(n), This will take place if the element to be searched is
on the middle index of the given list.
Worst Case: O(n), This will take place if:
The element to be searched is on the last index
The element to be searched is not present on the list

2. In this example, we will take an array of length (n) and deals with the
following cases :

If (n) is even then our output will be 0

If (n) is odd then our output will be the sum of the elements of the array.

Below is the implementation of the given problem:

C++

// C++ implementation of the approach

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int getSum(int arr[], int n)

{
if (n % 2 == 0) // (n) is even
{
return 0;
}
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum; // (n) is odd
}

// Driver's Code
int main()
{
// Declaring two array one of length odd and other of
// length even;
int arr[4] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
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Function thatcall
you have read and understood our Cookie Policy & Privacy
cout << getSum(arr, Policy 4)

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<< endl; // print 0 because (n) is even

cout << getSum(a, 5)
<< endl; // print sum because (n) is odd
}
// This code is contributed by Suruchi Kumari

Java

// Java implementation of the approach

public class GFG {

static int getsum(int arr[], int n)
{
if (n % 2 == 0) // if (n) is even
{
return 0;
}
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum; // if (n) is odd
}

/* Driver's code*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int arr1[]
= { 1, 2, 3,
4 }; // Declaring an array of even length
int n1 = arr1.length;

int arr2[]
= { 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 }; // Declaring an array of odd length
int n2 = arr2.length;

// Function call
System.out.println(getsum(
arr1, n1)); // print 0 because (n) is even
System.out.println(getsum(
arr2,
n2)); // print sum of array because (n) is odd
}
} // This code is contributed by Syed Maruf Ali (Sdmrf)

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# Python 3 implementation Policy
of the approach

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def getsum(arr, n):

if n % 2 == 0: # if (n) is even
return 0

Sum = 0
for i in range(n):
Sum += arr[i]
return Sum # if (n) is odd

# Driver's Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
arr1 = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Declaring an array of even length
n1 = len(arr1)
arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # Declaring an array of odd length
n2 = len(arr2)

# Function call
print(getsum(arr1, n1)) # print 0 because (n) is even

print(getsum(arr2, n2)) # print sum of array because (n) is odd

# This code is contributed by Syed Maruf Ali

C#

using System;

public class Gfg

{
static int getSum(int[] arr, int n)
{
if (n % 2 == 0) // (n) is even
{
return 0;
}
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum; // (n) is odd
}

// Driver's Code
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
We use cookies
// toDeclaring
ensure you have
twothearray
best browsing
one experience
of length on our
oddwebsite.
and By using of
other
our site, you//
acknowledge that
length even; you have read and understood our Cookie Policy & Privacy
int[] arr = { 1, 2, Policy 3, 4 };

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13/02/2024, 07:27 Worst, Average and Best Case Analysis of Algorithms - GeeksforGeeks

int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Function call
Console.Write(getSum(arr, 4)+"\n"); // print 0 because (n) is even
Console.Write(getSum(a, 5)); // print sum because (n) is odd
}
}

// This code is contributed by poojaagarwal2.

Javascript

// Javascript implementation of the approach

function getSum(arr, n) {
if (n % 2 == 0) {
// (n) is even
return 0;
}
var sum = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum; // (n) is odd
}

// Driver's Code

// Declaring two array one of length odd and other of

// length even;
var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];
var a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

// Function call
console.log(getSum(arr, 4)); //print 0 because (n) is even
console.log(getSum(a, 5)); // print sum because (n) is odd

// This code is contributed by satwiksuman.

PHP

<?php
// PHP implementation of the approach

function getSum($arr, $n) {

if ($n % 2 == 0) {
return
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have the best browsing experience on our website. By using
}
our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understood our Cookie Policy & Privacy
Policy
$sum = 0;
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13/02/2024, 07:27 Worst, Average and Best Case Analysis of Algorithms - GeeksforGeeks

for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {

$sum += $arr[$i];
}
return $sum;
}

// Driver's Code
$arr1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]; // Declaring an array of even length
$n1 = count($arr1);
$arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // Declaring an array of odd length
$n2 = count($arr2);

// Function calls
echo getSum($arr1, $n1) . "\n"; // print 0 because (n) is even
echo getSum($arr2, $n2) . "\n"; // print sum of array because (n) is od
?>

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Output

0
15

Time Complexity Analysis:

Best Case: The order of growth will be constant because in the best case
we are assuming that (n) is even.
Average Case: In this case, we will assume that even and odd are equally
likely, therefore Order of growth will be linear
Worst Case: The order of growth will be linear because in this case, we
are assuming that (n) is always odd.

For more details, please refer: Design and Analysis of Algorithms.

Worst, Average, and Best Case Analysis of Algorithms is a technique used

to analyze the performance of algorithms under different conditions. Here
are some advantages, disadvantages, important points, and reference books
related to this analysis technique:

Advantages:

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acknowledge allows
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and understood understand
Cookie Policy the performance of
& Privacy
algorithms under different Policy scenarios, which can help in making informed

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decisions about which algorithm to use for a specific task.

2. Worst case analysis provides a guarantee on the upper bound of the
running time of an algorithm, which can help in designing reliable and
efficient algorithms.
3. Average case analysis provides a more realistic estimate of the running
time of an algorithm, which can be useful in real-world scenarios.

Disadvantages:

1. This technique can be time-consuming and requires a good

understanding of the algorithm being analyzed.
2. Worst case analysis does not provide any information about the typical
running time of an algorithm, which can be a disadvantage in real-world
scenarios.
3. Average case analysis requires knowledge of the probability distribution
of input data, which may not always be available.

Important points:

1. The worst case analysis of an algorithm provides an upper bound on the

running time of the algorithm for any input size.
2. The average case analysis of an algorithm provides an estimate of the
running time of the algorithm for a random input.
3. The best case analysis of an algorithm provides a lower bound on the
running time of the algorithm for any input size.
4. The big O notation is commonly used to express the worst case running
time of an algorithm.
5. Different algorithms may have different best, average, and worst case
running times.

Reference books:

1. “Introduction to Algorithms” by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson,

Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein is a comprehensive guide to algorithm
analysis, including worst, average, and best case analysis.
2. “Algorithm Design” by Jon Kleinberg and Éva Tardos provides a modern
approach
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3. “The Art of Computer Programming” by Donald Knuth is a classic text on

algorithms and programming, which includes a detailed discussion of
worst case analysis.
4. “Algorithms Unlocked” by Thomas H. Cormen provides a gentle
introduction to algorithm analysis, including worst, average, and best
case analysis.

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Complexity Analysis of Algorithms (Based on input size) in Complexity
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