MATHS IN FOCUS 11

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 1: Algebraic techniques

Exercise 1.01 Index laws

Question 1

a 53 × 22 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 2 × 2 = 500

b 34 + 82 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 + 8 × 8 = 145
3
1 1
3
1
c  = =
4 4
3
64

d 3
27 = 3

e 4
16 = 2

Question 2

a=
3.7 2 13.69... ≈ 13.7

b =
1.061.5 1.091... ≈ 1.1

2.3−0.2 0.8465... ≈ 0.8

c=

d=
3
19 2.668... ≈ 2.7

e 3
34.8 − 1.2 × 43.1 = −2.567... ≈ −2.6

1
f = 0.533... ≈ 0.5
3
0.99 + 5.61

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Question 3

a a 2 a 6 + 9=
a 6 × a 9 ×= +2
a17

b y 3 × y −8 × y 5 = y 3 − 8 + 5 = y 0 = 1

1
c a −1 × a −3 = a −1 − 3 = a −4 =
a4
1 1 1 1
+
d w2 × w2 = w2 2
= w1 = w

e x x 6 −=
x6 ÷ = 1
x5

f p 3 ÷ p −7 = p 3 − ( −7) = p 3 + 7 = p10

y11 11 − 5
g = y= y6
y5

h ( x=
)
7 3 7×3
x= x 21

i (=
2x ) 5 2 2 5× 2
2=x 4 x10

j ( 3 y=)
−2 4 −2 × 4
34 y= =
81 y −8
81
y8

k a 3 × a 5 ÷ a 7 = a 3 + 5 − 7 = a1 = a
5
 x2  x 2 × 5 x10
l  =9 
=
y  y 9 × 5 y 45

w6 × w7 w6 + 7 w13 −3
m = = = w13= w10
w3 w3 w3

p 2 × ( p3 )
4
p 2 × p 3 × 4 p 2 × p12 p 2 + 12 p14 −9
n 9
= 9
= 9
= =
9
= 9
p14= p5
p p p p p

x 6 ÷ x 7 x 6 − 7 x −1 1
o 2
= = =
2 2
x −1 =
−2 −3
x=
x x x x3

a 2 × ( b2 )
6
a 2 × b 2 × 6 a 2 × b12 2−4 12 − 9 −2 b3
p = = = a ×b = a ×b = 2
3

a 4 × b9 a 4b 9 a 4b 9 a

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q
(x ) ×( y )
2 −3 3 2

=
x 2 × −3 × y 3 × 2 x −6 × y 6
= = x −6 − ( −1)
× y 6−4
= x −5
× y 2
=
y2
x −1 × y 4 x −1 y 4 x −1 y 4 x5

Question 4

a x 5 × x9= x5 + 9= x14

1
b a −1 × a −6 = a −1 − 6 = a −7 =
a7

m7 7−3
c = m= m4
m3

k 9 k 13 +=
d k 13 × k 6 ÷= 6−9
k 10

1
e a −5 × a 4 × a −7 = a −5+4−7 = a −8 =
a8
2 3 2 3
+
f x5 × x5 = x5 5
= x1 = x

m5 × n 4
g = m5 − 4 × n 4 − 2 = m1 × n 2 = mn 2
m4 × n2
1 1 1 1
+
p 2 × p 2 p 2 2 p1 −2 −1 1
h 2
= = =
2 2
p1 = p=
p p p p

i ( 3x ) 11 2
32 x11 × 2 =
=× 9 x 22

j
(x =
) 4 6
x 4 × 6 x 24
= = −3
x 24= x 21
x3 x 3
x 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 3

Question 5

a ( pq )
3 5
=p 5 × q 3 × 5 =p 5q15

8
a a
8
b   = 8
b b

 4a  4 × a
3 3 3
64a 3
c = 4 
=
b  b4 × 3 b12

( 7a b )
2
d 5
= 7 2 × a 5 × 2 × b 2 = 49a10b 2

e
( 2m=
) 7 3
23 × m7 × 3 8m 21
= = 21 − 4
8m= 8m17
m4 m4 m4

xy 3 × ( xy 2 )
4
xy 3 × x 4 y 2 × 4 x1 + 4 × y 3 + 8 x 5 y11
f = = = = x5 − 1 y= 11 − 1
x 4 y10
xy xy xy xy

g
( 2=
k )
8 4
24 k 8 × 4 16k 32
= =
2 32 − 9 2k 23
=
k
( 6k )
3 3 63 k 3 × 3 216k 9 27 27

y12 27 y 5 × 7 × y12 128 y 35 × y12

h (2 y )
5 7
×=
8 8
=
8
+ 12
= 16 y 35= 16 y 47

−3 3 3
 a6 × a4   a11   a11 
i  11 =   6+=4   10= (a )
11 − 10 3
= (=
a)
3
a3
 a  a  a 
3
 5 xy 9  53 x 3 y 9 × 3 125 x 3 y 27 3 − 24 27 − 9 −21 18 125 y18
j  = 3 
= = 125 x = y =
125 x y
x ×y 
8
x8 × 3 y 3 × 3 x 24 y 9 x 21

Question 6
2 2

( 2 )   =23 ×  2  =23 × 2 × 2 =9 × 2−1 = or 4.5

3 3 3 32 9
4 2  2 2

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 Question 7

 23   1   23  1
3 2 2
2 1 23
          2×2
 3   9  =  3  3  =  3  3
3 2 3 3 11
= 34 + 3 = 2 × 3 = 22 × 34 = 324
 2  1 
5
 2  1 
5
2 1 2 37 2
     2    2×5 310 + 1
 3  9   3  3  33

Question 8
2 3
1 1 1 1
    ×
    = 22 33 = 1 × 1 × 22 × 4 = 64 = 2 10
2 3
4 4
1 1 22 33 27 27
   2
4 2 

Question 9

a11b8 11 − 8 8 − 7
=
a 8 7
a= b a 3b
ab
3

b     = 3 × 3 = 2 =
2 5 23 5 1 1
5 8 5 2 5 25

Question 10

p5 q8 r 4 5−4 8−6 4−2

=
a 4 6 2
p= q r pq 2 r 2
pqr

2 2 2

b       = × 2 ×  2  = × 2 × 2 × 2 = × 2 =
7 2 3 7 22 3 7 22 32 7 1 7
 8  3   4  8 3 2  8 3 2 8 2 32

Question 11
3
 1 4
 1
×4×3 2
   2 6    2 6 2 4
   3  =  
  3 = = 
3 9
  


© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 5

Question 12
3 6
1 2
    3 6−4 2
 2   3  = 1   2  1 2 1 22 1
= 8 ×  = 3 × 2 =
   
2 3 2  3  2 3 18
4
2
 
3

Question 13
4 7
1  2
    4−5 7−5 −1 2
 3   9  = 1   2  1  2 4
=    =3 × =
4
   
1  2 3  9  3  9 
5 5
81 27
   
3  9 

Question 14
−5
1
  −5 + 9 4
 3=
 1 1 1
−9  = = 
1 3  3  81
 
3

Question 15
4 6 4 6 4 6
3 1 3 1 3 1
            4−3 6−4 2
 4 =9  4=
 9  9 3 =
 4= 1  3  1  1
2×2     =  
3 1 4 9  4  9  108
2 3 3 4
 3   1   3 1
3 2

             
 4   9   4 9 4 9

Question 16
6 3
1 3
  ×  6−5 3−2
 9   4  = 1  × 3  = 1 × 3 = 1
   
1 3 9 4
5 2
9 4 12
  × 
9 4

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Exercise 1.02 Zero and negative indices

Question 1

1 1 1 1
a 3−=
3
=
3
k −6
2= = 6
3 27 2 64

1 1 1 1
b 4−=
1
= l 3−=
2
=
41 4 32 9

c −3
7=
1
=
1 m 40 = 1
3
7 343
−2 1 1
n 6= =2
−4 1 1 6 36
d 10= = 4
10 10 000
1 1
o 5−=
3
=
3
−8 1 1 5 125
e 2= =8
2 256
−5 1 1
p 10= = 5
f 6 =1
0 10 100 000

1 1 −7 1 1
−5
g 2= = 5
q 2= =7
2 32 2 128

1 1 r 20 = 1
h 3−=
4
=
4
3 81
1 1
s 8−=
2
=2
1 1 8 64
i 7 −=
1
=
71 7
−3 1 1
t 4= = 3
−2 1 1 4 64
j 9= =2
9 81

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 7

Question 2

a 20 = 1 −1 1

k  =
3 7 7
 =
−4 4 7 3 3
b   =  = 2=
1 2 4
16
2 1 0
8
l   =1
−1 1 9
c  =
2 3 3
 =
3 2 2 −2 2

m  =  = =
6 7 7 2 49
−2 2 7 6 62 36
d  =  = =
5 6 62 36
6 5 52 25 −2 2

n  =
9  10  10 100
2

  =  =
0  10  9 92 81
 x + 2y 
e   =1
 3x − y  0

o   = 1
6
−3 3  11 
1 5
  =  = 5= 125
3
f
5 1 −2 2

p  −  =−
 4
1
  =(−4) 2 =
16
−1 1  4  1
g  =
3 4 4
 =
4 3 3 −3 3

q  −  =
 5
2 53 125
−  =
− 3 =
−
−2 2  5  2 2 8
h   =  = 7=
1 7 2
49
7 1  2
−1
 23   7  7
−1 1

r  −3  =
−  = −  = −
−3 3  7  7   23  23
2 3 33 27
i   = =
  =
3 2 23 8 0

s  −  =
3
1
−5 5  8
1 2
  =  = 2= 32
5
j
2 1  1  5
−2
 4  16
−2 2

t  −1  =
−  =
−  =
 4  4  5 25

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 8

Question 3

1 2 2 1 2
a 3
= m −3 m 7
= × 7 = y −7
m 3y 3 y 3

1 1
= x −1 ( 3x + 4 )
−2
b n =
( 3x + 4 )
2
x

1
c = p −7 1
(a + b)
−8
p 7 o =
(a + b)
8

1
d = d −9 1
( x − 2)
−1
d 9
p =
x−2
1
e = k −5 1
( 5 p + 1)
−3
k 5
q =
( 5 p + 1)
3

1
f = x −2
x2 r
2
= 2 ( 4t − 9 )
−5

( 4t − 9 )
5

2
g 4
= 2x −4
x s 1 1 1
= ×
4 ( x + 1) 4 ( x + 1)11
11
3
h = 3y −2
2 1
= × ( x + 1)
y −11

4
( x + 1)
1 1 1 1 −11
i = × 6 = z −6
2z 6
2 z 2 =
4
3 3 1 3 −8
j = × = t t 5 5 1
5t 8 5 t 8 5 = ×
9 ( a + 3b ) 9 ( a + 3b )7
7

2 2 1 2 −1 5
= × ( a + 3b )
−7
k = × = x
7x 7 x 7 9
5 ( a + 3b )
−7

l
5 5 1 5
= × 6 = m −6 =
2m 6
2 m 2 9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 9

Question 4

1 1 1
)
(8 y + z=
−1
a t −5 = l =
(8 y + z ) 8 y + z
1
t5

1
b x −6 = m ( k − 3)
−2
= 2
1
x6
( k − 3)
1
c y −3 = 1
( 3x + 2 y )
−9
y3 n = 9
( 3x + 2 y )
1
d n −8 = −5 5
n8 1 x
o  = = x)
(=
5
  x5
x 1
1
e w−10 =
w10 −10
1
10
 y
p  = = (=
y)
10
  y10
1 2  y 1
f 2 x −1 =2 × =
x1 x
−1
2
1
 p p
1 3 q =  = 
g 3m −4 =×
3 4
=4  p 2 2
m m
−2
( a + b )=
2
 a+b
2
 1 
=  = (a + b)
2
1 5
−7
h 5 x =5 × 7 = 7 r 
 a+b  1 
2
x x 1

−1 1
( 2=
x)
−3
=
1 1  x+ y  x− y x− y
i s =  = 
( 2 x ) 8 x3
3
 x− y  x+ y x+ y

1 1 −7
( 4=
n)
−1
 2w − z   3x + y 
7
j =
( 4n ) 4n
1 t   = 
 3x + y   2w − z 
1
( x + 1)
−6
k = 6
( x + 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 10

Exercise 1.03 Fractional indices

Question 1
1 1
=
a 812
=
81 9 =
o 343 3 3
=
343 7
1 1
=
b 27 3 3
=
27 3 =
p 128 7 7
=
128 2
1 1
=
c 16 2
=
16 4 =
q 256 4 4
=
256 4

( )
1 2

(=
5)
2
d 8= = = 125=
3 3 2
3
8 2 r 125 3
25
1

( 4 )=
5
e =
49 2
=
49 7 s 4=
2
5
2=
5
32
1
= =
3

( )
f 1000 3
1000 10 2
2
t 8=
3 3
8 = 2=
2
4
1
=
g 16 4
=
4
16 2
( 9 )=
3 3
u 9=
2
3=
3
27
1
=
h 64 2
=
64 8
1
− 1 1 1
1 v 8=
3
=
1
=
3
8 2
i =
64 3 3
=
64 4 83
1 1
− 1 1
j 1=
7
=
7
1 1 w 9=
2
=
9 3
1
=
k 814
=
4
81 3 −
1
1 1
=
x 16 4
=
4
1 16 2
l =
32 5 5
=
32 2
2
− 1 1 1 1
1 y 64 = 3
=2
=
2
=
(2 )
4
2 16
m 0= 8 8
=
0 0 64 3 6 3

1
=
n 125 3
=
3
125 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 11

Question 2

5.9 × 3.7
1
1 4
a 23 4 ≈ 2.19 d ≈ 0.60 f ≈ 0.29
8.79 − 1.4
5
12.9
b
4
45.8 ≈ 2.60
3.6 − 1.4
e 8 ≈ 0.90
c
7
1.24 + 4.32 ≈ 1.53 1.5 + 3.7

Question 3
1 1
− 1
a y = y
3 3 l y 3
=
3 y

1
b x6 = 6
x −
1
1
m a 4
= 4
1 a
c a2 = a
3
− 1 1
1 n=
z 4 =
d t = t
( )
9 3 4
9 4
z z3
2
e y 3 = 3 y2 −
3
1 1
o=
y 5 =
( )
3
3
5 y 5
y3
f x = 4 4
x3
1
2
g b = 5 b2
5 p ( 2 x + 5) 2 = 2x + 5

1
( 6q + r ) 3 =
4
h a 7 = 7 a4 q 3 6q + r
1
− 1 1 1
i x= 2
=1
x
r ( a + b )9 = 9 a + b
x2
1
1 1
s ( 3 x − 1=
)2
−
−
1
1 =
3x − 1
1
j d 3
=3 ( 3 x − 1)2
d
2
1 1
( x + 7=
)5
1 −
−
=8
1 t =
( )
8
k x
( x + 7)
2 2
x 5 5
x+7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 12

Question 4
1
a t = t2

1
b 5 y=y 5

3
c x3 = x 2

1
d 3
9 − x = (9 − x )3

1
e 4s + 1= ( 4s + 1) 2
1 5
( 3x + 1) = ( 3x + 1) 2 = ( 3x + 1) 2
5 ×5
f

1
1 1
( 2t + 3)
−
g = = 2
2t + 3
1
( 2t + 3) 2
3
1 1 1
(5x − y ) 2
−
h = = =
(5x − y )
1 3
(5x − y ) 2 (5x − y ) 2
3 ×3

2
1 1 1
( x − 2)
−
i = = = 3

( x − 2)
1 2
( x − 2)3 ( x − 2) 3
3 2 ×2

1
1 1 1 1 1
( )
−
j = 1 = × 1
= y + 7 2
2 y+7 2 ( y + 7)2 2
( y + 7)2 2

1
5 5 1
( )
−
k =1 = 5× 1
=
5 x + 4 3
3
x+4 ( x + 4)3 ( x + 4)3
1
2 2 2 1
(
2 2
)
−
l = 1 = × 1
= y − 1 2

( ) ( )
3 y2 −1 3 y2 −1 2 3 y2 −1 2 3

3
3 3 3 1
( x + 2) 4
3 2 −
m = = × =
5 4 ( x2 + 2)
1 3
5 ( x + 2) 4 ( x + 2)4
3
2 3× 5 2 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 13

Question 5
1 1 3
1+
a x x = x1 × x 2 = x 2
=x 2

1
1 1
x x −1
2 − 1
b = = x 2
= x = 2
1
x x1 2
x
1 2
x x1 1−
c 3
= = 1
x = x
3 3
x 3
x
1 5
x2 x2 2−
d 3
= =1
x = 3
x 3
x
x3
1 1 5
1+
e x 4 x = x1 × x 4 = x 4
=x 4

Question 6
1
1 1
( a − 2b )=3
−
a =
a − 2b
1
( a − 2b ) 3
3

2
1 1
( y − 3)=3
−
b =
( y − 3)
2
( )3
2
y − 3 3

4
1 4
4 ( 6a + 1)
−
c 7 =
4× =
( 6a + 1)
4
( 6a + 1) 7 4
7

5
( x + y)
−
4 1 1 1
d = × =
3 x + y 4 3 4 ( x + y )5
5
3
( )
2
6 ( 3x + 8)
−
9 6 1 6
e = × =
7 3x + 8 9 7 9 ( 3x + 8 )2
2
7
( )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 14

Exercise 1.04 Simplifying algebraic expressions

Question 1

a 9a – 6a = 3a j 8w – w + 3w = 10w

b 5z – 4z = z k 4m – 3m – 2m = –m

c 4b – b = 3b l x + 3x – 5x = –x

d 2r – 5r = –3r m 8h – h – 7h = 0

e –4y + 3y = –y n 3b – 5b + 4b + 9b = 11b

f –2x – 3x = –5x o –5x + 3x – x – 7x = –10x

g 2a – 2a = 0 p 6x – 5y – y = 6x – 6y

h –4k + 7k = 3k q 8a + b – 4b – 7a = a – 3b

i 3t + 4t + 2t = 9t r xy + 2y + 3xy = 4xy + 2y

s 2ab2 – 5ab2 – 3ab2 = –6ab2

t m2 – 5m – m + 12 = m2 – 6m + 12

u p2 – 7p + 5p – 6 = p2 – 2p – 6

v ab + 2b – 3ab + 8b = –2ab + 10b

w ab + bc – ab – ac + bc = 2bc – ac

x a5 – 7x3 + a5 – 2x3 + 1 = 2a5 – 9x3 + 1

y x3 – 3xy2 + 4x2y – x2y + xy2 + 2y3 = x3 – 2xy2 + 3x2y + 2y3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 15

Question 2

a 5 × 2b = 10b

b 2x × 4y = 8xy

c 5p × 2p = 10p2

d –3z × 2w = –6wz

e –5a × (–3b) = 15ab

f x × 2y × 7z = 14xyz

g 8ab × 6c = 48abc

h 4d × 3d = 12d.2

i 3a × 4a × a = 12a3

( −3y ) = ( −3) y3 = –27y3

3 3
j

( 2x )
5
k 2
= 25x2 × 5 = 32x10

l 2ab3 × 3a = 6a2b3

m 5a2b × (–2ab) = –10a3b2

n 7pq2 × 3p2q2 = 21p3q4

o 5ab × a2b2 = 5a3b3

p 4h3 × (–2h7) = –8h10

q k3p × p2 = k3p3

( −3t ) = ( −3) t 3 × 4 = 81t12

3 4 4
r

s 7m6 × (–2m5) = –14m11

t –2x2 × 3x3y × (–4xy2) = 24x6y3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 16

Question 3

a 30x ÷ 5 = 6x

b 2y ÷ y = 2

8a 2
c = 4a2
2

8a 2
d = 8a2 − 1 = 8a
a

8a 2
e = 4a2 − 1 = 4a
2a
xy y
f =
2x 2

g 12p3 ÷ 4p2 = 3p3 − 2 = 3p

3a 2b 2 1 2 − 1 2 − 1 1 ab
h = a b= = ab
6ab 2 2 2

20 x 4 1 − 1 −1 4
i= = x y
15 xy 3 3y

−9 x 7 3
j 4
− x7 − 4 =
= −3x3
3x 1

k –15ab ÷ (–5b) = 3a

2ab 1 1 − 2 1 − 3 1 −1 −2 1
l =2 3
a= b =
a b
6a b 3 3 3ab 2

−8 p 2 2
m − p1 − 1q −1s −1 =
= −2q −1s −1 =
−
4 pqs 1 qs

14cd 2 2 1 − 3 2 − 3 2 −2 −1 2
n 14cd ÷ 21c d = =
2 3 3
3 3
c= d = c d
21c d 3 3 3c 2 d

2 xy 2 z 3 1 1 − 3 2 − 2 3 − 1 1 −2 2 z 2
o = x y = z =x z
4 x3 y 2 z 2 2 2 x2

42 p 5 q 4 6 5 − 1 4 − 3
p= 3
=p q 6 p4q
7 pq 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 17

 5a 9b 4 c −2 1 9 − 5 4 − −3 −2 − −1 1 4 7 −1 a 4b7
q 5a9b4c−2 ÷ 20a5b−3c−1 = = a b = c =abc
20a 5b −3c −1 4 4 4c

2 ( a −5 ) b 4 2a −5 × 2b 4 1 −10 − −9 4 − − 2 1 −1 6 b 6
2

r = = a =b =a b
4a −9 ( b 2 )
−1
4a −9b 2 × −1 2 2 2a

−5 x 4 y 7 z 1 4 − 1 7 − 8 1 − −2 1 3 −1 3 x3 z 3
4 7
s –5x y z ÷ 15xy8z−2 = =
− x y z =
− x y z =
−
15 xy 8 z −2 3 3 3y

−9 ( a 4b −1 )
3
−9a 4 × 3b −1 × 3 1 12 − −1 −3 − 3 1 13 −6 a13
t −9 ( a b
4
)
−1 3
÷ −18
= −1 3
a b = = a = b =a b
−18a −1b3 −18a −1b3 2 2 2b 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 18

Exercise 1.05 Expansion

Question 1

2 ( x − 4) = 2x − 8

Question 2

3 ( 2h + 3 ) = 6h + 9

Question 3

−5 ( a − 2 ) =−5a + 10

Question 4

x ( 2 y + 3) = 2 xy + 3x

Question 5

x ( x − 2) = x2 − 2 x

Question 6

2a ( 3a − 8b ) = 6a 2 − 16ab

Question 7

ab ( 2a + b )= 2a 2b + ab 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 19

Question 8

5n ( n − 4 ) = 5n 2 − 20n

Question 9

3 x 2 y ( xy + 2 y 2 ) = 3 x 3 y 2 + 6 x 2 y 3

Question 10

3 + 4 ( k + 1) = 3 + 4k + 4 = 4k + 7

Question 11

2 ( t − 7 ) − 3 = 2t − 14 − 3 = 2t − 17

Question 12

y ( 4 y + 3) + 8 y = 4 y 2 + 3 y + 8 y = 4 y 2 + 11y

Question 13

9 − 5 ( b + 3) =−
9 5b − 15 =−5b − 6

Question 14

3 − ( 2 x − 5) = 3 − 2 x + 5 = 8 − 2 x

Question 15

5 ( 3 − 2m ) + 7 ( m − 2 ) =15 − 10m + 7m − 14 =1 − 3m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 20

Question 16

2 ( h + 4 ) + 3 ( 2h − 9 ) = 2h + 8 + 6h − 27 = 8h − 19

Question 17

3 ( 2d − 3) − ( 5d − 3) = 6d − 9 − 5d + 3 = d − 6

Question 18

a ( 2a + 1) − ( a 2 + 3a − 4 ) = 2a 2 + a − a 2 − 3a + 4 = a 2 − 2a + 4

Question 19

x ( 3x − 4 ) − 5 ( x + 1)= 3x 2 − 4 x − 5 x − 5= 3x 2 − 9 x − 5

Question 20

2ab ( 3 − a ) − b ( 4a − 1) =6ab − 2a 2b − 4ab + b =2ab − 2a 2b + b

Question 21

5x − ( x − 2) − 3 = 5x − x + 2 − 3 = 4 x −1

Question 22

8 − 4 ( 2 y + 1) + y =8 − 8 y − 4 + y = 4 − 7 y

Question 23

( a + b ) − ( a − b ) = a + b − a + b = 2b

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 21

Question 24

2 ( 3t − 4 ) − ( t + 1) + 3 = 6t − 8 − t − 1 + 3 = 5t − 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 22

Exercise 1.06 Binomial Products

Question 1

( a + 5)( a + 2 ) = a 2 + 5a + 2a + 10 = a 2 + 7a + 10

Question 2

( x + 3)( x − 1) = x 2 + 3x − x − 3 = x 2 + 2 x − 3

Question 3

( 2 y − 3)( y + 5) = 2 y 2 + 10 y − 3 y − 15 = 2 y 2 + 7 y − 15

Question 4

( m − 4 )( m − 2 ) = m2 − 4m − 2m + 8 = m2 − 6m + 8

Question 5

( x + 4 )( x + 3) = x 2 + 4 x + 3x + 12 = x 2 + 7 x + 12

Question 6

( y + 2 )( y − 5) = y 2 + 2 y − 5 y − 10 = y 2 − 3 y − 10

Question 7

( 2 x − 3)( x + 2 )= 2 x 2 + 4 x − 3x − 6= 2 x 2 + x − 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 23

Question 8

( h − 7 )( h − 3) = h2 − 3h − 7h + 21 = h2 − 10h + 21

Question 9

( x + 5)( x − 5) = x 2 + 5 x − 5 x − 25 = x 2 − 25

Question 10

( 5a − 4 )( 3a − 1=) 15a 2 − 5a − 12a + =

4 15a 2 − 17a + 4

Question 11

( 2 y + 3)( 4 y − 3)= 8 y 2 − 6 y + 12 y − 9= 8 y 2 + 6 y − 9

Question 12

( x − 4 )( y + 7 ) = xy − 4 y + 7 x − 28

Question 13

(x 2
+ 3) ( x − 2 ) = x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 6

Question 14

( n + 2 )( n − 2 ) = n 2 − 2n + 2n − 4 = n 2 − 4

Question 15

( 2 x + 3)( 2 x − 3)= 4 x 2 − 6 x + 6 x − 9= 4 x 2 − 9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 24

Question 16

( 4 + 7 y )( 4 − 7 y ) =16 − 28 y + 28 y − 49 y 2 =16 − 49 y 2

Question 17

( a + 2b )( a − 2b ) =a 2 − 2ab + 2ab − 4b2 =a 2 − 4b2

Question 18

( 3x − 4 y )( 3x + 4 y ) = 9 x 2 − 12 xy + 12 xy − 16 y 2 = 9 x 2 − 16 y 2

Question 19

( x + 3)( x − 3) = x 2 − 3x + 3x − 9 = x 2 − 9

Question 20

( y − 6 )( y + 6 ) = y 2 − 6 x + 6 x − 36 = y 2 − 36

Question 21

( 3a + 1)( 3a − 1=) 9a 2 − 3a + 3a − 1= 9a 2 − 1

Question 22

( 2 z − 7 )( 2 z + 7 ) = 4 z 2 − 14 z + 14 z − 49 = 4 z 2 − 49

Question 23

( x + 9 )( x − 2 y + 2 ) =x 2 − 2 xy + 2 x + 9 x − 18 y + 18 =x 2 − 2 xy + 11x − 18 y + 18

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 25

Question 24

( b − 3)( 2a + 2b − 1) = 2ab + 2b 2 − b − 6a − 6b + 3 = 2b 2 + 2ab − 7b − 6a + 3

Question 25

( x + 2 ) ( x 2 − 2 x + 4 ) = x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 x 2 − 4 x + 8 = x3 + 8

Question 26

( a − 3) ( a 2 + 3a + 9 ) = a3 + 3a 2 + 9a − 3a 2 − 9a − 27 = a3 − 27

Question 27

( a + 9) = ( a + 9 )( a + 9 ) = a 2 + 9a + 9a + 81 = a 2 + 18a + 81
2

Question 28

( k − 4) = ( k − 4 )( k − 4 ) = k 2 − 4k − 4k + 16 = k 2 − 8k + 16
2

Question 29

( x + 2) = ( x + 2 )( x + 2 ) = x 2 + 2 x + 2 x + 4 = x 2 + 4 x + 4
2

Question 30

( y − 7) = ( y − 7 )( y − 7 ) = y 2 − 7 y − 7 y + 49 = y 2 − 14 y + 49
2

Question 31

( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 3) = 4 x 2 + 6 x + 6 x + 9 = 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 26

Question 32

( 2t − 1) = ( 2t − 1)( 2t − 1) = 4t 2 − 2t − 2t + 1 = 4t 2 − 4t + 1
2

Question 33

( 3a + 4b ) =( 3a + 4b )( 3a + 4b ) =9a 2 + 12ab + 12ab + 16b 2 =9a 2 + 24ab + 16b 2

2

Question 34

( x − 5y) =( x − 5 y )( x − 5 y ) =x 2 − 5 xy − 5 xy + 25 y 2 =x 2 − 10 xy + 25 y 2
2

Question 35

( 2a + b ) = ( 2a + b )( 2a + b ) = 4a 2 + 2ab + 2ab + b 2 = 4a 2 + 4ab + b 2

2

Question 36

( a − b )( a + b ) = a 2 − ba + ba − b2 = a 2 − b2

Question 37

(a + b) = ( a + b )( a + b ) = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2

Question 38

(a − b) = ( a − b )( a − b ) = a 2 − ab − ab + b 2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
2

Question 39

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) = a3 − a 2b + ab 2 + a 2b − ab 2 + b3 = a3 + b3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 27

Question 40

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) = a3 + a 2b + ab 2 − a 2b − ab 2 − b3 = a3 − b3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 28

Exercise 1.07 Special products

Question 1

(t + 4) = ( t + 4 )( t + 4 ) = t 2 + 4t + 4t + 16 = t 2 + 8t + 16
2

Question 2

( z − 6) = ( z − 6 )( z − 6 ) = z 2 − 6 z − 6 z + 36 = z 2 − 12 z + 36
2

Question 3

( x − 1) = ( x − 1)( x − 1) = x2 − x − x + 1 = x2 − 2 x + 1
2

Question 4

( y + 8) = ( y + 8 )( y + 8 ) = y 2 + 8 y + 8 y + 64 = y 2 + 16 y + 64
2

Question 5

( q + 3) = ( q + 3)( q + 3) = q 2 + 3q + 3q + 9 = q 2 + 6q + 9
2

Question 6

(k − 7) = ( k − 7 )( k − 7 ) = k 2 − 7 k − 7 k + 49 = k 2 − 14k + 49
2

Question 7

( n + 1) = ( n + 1)( n + 1) = n 2 + n + n + 1 = n 2 + 2n + 1
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 29

Question 8

( 2b + 5) = ( 2b + 5 )( 2b + 5 )
2

= 4b 2 + 10b + 10b + 25
= 4b 2 + 20b + 25

Question 9

(3 − x ) =( 3 − x )( 3 − x ) =9 − 3 x − 3 x + x 2 =x 2 − 6 x + 9
2

Question 10

( 3 y − 1) = ( 3 y − 1)( 3 y − 1) = 9 y2 − 3y − 3y +1 = 9 y2 − 6 y +1
2

Question 11

( x + y) = ( x + y )( x + y ) = x 2 + xy + xy + y 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
2

Question 12

( 3a − b ) = ( 3a − b )( 3a − b )
2

= 9a 2 − 3ab − 3ab + b 2
= 9a 2 − 6ab + b 2

Question 13

( 4d + 5e ) =( 4d + 5e )( 4d + 5e )
2

= 16d 2 + 20de + 20de + 25e 2

= 16d 2 + 40de + 25e 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 30

Question 14

( t + 4 )( t − 4 ) = t 2 − 4t + 4t − 16 = t 2 − 16

Question 15

( x + 3)( x − 3) = x 2 − 3x + 3x − 9 = x 2 − 9

Question 16

( p + 1)( p − 1)= p 2 + p − p − 1= p 2 − 1

Question 17

( r + 6 )( r − 6 ) = r 2 + 6r − 6r − 36 = r 2 − 36

Question 18

( x − 10 )( x + 10 ) =x 2 + 10 x − 10 x − 100 =x 2 − 100

Question 19

( 2a + 3)( 2a − 3)= 4a 2 + 6a − 6a − 9= 4a 2 − 9

Question 20

( x − 5 y )( x + 5 y ) =x 2 + 5 xy − 5 xy − 25 y 2 =x 2 − 25 y 2

Question 21

( 4a + 1)( 4a − 1=) 16a 2 + 4a − 4a −=

1 16a 2 − 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 31

Question 22

( 7 − 3x )( 7 + 3x ) =49 + 21x − 21x − 9 x 2 =49 − 9 x 2

Question 23

(x 2
+ 2 )( x 2 − 2 ) = x 4 − 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 − 4 = x 4 − 4

Question 24

(x + 5 ) = ( x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 5 )
2 2

=x 4 + 5 x 2 + 5 x 2 + 25
=x 4 + 10 x 2 + 25

Question 25

( 3ab − 4c )( 3ab + 4c )= 9a 2b 2 − 12abc + 12abc − 16c 2

= 9a 2b 2 − 16c 2

Question 26
2
 2  2  2
 x +  = x +  x + 
 x  x  x
2x 2x 4
= x2 + + +
x x x2
4
= x2 + 2 + 2 + 2
x
4
= x2 + 4 + 2
x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 32

Question 27

 1  1 a a 1
 a −  a +  = a − + − 2
2

 a  a a a a
1
= a2 −1 + 1 − 2
a
1
= a2 − 2
a

Question 28

( x + [ y − 2]) ( x − [ y − 2]) = x 2
− x ( y − 2) + x ( y − 2) − ( y − 2)
2

= x2 − ( y − 2)
2

= x 2 − ( y − 2 )( y − 2 )
= x2 − ( y 2 − 2 y − 2 y + 4)
= x2 − ( y 2 − 4 y + 4)
= x2 − y 2 + 4 y − 4

Question 29

([ a + b ] + c ) = ([ a + b ] + c ) ([ a + b ] + c )
2

= ( a + b ) + c ( a + b ) + c ( a + b ) + c2
2

= ( a + b )( a + b ) + ca + cb + ca + cb + c 2
= a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2cb + c 2
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2cb + c 2

Question 30

([ x + 1] − y ) = ([ x + 1] − y ) ([ x + 1] − y )
2

= ( x + 1) − y ( x + 1) − y ( x + 1) + y 2
2

= ( x + 1)( x + 1) − yx − y − yx − y + y 2
= x 2 + x + x + 1 − 2 yx − 2 y + y 2
= x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 2 yx − 2 y + y 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 33

Question 31

( a + 3) − ( a − 3) = ( a + 3)( a + 3) − ( a − 3)( a − 3)
2 2

= a 2 + 3a + 3a + 9 − ( a 2 − 3a − 3a + 9 )
= a 2 + 3a + 3a + 9 − a 2 + 3a + 3a − 9
= 12a

Question 32

16 − ( z − 4 )( z + 4 ) = 16 − ( z 2 − 4 z + 4 z − 16 )
= 16 − z 2 + 4 z − 4 z + 16
= 32 − z 2

Question 33

2 x + ( 3 x + 1) − 4 =2 x + ( 3 x + 1)( 3 x + 1) − 4
2

= 2 x + 9 x 2 + 3x + 3x + 1 − 4
= 9 x2 + 8x − 3

Question 34

( x + y) − x ( 2 − y ) = ( x + y )( x + y ) − 2 x + xy
2

= x 2 + xy + xy + y 2 − 2 x + xy
= x 2 + 3 xy − 2 x + y 2

Question 35

( 4n − 3)( 4n + 3) − 2n2 + 5 = 16n 2 − 12n + 12n − 9 − 2n 2 + 5

= 14n 2 − 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 34

Question 36

( x − 4) =( x − 4 )( x − 4 )( x − 4 )
3

= (x 2
− 4 x − 4 x + 16 ) ( x − 4 )
= (x 2
− 8 x + 16 ) ( x − 4 )
=x 3 − 4 x 2 − 8 x 2 + 32 x + 16 x − 64
=x 3 − 12 x 2 + 48 x − 64

Question 37
2 2
 1 1  1  1 1
 x −  −   + 2 =  x −  x −  − 2 + 2
 x x  x  x x
x x 1 1
= x2 − − + 2 − 2 + 2
x x x x
1 1
= x2 −1 −1 + 2 − 2 + 2
x x
=x 2

Question 38

(x + y 2 ) − 4 x 2 y 2 = ( x 2 + y 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) − 4 x 2 y 2
2 2

=x4 + x2 y 2 + x2 y 2 + y 4 − 4x2 y 2
= x4 + y 4 − 2x2 y 2

Question 39

( 2a + 5 ) =( 2a + 5)( 2a + 5)( 2a + 5)
3

= ( 4a 2
+ 10a + 10a + 25 ) ( 2a + 5 )
= ( 4a 2
+ 20a + 25 ) ( 2a + 5 )
=8a 3 + 20a 2 + 40a 2 + 100a + 50a + 125
=8a 3 + 60a 2 + 150a + 125

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 35

Exercise 1.08 Factorisation

Question 1

2 y + 6= 2 ( y + 3)

Question 2

5 x − 10 = 5 ( x − 2 )

Question 3

3m − 9= 3 ( m − 3)

Question 4

2 2 ( 4 x + 1)
8 x +=

Question 5

24 − 18 y = 6 ( 4 − 3 y )

Question 6

x2 + 2x = x ( x + 2)

Question 7

m 2 − 3m= m ( m − 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 36

Question 8

2 y 2 + 4 y= 2 y ( y + 2 )

Question 9

15a − 3a 2 = 3a ( 5 − a )

Question 10

ab 2 + ab= ab ( b + 1)

Question 11

= 2 xy ( 2 x − 1)
4 x 2 y − 2 xy

Question 12

= 3mn ( n 2 + 3)
3mn3 + 9mn

Question 13

8 x 2 z − 2 xz 2= 2 xz ( 4 x − z )

Question 14

6ab + 3a − 2a=
2
a ( 6b + 3 − 2a )

Question 15

= x (5x − 2 + y )
5 x 2 − 2 x + xy

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 37

Question 16

3q 5 − 2q=
2
q 2 ( 3q 3 − 2 )

Question 17

5b3 + 15b 2 = 5b 2 ( b + 3)

Question 18

6a 2b3 − 3a 3b=
2
3a 2b 2 ( 2b − a )

Question 19

x ( m + 5 ) + 7 ( m + 5 ) = ( m + 5 )( x + 7 )

Question 20

2 ( y − 1) − y ( y − 1) = ( y − 1)( 2 − y )

Question 21

4 ( 7 + y ) − 3x ( 7 + y ) = ( 7 + y )( 4 − 3x )

Question 22

6 x ( a − 2 ) + 5 ( a − 2 ) = ( a − 2 )( 6 x + 5 )

Question 23

x ( 2t + 1) − y ( 2t + 1) = ( 2t + 1)( x − y )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 38

Question 24

a ( 3x − 2 ) + 2b ( 3x − 2 ) − 3c ( 3x − 2 ) = ( 3x − 2 )( a + 2b − 3c )

Question 25

6 x3 + 9 x=
2
3 x 2 ( 2 x + 3)

Question 26

q 3 3q 3 ( pq 2 − 2 )
3 pq 5 − 6=

Question 27

3ab 3ab ( 5a 3b 2 + 1)
15a 4b3 +=

Question 28

4 x3 − 24 x 2 = 4 x 2 ( x − 6 )

Question 29

35m3 n 4 − 25m=
2
n 5m 2 n ( 7 mn3 − 5 )

Question 30

24a 2b5 + 16ab

= 2
8ab 2 ( 3ab3 + 2 )

Question 31

2πr 2 + 2πrh = 2πr ( r + h )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 39

Question 32

( x − 3) + 5 ( x − 3) =( x − 3) ( ( x − 3) + 5 ) =( x − 3)( x − 3 + 5) =( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2

Question 33

y2 ( x + 4) + 2 ( x + 4) = ( x + 4) ( y2 + 2)

Question 34

a ( a + 1) − ( a + 1) = ( a + 1) ( a − ( a + 1) ) = ( a + 1)( a − a − 1) = ( a + 1)( −1) = − ( a + 1)

2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 40

Exercise 1.09 Factorisation by grouping in pairs

Question 1

2 x + 8 + bx + 4b = 2 ( x + 4 ) + b ( x + 4 ) = ( x + 4 )( 2 + b )

Question 2

ay − 3a + by − 3b = a ( y − 3) + b ( y − 3) = ( y − 3)( a + b )

Question 3

x 2 + 5 x + 2 x + 10 = x ( x + 5 ) + 2 ( x + 5 ) = ( x + 2 )( x + 5 )

Question 4

m 2 − 2m + 3m − 6 = m ( m − 2 ) + 3 ( m − 2 ) = ( m − 2 )( m + 3)

Question 5

ad − ac + bd − bc = a ( d − c ) + b ( d − c ) = ( a + b )( d − c )

Question 6

x 3 + x 2 + 3 x + 3 = x 2 ( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1) = ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 3)

Question 7

5ab − 3b + 10a − 6= b ( 5a − 3) + 2 ( 5a − 3)= ( 5a − 3)( b + 2 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 41

Question 8

2 xy − x 2 + 2 y 2 − xy = x ( 2 y − x ) + y ( 2 y − x ) = ( 2 y − x )( x + y )

Question 9

ay + a + y + 1 = a ( y + 1) + 1( y + 1) = ( a + 1)( y + 1)

Question 10

x 2 + 5 x − x − 5 = x ( x + 5 ) − 1( x + 5 ) = ( x + 5)( x − 1)

Question 11

y + 3 + ay + 3a = 1( y + 3) + a ( y + 3) = ( y + 3)(1 + a )

Question 12

m − 2 + 4 y − 2my = m − 2my − 2 + 4 y = m (1 − 2 y ) − 2 (1 − 2 y ) = (1 − 2 y )( m − 2 )

Question 13

2 x 2 + 10 xy − 3xy − 15 y 2 =2 x ( x + 5 y ) − 3 y ( x + 5 y ) =( x + 5 y )( 2 x − 3 y )

Question 14

a 2b + ab3 − 4a − 4b 2 = ab ( a + b 2 ) − 4 ( a + b 2 ) = ( a + b 2 ) ( ab − 4 )

Question 15

5 x − x 2 − 3x + 15 = x ( 5 − x ) + 3 ( − x + 5 ) = ( 5 − x )( x + 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 42

Question 16

x 4 + 7 x 3 − 4 x − 28 = x3 ( x + 7 ) − 4 ( x + 7 ) = ( x + 7 ) ( x3 − 4 )

Question 17

7 x − 21 − xy + 3 y = 7 ( x − 3) − y ( x − 3) = ( x − 3)( 7 − y )

Question 18

4d + 12 − de − 3e = 4 ( d + 3) − e ( d + 3) = ( d + 3)( 4 − e )

Question 19

3x − 12 + xy − 4 y = 3 ( x − 4 ) + y ( x − 4 ) = ( x − 4 )( 3 + y )

Question 20

2a + 6 − ab − 3b = 2 ( a + 3) − b ( a + 3) = ( a + 3)( 2 − b )

Question 21

x 3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 18 = x 2 ( x − 3) + 6 ( x − 3) = ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 6 )

Question 22

pq − 3 p + q 2 − 3q = p ( q − 3) + q ( q − 3) = ( q − 3)( p + q )

Question 23

3 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 5 x + 10 = 3 x 2 ( x − 2 ) − 5 ( x − 2 ) = ( x − 2 ) ( 3 x 2 − 5 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 43

Question 24

4a − 12b + ac − 3bc = 4 ( a − 3b ) + c ( a − 3b ) = ( a − 3b )( 4 + c )

Question 25

xy + 7 x − 4 y − 28 = x ( y + 7 ) − 4 ( y + 7 ) = ( y + 7 )( x − 4 )

Question 26

x 4 − 4 x 3 − 5 x + 20 = x3 ( x − 4 ) − 5 ( x − 4 ) = ( x − 4 ) ( x3 − 5 )

Question 27

4 x3 − 6 x 2 + 8 x − 12 = 2 x 2 ( 2 x − 3) + 4 ( 2 x − 3) = ( 2 x − 3) ( 2 x 2 + 4 )= 2 ( 2 x − 3) ( x 2 + 2 )

Question 28

3a 2 + 9a + 6ab + 18b= 3 ( a 2 + 3a + 2ab + 6b )

= 3 ( a ( a + 3) + 2b ( a + 3) )
=3 ( a + 3)( a + 2b )

Question 29

) 5 (1( y − 3) + 2 x ( y − 3)=) 5 ( y − 3)(1 + 2 x )

5 y − 15 + 10 xy − 30 x= 5 ( y − 3 + 2 xy − 6 x=

Question 30

πr 2 + 2πr − 3r − 6 = πr ( r + 2 ) − 3 ( r + 2 ) = ( r + 2 )( πr − 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 44

Exercise 1.10 Factorising trinomials

Question 1

x2 + 4x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1)

Question 2

y 2 + 7 y + 12 = ( y + 3)( y + 4 )

Question 3

m 2 + 2m + 1= ( m + 1)( m + 1)= ( m + 1)
2

Question 4

t 2 + 8t + 16 = ( t + 4 )( t + 4 ) = ( t + 4 )
2

Question 5

z2 + z − 6 = ( z + 3)( z − 2 )

Question 6

x 2 − 5 x − 6 = ( x − 6 )( x + 1)

Question 7

v 2 − 8v + 15 = ( v − 5 )( v − 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 45

Question 8

t 2 − 6t + 9 = ( t − 3)( t − 3) = ( t − 3)
2

Question 9

x 2 + 9 x − 10 = ( x + 10 )( x − 1)

Question 10

y 2 − 10 y + 21 = ( y − 7 )( y − 3)

Question 11

m 2 − 9m + 18 = ( m − 3)( m − 6 )

Question 12

y 2 + 9 y − 36 = ( y + 12 )( y − 3)

Question 13

x 2 − 5 x − 24 = ( x − 8 )( x + 3)

Question 14

a 2 − 4a + 4 = ( a − 2 )( a − 2 ) = ( a − 2 )
2

Question 15

x 2 + 14 x − 32 = ( x + 16 )( x − 2 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 46

Question 16

y 2 − 5 y − 36 = ( y − 9 )( y + 4 )

Question 17

n 2 − 10n + 24 = ( n − 6 )( n − 4 )

Question 18

x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5 )( x − 5 ) = ( x − 5 )
2

Question 19

p2 + 8 p − 9 = ( p + 9 )( p − 1)

Question 20

k 2 − 7k + 10 = ( k − 5 )( k − 2 )

Question 21

x 2 + x − 12 = ( x + 4 )( x − 3)

Question 22

m 2 − 6m − 7 = ( m − 7 )( m + 1)

Question 23

q 2 + 12q + 20 = ( q + 10 )( q + 2 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 47

Question 24

d 2 − 4d − 5 = ( d − 5)( d + 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 48

Exercise 1.11 Further trinomials

Question 1

2a2 + 11a + 5 = (2a + 1)(a + 5)

Question 2

5y2 + 7y + 2 = (5y + 2)(y + 1)

Question 3

3x2 + 10x + 7 = (3x + 7)(x + 1)

Question 4

3x2 + 8x + 4 = (3x + 2)(x + 2)

Question 5

2b2 – 5b + 3 = (2b – 3)(b – 1)

Question 6

7x2 – 9x + 2 = (7x – 2)(x – 1)

Question 7

3y2 + 5y – 2 = (3y – 1)(y + 2)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 49

Question 8

2x2 + 11x + 12 = (2x + 3)(x = 4)

Question 9

5p2 + 13p – 6 = (5p – 2)(p + 3)

Question 10

6x2 + 13x + 5 = (2x + 1)(3x + 5)

Question 11

2 y 2 − 11y − 6= ( 2 y + 1)( y − 6 )

Question 12

10 x 2 + 3x − 1= ( 2 x + 1)( 5 x − 1)

Question 13

8t 2 − 14t + 3= ( 2t − 3)( 4t − 1)

Question 14

6 x 2 − x − 12= ( 2 x − 3)( 3x + 4 )

Question 15

6 y 2 + 47 y − 8 = ( y + 8)( 6 y − 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 50

Question 16

4n 2 − 11n + 6= ( 4n − 3)( n − 2 )

Question 17

8t 2 + 18t − 5= ( 4t − 1)( 2t + 5)

Question 18

12q 2 + 23q + 10 = ( 3q + 2 )( 4q + 5 )

Question 19

4r 2 + 11r − 3= ( 4r − 1)( r + 3)

Question 20

4 x 2 − 4 x − 15 = ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x − 5)

Question 21

6 y 2 − 13 y + 2 = ( y − 2 )( 6 y − 1)

Question 22

6 p 2 − 5 p − 6= ( 3 p + 2 )( 2 p − 3)

Question 23

8 x 2 + 31x + 21 = ( 8 x + 7 )( x + 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 51

Question 24

12b 2 − 43b + 36 = ( 3b − 4 )( 4b − 9 )

Question 25

6 x 2 − 53x − 9= ( 6 x + 1)( x − 9 )

Question 26

9 x 2 + 30 x + 25 = ( 3x + 5)( 3x + 5) = ( 3x + 5)
2

Question 27

16 y 2 + 24 y + 9= ( 4 y + 3)( 4 y + 3)= ( 4 y + 3)
2

Question 28

25k 2 − 20k + 4= ( 5k − 2 )( 5k − 2 )= ( 5k − 2 )
2

Question 29

36a 2 − 12a + 1= ( 6a − 1)( 6a − 1)= ( 6a − 1)

2

Question 30

49m 2 + 84m + 36= ( 7m + 6 )( 7m + 6 )= ( 7m + 6 )

2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 52

Exercise 1.12 Perfect squares

Question 1

y2 − 2 y + 1= ( y − 1)( y − 1) = ( y − 1)
2

Question 2

x2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)( x + 3) = ( x + 3)
2

Question 3

m 2 + 10m + 25 = ( m + 5 )( m + 5 ) = ( m + 5 )
2

Question 4

t 2 − 4t + 4 = ( t − 2 )( t − 2 ) = ( t − 2 )
2

Question 5

x 2 − 12 x + 36 = ( x − 6 )( x − 6 ) = ( x − 6 )
2

Question 6

4 x 2 + 12 x + 9= ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 3)= ( 2 x + 3)
2

Question 7

16b 2 − 8b + 1= ( 4b − 1)( 4b − 1)= ( 4b − 1)

2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 53

Question 8

9a 2 + 12a + 4= ( 3a + 2 )( 3a + 2 )= ( 3a + 2 )
2

Question 9

25 x 2 − 40 x + 16 = ( 5 x − 4 )( 5 x − 4 ) = ( 5 x − 4 )
2

Question 10

49 y 2 + 14 y + 1= ( 7 y + 1)( 7 y + 1=) ( 7 y + 1)
2

Question 11

9 y 2 − 30 y + 25 = ( 3 y − 5)( 3 y − 5) = ( 3 y − 5)
2

Question 12

16k 2 − 24k + 9= ( 4k − 3)( 4k − 3)= ( 4k − 3)

2

Question 13

25 x 2 + 10 x + 1= ( 5 x + 1)( 5 x + 1)= ( 5 x + 1)
2

Question 14

81a 2 − 36a + 4= ( 9a − 2 )( 9a − 2 )= ( 9a − 2 )
2

Question 15

49m 2 + 84m + 36= ( 7m + 6 )( 7m + 6 )= ( 7m + 6 )

2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 54

Question 16
2
1  1  1   1 
t + t + = t + t +  = t + 
2

4  2  2   2 

Question 17
2
4x 4  2  2  2
x −
2
+ =  x −  x −  =  x − 
3 9  3  3  3

Question 18
2
6y 1  1  1  1
9 y2 + + =  3y +  3y +  =  3y + 
5 25  5  5  5

Question 19
2
1  1  1  1
x + 2 + 2 =  x +  x +  =  x + 
2

x  x  x  x

Question 20
2
4  2  2  2
25k 2 − 20 + =  5k −   5 k −  =  5 k − 
 k  k  k
2
k

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 55

Exercise 1.13 Difference of two squares

Question 1

a 2 − 4 = ( a + 2 )( a − 2 )

Question 2

x2 − 9 = ( x + 3)( x − 3)

Question 3

y 2 − 1= ( y + 1)( y − 1)

Question 4

x 2 − 25 = ( x − 5 )( x + 5 )

Question 5

4 x 2 − 49 = ( 2 x − 7 )( 2 x + 7 )

Question 6

16 y 2 − 9= ( 4 y − 3)( 4 y + 3)

Question 7

1 − 4 z 2 =(1 − 2 z )(1 + 2 z )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 56

Question 8

25t 2 − 1= ( 5t − 1)( 5t + 1)

Question 9

9t 2 − 4 = ( 3t − 2 )( 3t + 2 )

Question 10

( 3 − 4 x )( 3 + 4 x )
9 − 16 x 2 =

Question 11

x 2 − 4 y 2 =( x − 2 y )( x + 2 y )

Question 12

36 x 2 − y 2 = ( 6 x − y )( 6 x + y )

Question 13

4a 2 − 9b 2 = ( 2a − 3b )( 2a + 3b )

Question 14

( x − 10 y )( x + 10 y )
x 2 − 100 y 2 =

Question 15

4a 2 − 81b 2 =( 2a − 9b )( 2a + 9b )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 57

Question 16

( x + 2)
2
− y2 = ( ( x + 2 ) − y ) ( ( x + 2 ) + y ) = ( x + 2 − y )( x + 2 + y )

Question 17

( a − 1) − ( b − 2 )
2 2
= ( ( a − 1) − ( b − 2 ) ) ( ( a − 1) + ( b − 2 ) )
= ( a − 1 − b + 2 )( a − 1 + b − 2 )
= ( a + 1 − b )( a − 3 + b )

Question 18

z 2 − (1 + w ) = ( z − (1 + w ) ) ( z + (1 + w ) ) = ( z − 1 − w )( z + 1 + w )
2

Question 19

1  1  1
x2 − =  x −  x + 
4  2  2

Question 20

y2  y  y 
− 1=  + 1 − 1
9  3  3 

Question 21

( x + 2 ) − ( 2 y + 1)
2 2
= ( ( x + 2 ) − ( 2 y + 1) ) ( ( x + 2 ) + ( 2 y + 1) )
= ( x + 2 − 2 y − 1)( x + 2 + 2 y + 1)
= ( x + 1 − 2 y )( x + 3 + 2 y )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 58

Question 22

x4 – 1 = (x2 + 1)(x2 – 1) = (x2 + 1)(x – 1)(x + 1)

Question 23

9 x 6 − 4 y 2 = ( 3 x3 − 2 y )( 3 x3 + 2 y )

Question 24

( x 2 − 4 y 2 )( x 2 + 4 y 2 ) =
x 4 − 16 y 4 = ( x − 2 y )( x + 2 y ) ( x 2 + 4 y 2 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 59

Exercise 1.14 Mixed factorisation

Question 1

4a 3 − 36a= 4a ( a 2 − 9=
) 4a ( a + 3)( a − 3)

Question 2

2 x 2 − 18 = 2 ( x 2 − 9 ) = 2 ( x + 3)( x − 3)

Question 3

3 p 2 − 3 p − 36= 3 ( p 2 − p − 12 )= 3 ( p − 4 )( p + 3)

Question 4

5 y 2 − 5= 5 ( y 2 − 1)= 5 ( y − 1)( y + 1)

Question 5

5a 2 − 10a + 5= 5 ( a 2 − 2a + 1)= 5 ( a − 1)( a − 1)= 5 ( a − 1)

2

Question 6

3 z 3 + 27 z 2 + 60 z= 3 z ( z 2 + 9 z + 20 )= 3 z ( z + 5 )( z + 4 )

Question 7

9ab − 4a 3b3 =ab ( 9 − 4a 2b 2 ) =ab ( 3 − 2ab )( 3 + 2ab )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 60

Question 8

x 3 − x= x ( x 2 − 1)= x ( x − 1)( x + 1)

Question 9

8 2 ( 3 x 2 + 4 x − 4=
6 x 2 + 8 x −= ) 2 ( 3x − 2 )( x + 2 )

Question 10

y 2 ( y + 5 ) − 16 ( y + 5 ) = ( y + 5 ) ( y 2 − 16 ) = ( y + 5 )( y − 4 )( y + 4 )

Question 11

x 4 + 8 x 3 − x 2 − 8 x= x 3 ( x + 8 ) − x ( x + 8 )
=( x 3 − x ) ( x + 8 )
= x ( x 2 − 1) ( x + 8 )
= x ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 8 )

Question 12

y6 – 4 = (y3 – 2)(y3 + 2)

Question 13

x 3 − 3 x 2 − 10 x = x ( x 2 − 3 x − 10 ) = x ( x − 5 )( x + 2 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 61

Question 14

x3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 27= x 2 ( x − 3) − 9 ( x − 3)
( x 3) ( x 2 − 9 )
=−
=( x − 3)( x − 3)( x + 3)
( x 3) ( x + 3)
=−
2

Question 15

4 x 2 y 3 −=y y ( 4 x 2 y 2 −=
1) y ( 2 xy − 1)( 2 xy + 1)

Question 16

24 − 6b 2 = 6 ( 4 − b 2 ) = 6 ( 2 − b )( 2 + b )

Question 17

18 x 2 + 33 x − 30= 3 ( 6 x 2 + 11x − 10 )= 3 ( 3 x − 2 )( 2 x + 5 )

Question 18

3 x 2 − 6 x + 3= 3 ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)= 3 ( x − 1)( x − 1)= 3 ( x − 1)

2

Question 19

x 3 + 2 x 2 − 25 x − 50= x 2 ( x + 2 ) − 25 ( x + 2 )
( x 2 ) ( x 2 − 25)
=+
=( x + 2 )( x − 5)( x + 5)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 62

Question 20

z 3 + 6 z 2 + 9 z = z ( z 2 + 6 z + 9 ) = z ( z + 3)( z + 3) = z ( z + 3)
2

Question 21

3 y 2 + 30 y + 75 = 3 ( y 2 + 10 y + 25 ) = 3 ( y + 5 )
2

Question 22

ab 2 − 9a = a ( b 2 − 9 ) = a ( b + 3)( b − 3)

Question 23

4k 3 + 40k 2 + 100k= 4k ( k 2 + 10k + 25=

) 4k ( k + 5)( k + 5=) 4k ( k + 5) 2

Question 24

9 3 ( x 3 + 3 x 2 − x − 3)
3 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 3 x −=
= 3 ( x 2 ( x + 3 ) − 1( x + 3 ) )
=3 ( x + 3) ( x 2 − 1)
=3 ( x + 3)( x + 1)( x − 1)

Question 25

4a 3b + 8a 2b 2 − 4ab 2 − 2a =
2
b 2ab ( 2a 2 + 4ab − 2b − a )
= 2ab  2a ( a + 2b ) − 1( a + 2b ) 
= 2ab ( 2a − 1)( a + 2b )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 63

 Exercise 1.15 Simplifying algebraic fractions

Question 1

5a + 10 5 ( a + 2 )
= = a+2
5 5

Question 2

6t − 3 3 ( 2t − 1)
= = 2t − 1
3 3

Question 3

8 y + 2 2 ( 4 y + 1) 4 y + 1
= =
6 6 3

Question 4

8 8 4
= =
4d − 2 2 ( 2d − 1) 2d − 1

Question 5

x2 x2 x
= =
5x − 2 x x (5x − 2) 5x − 2
2

Question 6

y−4 y−4 1
= =
y − 8 y + 16
2
( y − 4 )( y − 4 ) y − 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 64

 Question 7

2ab − 4a 2 2a ( b − 2a ) 2 ( b − 2a )
= =
a 2 − 3a a ( a − 3) a −3

Question 8

=
s2 + s − 2 (=s + 2 )( s − 1) s −1
s 2 + 5s + 6 ( s + 2 )( s + 3) s+3

Question 9

b4 − 1
=
(b 2
− 1)( b 2 + 1)
= b2 + 1
b2 − 1 b −1
2

Question 10

2 p 2 + 7 p − 15
=
(=
2 p − 3)( p + 5 ) p+5
6p −9 3 ( 2 p − 3) 3

Question 11

=
a2 −1 (=a − 1)( a + 1) a +1
a 2 + 2a − 3 ( a − 1)( a + 3) a+3

Question 12

3( x − 2) + y ( x − 2) (=x − 2 )( 3 + y ) 3+ y
=
x2 − 4 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) x+2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 65

 Question 13

x3 + 3x 2 − 9 x − 27 x ( x + 3) − 9 ( x + 3)
2
( x + 3) ( x 2 − 9 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= = = = x −3
x2 + 6 x + 9 ( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)

Question 14

2 p2 − 3 p − 2
=
(=
2 p + 1)( p − 2 ) p−2
2 p2 + p p ( 2 p + 1) p

Question 15

ay − ax + by − bx a ( y − x) + b ( y − x) (=y − x )( a + b ) a+b
= =
2ay − by − 2ax + bx y ( 2a − b ) − x ( 2a − b ) ( 2a − b )( y − x ) 2a − b

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 66

Exercise 1.16 Operations with algebraic fractions

Question 1

x 3x 2 x 3x 5 x
a + = + =
2 4 4 4 4

y +1 2 y 3 ( y +1) 10 y 3 y + 3 +10 y 13 y + 3
b += += =
5 3 15 15 15 15

a + 2 a 4 ( a + 2 ) 3a 4a + 8 − 3a a + 8
c =− =
− =
3 4 12 12 12 12

p − 3 p + 2 p − 3 3( p + 2) p − 3 + 3 p + 6 4 p + 3
d + = + = =
6 2 6 6 6 6

x − 5 x −1 3 ( x − 5 ) −2 ( x −1) 3 x −15 − 2 x + 2 x − 13
e − = + = =
2 3 6 6 6 6

Question 2

3 x − 6 x − 1 3 ( x − 2 ) 10 30 ( x − 2 ) 30
× = × = = =6
5 3 5 x − 2 5 ( x − 2) 5

a 2 − 4 5b
×=
( a − 2 )( a + 2 ) ×=
5b 5b ( a − 2 )
3 a+2 3 a+2 3
c

t 2 + 3t − 10 5t − 10 t 2 + 3t − 10 2 xy
÷ = ×
xy 2
2 xy xy 2
5t − 10

=
( t + 5)( t − 2 ) × 2 xy
xy 2
5 (t − 2)
2 ( t + 5)
=
5y

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 67

d

2a − 6 5 x + 10 2 ( a − 3) 5 ( x + 2 )
× = ×
2x + 4 4 2 ( x + 2) 4
5 ( a − 3)
=
4

5 x + 10 − xy − 2 y 7 x + 14 5 x + 10 − xy − 2 y 3
÷= ×
15 3 15 7 x + 14
5 ( x + 2) − y ( x + 2) 3
= ×
15 7 ( x + 2)

=
( x + 2 )( 5 − y ) × 3
15 7 ( x + 2)
3 ( x + 2 )( 5 − y )
=
15 × 7 ( x + 2 )
5− y
=
35

3 b 2 + 2b 3 b (b + 2) b
× = × =
b + 2 6a − 3 b + 2 3 ( 2a − 1) 2a − 1

3ab 2 12ab − 6a 3ab 2 x 2 y + 2 xy 2

÷ =×
5 xy x 2 y + 2 xy 2 5 xy 12ab − 6a
3ab 2 xy ( x + 2 y )
= ×
5 xy 6a ( 2b − 1)
b2 ( x + 2 y )
=
10 ( 2b − 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 68

h

ax − ay + bx − by x 2 y + xy 2 a ( x − y ) + b ( x − y ) xy ( x + y )
× = ×
x2 − y 2 ab 2 + a 2b ( x + y )( x − y ) ab ( b + a )
=
( a + b )( x − y ) × xy ( x + y )
( x + y )( x − y ) ab ( b + a )
xy
=
ab

x2 − 6 x + 9 x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 6 x + 9 x2 + 4 x − 5
÷ 2 = × 2
x 2 − 25 x + 4x − 5 x 2 − 25 x − 5x + 6

=
( x − 3)( x − 3) × ( x + 5)( x − 1)
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x − 3)( x − 2 )
=
( x − 3)( x − 1)
( x − 5)( x − 2 )
j

p2 − 4 5q + 5
×=
( p + 2 )( p − 2 ) × 5 ( q + 1)
q + 2q + 1 3 p + 6
2
( q + 1)( q + 1) 3 ( p + 2 )
5 ( p − 2)
=
3 ( q + 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 69

Question 3

2 3 5
+ =
x x x

1 2 x 2 ( x − 1)
=− −
x − 1 x x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)
x − 2 ( x − 1)
=
x ( x − 1)
x − 2x + 2
=
x ( x − 1)
−x + 2
=
x ( x − 1)

3 a+b 3 a+b+3
1+ = + =
a+b a+b a+b a+b

x2 x ( x + 2) x2
x− = −
x+2 x+2 x+2
x ( x + 2) − x2
=
x+2
x + 2 x − x2
2
=
x+2
2x
=
x+2

p − q +=
1 ( p − q )( p + q ) +=
1 p2 − q2 + 1
p+q p+q p+q p+q

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 70

f

1 1 x −3 x +1
+= +
x +1 x − 3 ( x + 1)( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 1)
x − 3 + x +1
=
( x − 3)( x + 1)
2x − 2
=
( x − 3)( x + 1)
2 ( x − 1)
=
( x − 3)( x + 1)
g

2 3 2 3( x − 2)
−
= −
x −4 x+2
2
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2 − 3x + 6
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
−3 x + 8
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
h

1 1 1 a +1
+
= +
a + 2a + 1 a + 1
2
( a + 1)( a + 1) ( a + 1)( a + 1)
1+ a +1
=
( a + 1)( a + 1)
a+2
=
( a + 1)
2

Question 4

a 2 − 5a 3a − 15 y 2 − y − 2 a ( a − 5) ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) × ( y + 1)( y − 2 )
÷ × = ×
y2 − 4 y + 4 y2 − 4 5ay ( y − 2 )( y − 2 ) 3 ( a − 5) 5ay

=
( y + 2 )( y + 1)
15 y

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 71

b

3 2 x + 8 x 2 + 3x 3 2 ( x + 4) x ( x + 3)
+ 2 × = + ×
x − 3 x − 9 4 x − 16 x − 3 ( x − 3)( x + 3) 4 ( x − 4 )
3 x ( x + 4)
= +
x − 3 2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
6 ( x − 4) x ( x + 4)
= +
2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
6 ( x − 4) + x ( x + 4)
=
2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
6 x − 24 + x 2 + 4 x
=
2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
x 2 + 10 x − 24
=
2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 )

5b
÷ 2
b2
− =
b 5b
×
( b + 3)( b − 2 ) − b
2b + 6 b + b − 6 b + 1 2 ( b + 3) b2 b +1
5 (b − 2) b
= −
2b b +1

=
( 5b − 10 )( b + 1) − 2b 2
2b ( b + 1) 2b ( b + 1)

=
( 5b 2
− 5b − 10 ) − 2b 2
2b ( b + 1)
3b 2 − 5b − 10
=
2b ( b + 1)

x 2 − 8 x + 15 x 2 − 9 x 2 + 5 x + 6
÷ × =
( x − 3)( x − 5) × 10 x 2 ×
( x + 3)( x + 2 )
5 x 2 + 10 x 10 x 2 2 x − 10 5x ( x + 2) ( x − 3) ( x + 3) 2 ( x − 5)
=x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 72

Question 5

5 3 2 5 3( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2)
− =
− − −
x −4 x−2 x+2
2
( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
5 − 3( x + 2) − 2 ( x − 2)
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
5 − 3x − 6 − 2 x + 4
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
3 − 5x
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
b

2 3 2 3
+ = +
p + pq pq − q
2 2
p ( p + q) q ( p − q)
2q ( p − q ) 3 p ( p + q)
= +
pq ( p + q )( p − q ) pq ( p − q )( p + q )
2q ( p − q ) + 3 p ( p + q )
=
pq ( p + q )( p − q )
2 pq − 2q 2 + 3 p 2 + 3 pq
=
pq ( p + q )( p − q )
3 p 2 + 5 pq − 2q 2
=
pq ( p + q )( p − q )

a b 1 a ( a − b) b (a + b) 1
− += − +
a + b a − b a − b2
2
( a + b )( a − b ) ( a − b )( a + b ) ( a + b )( a − b )
a (a − b) − b (a + b) +1
=
( a + b )( a − b )
a 2 − ab − ab − b 2 + 1
=
( a + b )( a − b )
a 2 − 2ab − b 2 + 1
=
( a + b )( a − b )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 73

Exercise 1.17 Substitution

Question 1

a ab = 3.1 × (−2.3) = −7.1

b 3b = 3 × (−2.3) = −6.9

c 5a2 = 5 × 3.12 = 48.1

d ab3 = 3.1 × (−2.3)3 = −37.7

(a + b) = ( 3.1 − 2.3) = 0.6

2 2
e

f a − b= 3.1 + 2.3= 2.3

g –b2 = − ( −2.3) = −5.3

2

Question 2

T =a + ( n − 1) d =−4 + (18 − 1) × 3 =−4 + 17 × 3 =47

Question 3

y = mx + c = 3 × (−2) + (−1) = −7

Question 4

h = 100t – 5t2 = 100 × 5 − 5 × 52 = 375

Question 5

v = −gt = −9.8 × 20 = −196

Question 6

y = 2x + 3 = 21.3 + 3 = 5.5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 74

Question 7

S = 2πr ( r + h ) = 2π × 5 ( 5 + 7 ) = 377

Question 8

A = πr2 = π × 9.52 = A = 284

Question 9

un = arn–1 = u4 = 5 × (−24 – 1) = −40

Question 10

1 1
V = lbh = × 4.7 × 5.1× 6.5 =51.935
3 3

Question 11

y2 − y1 5 − ( −2 ) 7 3
m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 −1 − 3 −4 4

Question 12

1 1
A= h ( a + b ) = × 7 × ( 2.5 + 3.9 ) = 22.4
2 2

Question 13

4 3 4
V= πr = × π × 7.63 = 1838.8
3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 75

 Question 14

1 3 5 3
v = u + at = + × =
4 5 6 4

Question 15

a 5
=S = = 15
1− r 1− 2
3

Question 16

c= a 2 + b2 = 62 + 82 = 10

Question 17

y= 16 − x 2 = 16 − 22 = 12 = 2 3

Question 18

E =mc 2 =8.3 ×1.7 2 =23.987

Question 19
n 5
 r   12 
A=P 1 +  =200 1 +  =352.47
 100   100 

Question 20

a ( r n − 1) 3 ( 25 − 1)
=S = = 93
r −1 2 −1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 76

Exercise 1.18 Simplifying surds

Question 1

a 12 = 4×3 = 4 3= 2 3

b 63 = 9× 7 = 9 7= 3 7

c 24 = 4× 6 = 4 6= 2 6

d 50= 25 × 2= 25 2= 5 2

e 72= 36 × 2= 36 2= 6 2

f =
200 100 ×=
2 100 =
2 10 2

g 48= 16 × 3= 16 3= 4 3

h 75= 25 × 3= 25 3= 5 3

i 32= 16 × 2= 16 2= 4 2

j 54 = 9× 6 = 9 6= 3 6

k 112= 16 × 7= 16 7= 4 7

l =
300 100 ×=
3 100 =
3 10 3

m 128= 64 × 2= 64 2= 8 2

n 243= 81× 3= 81 3= 9 3

o 245= 49 × 5= 49 5= 7 5

p 108= 36 × 3= 36 3= 6 3

q 99 = 9 ×11 = 9 11 = 3 11

r 125= 25 × 5= 25 5= 5 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 77

Question 2

a 2 27 = 2 9 × 3 = 2 9 3 = 2 × 3 3 = 6 3

b 5 80 = 5 16 × 5 = 5 16 5 = 5 × 4 5 = 20 5

c 4 98 = 4 49 × 2 = 4 49 2 = 4 × 7 2 = 28 2

d 2 28 = 2 4 × 7 = 2 4 7 = 2 × 2 7 = 4 7

e 8 20 = 8 4 × 5 = 8 4 5 = 8 × 2 5 =16 5

f 4 56 =4 4 ×14 =4 4 14 =4 × 2 14 =8 14

g 8 405 = 8 81× 5 = 8 81 5 = 8 × 9 5 = 72 5

h 15 8 = 15 4 × 2 = 15 4 2 = 15 × 2 2 = 30 2

i 7 40 =7 4 ×10 =7 4 10 =7 × 2 10 =14 10

j 8 45 = 8 9 × 5 = 8 9 5 = 8 × 3 5 = 24 5

Question 3

a 3 2= 9 2= 9× 2 = 18

b 2 5= 4 5= 4×5 = 20

c 4 11 = 16 11 = 16 ×11 = 176

d 8 2= 64 2= 64 × 2= 128

e 5 3= 25 3= 25 × 3= 75

f 4 10 = 16 10 = 16 ×10 = 160

g 3 13 = 9 13 = 9 ×13 = 117

h 7 2= 49 2= 49 × 2= 98

i 11 =
3 121 =
3 121×=
3 363

j 12 =
7 144 =
7 144 ×=
7 1008

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 78

Question 4

a x =3 5
RHS: 9 5 = 9×5 = 45
x = 45

b 2 3= x
LHS: 4 3 = 4×3 = 12
x = 12

c 3 7= x
LHS: 9 7 = 9× 7 = 63
x = 63

d 5 2= x
LHS: 25 2= 25 × 2= 50
x = 50

e 2 11 = x
LHS: 4 11 = 4 ×11 = 44
x = 44

f x =7 3
RHS: 49 3= 49 × 3= 147
x = 147

g 4 19 = x
LHS: 16 19 = 16 ×19 = 304
x = 304

h x = 6 23
RHS: 36 23 = 36 × 23 = 828
x = 828

i 5 31 = x
LHS: 25 31 = 25 × 31 = 775
x = 775

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 79

j x = 8 15
RHS: 64 15 = 64 ×15 = 960
x = 960

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 80

Exercise 1.19 Operations with surds

Question 1

a 5+2 5 =
3 5

b 3 2 −2 2 =2

c 3 +5 3 =
6 3

d 7 3−4 3 =
3 3

e 5−4 5 =
−3 5

f 4 6− 6=
3 6

g 2 −8 2 =
−7 2

h 5 +4 5 +3 5 =
8 5

i 2 −2 2 −3 2 =
−4 2

j 5 + 45 = 5 + 3 5 =4 5

k 8− 2 = 2 2− 2 = 2

l 3 + 48 = 3 + 4 3 =5 3

m 12 − 27 =
2 3 −3 3 =
− 3

n 50 − 32 = 5 2 − 4 2 = 2

o 28 + 63 = 2 7 + 3 7 = 5 7

p 2 8 − 18 = 4 2 − 3 2 = 2

q 3 54 + 2 24 = 9 6 + 4 6 = 13 6

r 90 − 5 40 − 2 10 =
3 10 − 10 10 − 2 10 =
−9 10

s 4 48 + 3 147 + 5 12 = 16 3 + 21 3 + 10 3 = 47 3

t 3 2 + 8 − 12 = 3 2 + 2 2 − 2 3 = 5 2 − 2 3

u 63 − 28 − 50 =3 7 − 2 7 − 5 2 = 7 − 5 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 81

v 12 − 45 − 48 − 5 =
2 3 −3 5 −4 3 − 5 =
−2 3 − 4 5

Question 2

a 7× 3 =21

b 3× 5 =15

c 2 ×3 3 =
3 6

d 5 7 ×2 2 =
10 14

e −3 3 × 2 2 =
−6 6

f 5 3 × 2 3 = 10 9 = 30

g −4 5 × 3 11 =
−12 55

h 2 7 × 7= 2 49= 14

i 2 3 × 5 12 = 10 36 = 60

j 6× 2 = 12 = 2 3

( 2)
2
k =2

(2 7 )
2
l = 4 × 7 = 28

m 3× 5× 2 =30

(
n 2 3 × 7 × − 5 =−2 105 )
o 2 × 6 × 3 3= 3 36= 18

Question 3

4 12
a =2 6
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 82

 12 18
b =4 3
3 6

5 8 4 2
c = = = 1
10 2 2 2

16 2 8
d =
2 12 6

10 30
e =2 3
5 10

2 2 1
f =
6 20 3 10

4 2 1
g =
8 10 2 5

3 1
h =
3 15 3 5

2 1 1
i = =
8 4 2

3 15 3
j =
6 10 2 2

5 12 3
k =
5 8 2

15 18 3 9 9
l = =
10 10 2 5 2 5

15 5
m =
2 6 2 2
2
 2 2
n   =
 3 3

2
 5 5
o   =
 7 7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 83

Question 4

a 2 ( 5 + 3 = 10 + 6)
b (
3 2 2 − 5 = 2 6 − 15 )
c 4 3 ( 3+2 5 = )
4 9 + 8 15 =+
12 8 15

d (
7 5 2 − 2 3 = 5 14 − 2 21 )
e − 3 ( 2 −4 6 = )
− 6 + 4 18 =
− 6 + 12 2

f (
3 5 11 + 3 7 = 5 33 + 3 21 )
g −3 2 ( )
2 + 4 3 =−3 4 − 12 6 =−6 − 12 6

h 5 ( 5 −5 3 = )
25 − 5 15 =
5 − 5 15

i 3 ( 12 + 10 =36 + 30 = )
6 + 30

j 2 3 ( )
18 + 3 = 2 54 + 2 9 = 6 6 + 6

k −4 2 ( )
2 − 3 6 =−4 4 + 12 12 =−8 + 24 3

l ( )
−7 5 −3 20 + 2 3 =21 100 − 14 15 =210 − 14 15

m 10 3 ( )
2 − 2 12 =10 6 − 20 36 =10 6 − 120

n − 2 ( 5+2 = )
− 10 − 2 2

( )
o 2 3 2 − 12 =4 3 − 2 36 =4 3 − 12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 84

Question 5

a ( 2 +3 )( )
5 + 3 3 = 10 + 3 6 + 3 5 + 9 3

b
( 5− 2 )( 2− 7 = ) 10 − 35 − 4 + 14

= 10 − 35 − 2 + 14

c
( )( )
2 + 5 3 2 5 − 3 2 = 2 10 − 3 4 + 10 15 − 15 6

= 2 10 − 6 + 10 15 − 15 6

d
(3 )( )
10 − 2 5 4 2 + 6 6 = 12 20 + 18 60 − 8 10 − 12 30

= 24 5 + 36 15 − 8 10 − 12 30

e
(2 5 −7 2 )( )
5 − 3 2 = 2 25 − 6 10 − 7 10 + 21 4

=
10 − 13 10 + 42
= 52 − 13 10

f
( )( )
5 + 6 2 3 5 − 3 = 3 25 − 15 + 18 10 − 6 6

=15 − 15 + 18 10 − 6 6

g ( 7+ 3 )( 7− 3 = ) 49 − 21 + 21 − 9
= 7−3
=4

h ( 2− 3 )( )
2+ 3 = 4+ 6− 6− 9
= 2−3
= −1

i ( 6 +3 2 )( )
6 − 3 2 = 36 − 3 12 + 3 12 − 9 4
= 6 − 18
= −12

j (3 )( )
5 + 2 3 5 − 2 = 9 25 − 3 10 + 3 10 − 4
= 45 − 2
= 43

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 85

k ( 8− 5 )( 8+ 5 = ) 64 + 40 − 40 − 25
= 8−5
=3

l ( 2 +9 3 )( )
2 − 9 3 = 4 − 9 6 + 9 6 − 81 9
= 2 − 243
= −241

m (2 )( )
11 + 5 2 2 11 − 5 2 = 4 121 − 10 22 + 10 22 − 25 4
= 44 − 50
= −6

n
( ) =( )( )
2
5+ 2 5+ 2 5+ 2

= 25 + 10 + 10 + 4
=
5 + 2 10 + 2
= 7 + 2 10

o
(2 ) = (2 )( )
2
2− 3 2− 3 2 2− 3

= 4 4 −2 6 −2 6 + 9
=
8−4 6 +3
= 11 − 4 6

p
(3 ) = (3 )( )
2
2+ 7 2+ 7 3 2+ 7

=9 4 + 3 14 + 3 14 + 49
=+
18 6 14 + 7
= 25 + 6 14

q
(2 ) =( 2 )( )
2
3 +3 5 3 +3 5 2 3 +3 5

=4 9 + 6 15 + 6 15 + 9 25
=
12 + 12 15 + 45
= 57 + 12 15

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 86

r
( ) =( 7 − 2 5 )( )
2
7 −2 5 7 −2 5

= 49 − 2 35 − 2 35 + 4 25
=
7 − 4 35 + 20
= 27 − 4 35

s
(2 ) =( 2 )( )
2
8 −3 5 8 −3 5 2 8 −3 5

= 4 64 − 6 40 − 6 40 + 9 25
=
32 − 12 40 + 45
= 77 − 24 10

t
(3 ) =(3 )( )
2
5+2 2 5+2 2 3 5+2 2

= 9 25 + 6 10 + 6 10 + 4 4
=+
45 12 10 + 8
= 53 + 12 10

Question 6

a
(3 2 )
2
= 9 × 2 = 18

b
( )
3
2 3 2 =2 × 27 × 8 =54 × 2 2 =108 2

c
(2 × 3 2 ) = (6 2 )
3 3
= 216 × 8 = 216 × 2 2 = 432 2

d
(3 ) (3 )( )
2
2 +1 = 2 +1 3 2 +1

= 9 4 + 3 2 + 3 2 +1
=
18 + 6 2 + 1
= 19 + 6 2

e
(3 )( )
2 +3 3 2 −3 = 9 4 −9 2 +9 2 −9
= 18 − 9 = 9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 87

Question 7

a
(2 )
2
5 +1 =a + b

(
LHS: 2 5 +1 2 5 +1 = )(
4 25 + 2 5 + 2 5 +1 = )
20 + 4 5 +1

=21 + 4 5 =21 + 16 5 =
21 + 80
= =
a 21, b 80

b (2 2− 5 )( 2 −3 5 =
a + b 10 )
(
LHS: 2 2 − 5 )( )
2 − 3 5 = 2 4 − 6 10 − 10 + 3 25

=
4 − 7 10 + 15
= 19 − 7 10
a = 19, b = −7

Question 8

a
( a+3 −2 )( a + 3 + 2= ) ( a + 3)
2
+2 a+3 −2 a+3 −4
= a +3− 4
= a −1

b
( ) ( )( )
2
p −1 − p = p −1 − p p −1 − p

= ( p − 1) − p ( p − 1) − p ( p − 1) + p 2
2

= p − 1 − 2 p ( p − 1) + p
= 2 p − 1 − 2 p ( p − 1)

Question 9

(2 7− 3 2 7+ 3 =
k)( )
( )(
LHS: 2 7 − 3 2 7 + 3 = 4 49 + 2 21 − 2 21 − 9 )
= 28 − 3
= 25
k = 25

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 88

 Question 10

(2 x+ y )( )
x − 3 y = 2 x 2 − 6 xy + xy − 3 y 2

=
2 x − 5 xy − 3 y

Question 11

(2 )
2
3− 5 =
a− b

( )( )
LHS: 2 3 − 5 2 3 − 5 =4 9 − 2 15 − 2 15 + 25

=−
12 4 15 + 5
= 17 − 16 15
= 17 − 240
= =
a 17, b 240

Question 12

(7 )
2
2 − 3 =a + b 2

( )( )
LHS: 7 2 − 3 7 2 − 3 = 49 4 − 21 2 − 21 2 + 9

=−
98 42 2 + 9
= 107 − 42 2
a = 107, b = −42

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 89

Exercise 1.20 Rationalising the denominator

Question 1

1 7 7 7
a × = =
7 7 49 7

3 2 6 6
b × = =
2 2 2 2 4 4

2 3 5 2 15 2 15
c × = =
5 5 25 5

6 7 2 6 14 6 14 3 14
d × = = =
5 2 2 5 4 10 5

1+ 2 3 3+ 6 3+ 6
e ×= =
3 3 9 3

6 −5 2 12 − 5 2 2 3 − 5 2
f =× =
2 2 4 2

5+2 2 5 25 + 2 10 5 + 2 10
g = × =
5 5 25 5

3 2 −4 7 3 14 − 4 7 3 14 − 4 7
h = × =
2 7 7 2 49 14

8+3 2 5 8 5 + 3 10 8 5 + 3 10
i =× =
4 5 5 4 25 20

4 3−2 2 5 4 15 − 2 10 4 15 − 2 10
j = × =
7 5 5 7 25 35

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 90

Question 2

a 4 3− 2 4 3−4 2
× =
3+ 2 3− 2 9− 4
4 3−4 2
=
3− 2
= 4 3−4 2
= 4 ( 3− 2 )
b 3 2 +7 6 +7 3
× =
2 −7 2 +7 4 − 49
6 +7 3
=
2 − 49

=
− ( 6 +7 3 )
47

c 2 3 5 − 2 6 2 15 − 4 18
× =
5+2 6 5−2 6 25 − 4 36
2 15 − 12 2
=
5 − 24

=
(
− 2 15 − 12 2 )
19

=
−2 ( 15 − 6 2 )
19

d 3−4 3−4 9 − 4 3 − 4 3 + 16
× =
3+4 3−4 9 − 16
3 − 8 3 + 16
=
3 − 16
19 − 8 3
=
−13
8 3 − 19
=
13

e 2 +5 3+ 2 6 + 4 +5 3 +5 2
× =
3− 2 3+ 2 9− 4
6 +2+5 3 +5 2
=
3− 2
= 6 +2+5 3 +5 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 91

f 3 3 + 2 2 5 − 3 2 6 15 − 9 6 + 2 10 − 3 4
× =
2 5 +3 2 2 5 −3 2 4 25 − 9 4
6 15 − 9 6 + 2 10 − 6
=
20 − 18
6 15 − 9 6 + 2 10 − 6
=
2

Question 3

a 1 1 2 −1 2 +1
+
= +
2 +1 2 −1 ( 2 +1 )( 2 −1 ) ( )(
2 +1 2 −1 )
2 −1+ 2 +1
=
4 − 2 + 2 −1
2 2
= = 2 2
2 −1

b
2
−
=
3 2 ( 2+ 3 ) −
3 ( 2− 3 )
2− 3 2+ 3 ( 2− 3 )( 2 + 3 ) ( 2 − 3 )( 2+ 3 )
=
( 4+ 6 ) − (3 2 − 3 3 )
4− 6+ 6− 9
2+ 6 −3 2 +3 3
=
2−3
= (
− 2+ 6 −3 2 +3 3 )
=−2 − 6 + 3 2 − 3 3

c 1
t + ,t = 3 − 2
t

1 3+2 3+2
3 −2+ × = 3 −2+
3−2 3+2 9 −4
3+2
= 3 −2+
3− 4
3+2
= 3 −2+
−1
= 3 −2− 3 −2
= −4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 92

d 1
z2 + , z=
1+ 2
z2

(1 + 2 ) 1
( )( ) 1
2
− =1 + 2 1 + 2 −
(1 + 2 )
2
(1 + 2 )(1 + 2 )
1
=+
1 2+ 2+ 4−
1+ 2 + 2 + 4
1
=1 + 2 2 + 2 −
1+ 2 2 + 2
1 3− 2 2
=
3+ 2 2 − ×
3+ 2 2 3− 2 2
3− 2 2
=
3+ 2 2 −
9−4 4
3− 2 2
=
3+ 2 2 −
9−8
3− 2 2
= 3+ 2 2 −
1
= 3+ 2 2 −3+ 2 2
=4 2

e 2 +3 1 2 +3 2 1 3
+ = × + ×
2 3 2 2 3 3
4 +3 2 3
= +
4 9
2+3 2 3
= +
2 3

=
(
3 2+3 2 )+2 3
6 6
6+9 2 +2 3
=
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 93

f 3 2 3 2 −3 2 3
+ = × + ×
2 +3 3 2 +3 2 −3 3 3
6 −3 3 6
= +
4 −9 9
6 −3 3 6
= +
2−9 3

=
3 ( 6 −3 3 )+7 6
3 × ( −7 ) 7×3
−3 6 + 9 3 + 7 6
=
21
4 6 +9 3
=
21

g 5 2 5 6 −2 2 3
− = × − ×
6+2 5 3 6+2 6 −2 5 3 3
30 − 2 5 2 3
= −
36 − 4 5 9
30 − 2 5 2 3
= −
6−4 5× 3

=
15 ( 30 − 2 53 ) − 2× 2
15 × 2 2 ×15
15 30 − 30 5 − 4 3
=
30

h
2 +7
=
−
2 ( 2 + 7 )( 4 − 3 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3 )
4+ 3 4− 3 ( 4 + 3 )( 4 − 3 ) ( 4 − 3 )( 4 + 3 )
=
( 4 2 − 6 + 28 − 7 3 ) − ( 4 2 + 6 )
( 4 − 3 )( 4 + 3 )
4 2 − 6 + 28 − 7 3 − 4 2 − 6
=
16 − 9
28 − 7 3 − 2 6
=
16 − 3
28 − 7 3 − 2 6
=
13

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 94

i 5 − 2 2+ 3 5− 2 3 + 2 2+ 3 3 −1
− = × − ×
3− 2 3 +1 3− 2 3+ 2 3 +1 3 −1
15 + 10 − 6 − 4 2 3 − 2 + 9 − 3
= −
9− 4 9 −1
15 + 10 − 6 − 4 3 −2+3
= −
3− 2 3 −1

=
2 ( 15 + 10 − 6 − 2 3 +1 )−
2 ×1 2
2 15 + 2 10 − 2 6 − 4 − 3 − 1
=
2
2 15 + 2 10 − 2 6 − 5 − 3
=
2

Question 4

a 3 a
=
2 5 b
3 5 3 5 9 5 45
LHS: × = = =
2 5 5 2 25 2×5 10
= =
a 45, b 10

b 3 a 6
=
4 2 b
3 2 6 6 6
LHS: × = = =
4 2 2 4 4 4× 2 8
=
a 1,=
b 8

c 2
= a+b 5
5 +1

LHS:
2
× = =
(
5 −1 2 5 −1 2 5 −1 2
=
) ( ) ( )
5 −1
=
5 1
−
5 +1 5 −1 25 − 1 5 −1 4 2 2
1 1
a=
− ,b=
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 95

d 2 7
= a+b 7
7 −4
2 7 7 + 4 2 49 + 8 7 14 + 8 7 14 + 8 7 14 8 7
LHS: × = = = = − −
7 −4 7 +4 49 − 16 7 − 16 −9 9 9
5 8
a=
−1 , b = −
9 9

e 2 +3
= a+ b
2 −1
2 +3 2 +1 4 + 2 +3 2 +3
LHS: × =
2 −1 2 +1 4 −1
2+4 2 +3
=
2 −1
5 + 16 2
=
1
= 5 + 32
=a 5,=b 32

Question 5

2 −1 4 2 −1 2 −1 4 2
+ = × + ×
2 +1 2 2 +1 2 −1 2 2

=
( 2 −1)( 2 −1 )+4 2
4 −1 4
2 − 2 − 2 +1 4 2
= +
2 −1 2
3− 2 2
= +2 2
1
=3− 2 2 + 2 2
=3

So rational

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 96

Question 6

1
a x + , x =3 + 2
x
1 1 3−2
3+2+ = 3+2+ ×
3+2 3+2 3−2
3−2
= 3+2+
9 −4
3−2
= 3+2+
3− 4
3−2
= 3+2+
−1
= 3+2− 3 +2
=4

1
b x2 + , x =3 + 2
x2
( ) 1
( )( ) 1
2
3+2 + = 3+2 3+2 +
(3+2
2
) ( 3+2 )( 3+2 )
1
= 9 +2 3 +2 3 +4+
9+2 3+2 3+4
1
= 3+ 4 3 + 4+
3+ 4 3 + 4
1 7−4 3
=
7+4 3+ ×
7+4 3 7−4 3
7−4 3
=
7+4 3+
49 − 16 9
7−4 3
=
7+4 3+
49 − 48
7−4 3
= 7+4 3+
1
= 7+4 3+7−4 3
= 14

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 97

 2
 1
c  x +  , x =+
3 2
 x
2
 3−2
2
 1  1
 3+2+ =  3 + 2 + × 
 3+2  3+2 3 − 2 
2
 3−2
=  3 + 2 + 
 9 − 4 
2
 3−2
=  3 + 2 + 
 3 − 4 
2
 3−2
=  3 + 2 + 
 −1 

( )
2
= 3+2− 3+2

= ( 4)
2

= 16

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 98

Test yourself 1

Question 1

3 7 21
× =
2 7 7 2× 7
21
=
14
2 21
=
28

∴ B, C

Question 2

x − 3 x + 1 4 ( x − 3) 5 ( x + 1)
− = −
5 4 20 20
4 x − 12 − 5 x − 5
=
20
− x − 17
=
20
− ( x + 17 )
=
20

∴D

Question 3

4 x2 ( x − 4) − ( x − 4)
x3 − 4 x 2 − x +=
=( x 2 − 1) ( x − 4 )
=( x + 1)( x − 1)( x − 4 )
∴ A, D

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 99

Question 4

3 2 + 2 98 =3 2 + 2 49 × 2
= 3 2 + 2 49 2
= 3 2 + 14 2
= 17 2

∴C

Question 5

3 2 1 3 2 ( x + 2) 1( x − 2 )
+ =
− + −
x −4 x−2 x+2
2
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3 + 2x + 4 − x + 2
=
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x+9
=
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
∴C

Question 6

5ab − 2a 2 − 7 ab − 3a 2 =
−5a 2 − 2ab

∴B

Question 7

80 16 × 5 16 5 4 5
= = =
27 9×3 9 3 3 3

∴A

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 100

Question 8

( 3x − 2 y ) =( 3 x − 2 y )( 3 x − 2 y )
2

= 9 x 2 − 6 xy − 6 xy + 4 y 2
=9 x 2 − 12 xy + 4 y 2

∴D

Question 9

−2 1 1
a 7= =2
7 49

1 1
b 5−=
1
=
51 5
1
− 1 1 1
c 9= 2
=1
=
9 3
92

Question 10

a x3 x5 + 7=
x 5 × x 7 ÷= −3
x9

b (=
5y ) 3 2 2 3× 2
5=y 25 y 6

c
(a =
)b 5 4 7
a 20b 7
= a11b6
a 9b ab9

3
 2 x 6  23 x 6 × 3 8 x18
d =  =
 3  33 27

0
 ab 4 
e  5 6  =1
a b 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 101

Question 11
1
=
a 36 2
=
36 6

−3 1 1
b 4= = 3
4 64

( 8 )=
2
2
c 8=
3 3
2=
2
4

1
− 1 1 1
d 49= 2
= 1
=
49 7
49 2
1
=
e 16 4 4
=
16 2

( −3) =
0
f 1

Question 12

a a14 ÷ a=
9
a14 − =
9
a5

( x5 y3 ) x=
6
5× 6 3× 6
b = y x30 y18

c p 2 p 6 + 5=
p 6 × p 5 ÷= −2
p9

d (=
2b ) 9 4 4 9×4
2=b 16b36

e
( 2 x=
)y 7 3 2
23 x 21 y 2
= 8 x11 y
x10 y x10 y

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 102

Question 13
1
a n = n2

1
b = x −5
x5

1
( x + y)
−1
c =
x+ y

1
d 4
x +1 = ( x + 1) 4
1
e 7
a + b = ( a + b)7

2
f = 2x −1
x

1 x −3 1 −3
g = = x
2 x3 2 2
4
h 3
x4 = x 3
9
( 5 x + 3) = ( 5 x + 3) 7
9
i 7

3
1 1 −
j = = 3
m 4
4 3
m m4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 103

Question 14

1
a a −5 =
a5
1
b n4 = 4 n
1
c ( x + 1) 2 = x +1

1
( x − y)
−1
d =
x− y

1
( 4t − 7 )
−4
e = 4
( 4t − 7 )
1
f ( a + b )5 = 5 a + b
1
− 1 1
g x=
3
=1 3
x
x3

(=
b)
3 3
h=
b 4 4 4
b3

( )
4
( 2 x + 3) 3 = ( 2 x + 3)
4
2x + 3 =
3 4
i 3

3
− 1 1 1
j x=
2
= =
( x)
3 3
x2 x3

Question 15
2 4 4
 9   2 92  5  9 2 54
   
1 = ×   = × 4 = 1
 25   3  25  3  25 3
2 2

Question 16
4 3
1  3 1 33 1 1
    = × 3= =
 3   4  3 4 3 × 4 192
4 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 104

Question 17
1
a x = x2

1
b = y −1
y

1
c 6
x+3 = ( x + 3) 6
1
( 2 x − 3)
−11
d =
( 2 x − 3)
11

7
e 3
y7 = y 3

Question 18

1
a x −3 =
x3

1
( 2a + 5 )
−1
b =
2a + 5
−5 5
a b
c   = 
b a

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 105

Question 19

a 5y – 7y = −2y

3a + 12 3 ( a + 4 )
b = = a+4
3 3

c −2k3 × 3k2 = −6k5

x y 5x 3 y 5x + 3 y
d + = + =
3 5 15 15 15

e 4a − 3b − a − 5b = 3a − 8b

f 8 + 32 = 2 2 + 4 2 = 6 2

g 3 5 − 20 + 45 = 3 5 − 2 5 + 3 5 = 4 5

Question 20

a x 2 − 36 = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )

b a 2 + 2a − 3 = ( a + 3)( a − 1)
c 4ab 2 − 8ab= 4ab ( b − 2 )

d 5 y − 15 + xy − 3 x = 5 ( y − 3) + x ( y − 3) = ( y − 3)( 5 + x )

e 6 2 ( 2n − p + 3 )
4n − 2 p +=

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 106

Question 21

a b + 3 ( b − 2 ) = b + 3b − 6 = 4b − 6

b ( 2 x − 1)( x + 3)= 2 x 2 + 6 x − x − 3= 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3

c 5 ( m + 3) − ( m − 2 ) = 5m + 15 − m + 2 = 4m + 17

( 4 x − 3) = ( 4 x − 3)( 4 x − 3) = 16 x 2 − 12 x − 12 x + 9 = 16 x 2 − 24 x + 9
2
d

e ( p − 5)( p + 5) = p 2 − 5 p + 5 p − 25 = p 2 − 25

f 7 − 2 ( a + 4 ) − 5a =
7 − 2a − 8 − 5a =
−7a − 1

g (
3 2 2 −5 = 2 6 −5 3 )
h (3 + 7 )( )
3 − 2= 3 3 − 6 + 21 − 2 7

Question 22

4a − 12 10b 4 ( a − 3) 10b 8
a × 2 = × = 2
5b 3
a −9 5b 3
( a − 3)( a + 3) b ( a + 3)

5m + 10 m2 − 4 5 ( m + 2) 3 ( m + 1) 15
b ÷ = × =
m 2 − m − 2 3m + 3 ( m − 2 )( m + 1) ( m + 2 )( m − 2 ) ( m − 2)
2

Question 23

V= s=
3
5.4=
3
157.464 units3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 107

Question 24

a (2 )( )
5 + 3 2 5 − 3 = 4 25 − 2 15 + 2 15 − 9
= 20 − 3
= 17

b 3 3 2 5− 3 6 15 − 3 9
× =
2 5 + 3 2 5 − 3 4 25 − 2 15 + 2 15 − 9
6 15 − 9
=
20 − 3
6 15 − 9
=
17

Question 25

3 1 2 3 ( x + 3) 1( x − 2 ) 2
+ − 2= + −
x−2 x+3 x + x−6 ( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
3x + 9 + x − 2 − 2
=
( x − 2 )( x + 3)
4x + 5
=
( x − 2 )( x + 3)

Question 26

ab 2 = 4 × ( −3) = 36
2
a

b a − bc =4 − ( −3)( −2 ) =−2

c =
a =
4 2

( bc ) = ( −3 × −2 ) = ( 6) = 216
3 3 3
d

e c ( 2a + 3b ) = −2 ( 8 − 9 ) =
−2 ( 2 × 4 + 3 × −3) = −2 ( −1) =
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 108

Question 27

3 12 3 × 2 3 1
a = =
6 15 6 3 5 5

4 32 4 × 4 2
b = = 4× 2 = 8
2 2 2 2

Question 28

d=
5t 2 =
5 ×1.52 =
11.25

Question 29

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
a × = = =
5 3 3 5 9 5 × 3 15

1+ 3 2 2+ 6 2+ 6
b ×= =
2 2 4 2

Question 30

a
(3 2 −4 )( )
3 − 2 = 3 6 −3 4 −4 3 −4 2

= 3 6 −6−4 3 −4 2

b
( )=( )( )
2
7 +2 7 +2 7 +2

= 49 + 2 7 + 2 7 + 4
=
7+4 7 +4
= 11 + 4 7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 109

Question 31

a 3 x 2 − 27 = 3 ( x 2 − 9 ) = 3 ( x − 3)( x + 3)

b 6 x 2 − 12 x − 18 = 6 ( x 2 − 2 x − 3) = 6 ( x − 3)( x + 1)

c 5 y 2 − 30 y + 45 = 5 ( y 2 − 6 y + 9 ) = 5 ( y − 3)
2

Question 32

3x 4 y x3
a =
9 xy 5 3 y 4

5 5 1
b = =
15 x − 5 5 ( 3 x − 1) 3 x − 1

Question 33

(3 11) ( 11)
2 2
a =32 × =9 ×11 =99

(2 3) ( 3)
3 3
b =×
23 =
8× 3 3 =
24 3

Question 34

a ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − ab + ab − b2 = a 2 − b2

(a + b) = ( a + b )( a + b ) = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2
b

Question 35

a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = ( a − b )( a − b ) = ( a − b )
2
a

b a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 110

Question 36

1 1 3 −1
x+ = 3 +1+ ×
x 3 +1 3 −1
3 −1
= 3 +1+
9 −1
3 −1
= 3 +1+
2

=
2 ( 3 +1)+
3 −1
2 2
2 3 + 2 + 3 −1
=
2
3 3 +1
=
2

Question 37

a 4 3 4b 3a 4b + 3a
+ = + =
a b ab ab ab

b x − 3 x − 2 5 ( x − 3) 2 ( x − 2 )
− = −
2 5 10 10
5 x − 15 − 2 x + 4
=
10
3 x − 11
=
10

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 111

Question 38

3 2 3 5−2 2 2 2 +1
− = × − ×
5 + 2 2 2 −1 5+2 5 − 2 2 2 −1 2 2 +1

=
3 ( 5−2 ) − 2 (2 2 +1 )
25 − 4 4 4 −1
3 5 −6 2 4 + 2
= −
5−4 4 × 2 −1

=
(
7 3 5 −6 ) − 2× 2 + 2
7 ×1 7
21 5 − 42 − 4 − 2
=
7
21 5 − 46 − 2
=
7

Question 39

a 3 8=
3× 2 2 =
6 2

b −2 2 × 4 3 =
−8 6

c 108 − 48= 36 × 3 − 16 × 3= 6 3 − 4 3= 2 3

8 6 4
d =
2 18 3

e 5a × ( −3b ) × ( −2a ) =30a 2b

2m3 n m
f 2 5
= 4
6m n 3n

g 3x − 2 y − x − y = 2 x − 3 y

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 112

Question 40

a 2 2 ( )
3+ 2 = 2 6+2 4 = 2 6+4

b (5 )( )
7 − 3 5 2 2 − 3 = 10 14 − 5 21 − 6 10 + 3 15

c (3 + 2 )(3 − 2 ) = 9 − 3 2 +3 2 − 4 =9−2 =7

d (4 )( )
3 − 5 4 3 + 5 = 16 9 + 4 15 − 4 15 − 25
= 16 × 3 − 5
= 43

e
(3 ) = (3 )( )
2
7− 2 7− 2 3 7− 2

= 9 49 − 3 14 − 3 14 + 4
= 9 × 7 − 6 14 + 2
=
63 − 6 14 + 2
= 65 − 6 14

Question 41

a 3 7 3 7 3 7
× = =
7 7 49 7

b 2 3 6 6
× = =
5 3 3 5 9 15

c
2
× = =
(
5 +1 2 5 +1 2 5 +1 2
=
) ( ) ( )
5 +1
=
5 +1
5 −1 5 +1 25 − 1 5 −1 4 2

d
2 2
×
3 2− 3 2 2 3 2− 3
= = =
(
6 4 − 2 6 12 − 2 6 )
3 2+ 3 3 2− 3 9 4− 9 18 − 3 15

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 113

e
5 + 2 4 5 +3 3
×
5 + 2 4 5 +3 3
=
( )( )
4 5 −3 3 4 5 +3 3 16 25 − 9 9
4 25 + 3 15 + 4 10 + 3 6
=
80 − 27
20 + 3 15 + 4 10 + 3 6
=
53

Question 42

a 3 x x − 2 6 x 5 ( x − 2 ) 6 x − 5 x + 10 x + 10
− = − = =
5 2 10 10 10 10

b a + 2 2a − 3 3 ( a + 2 ) 7 ( 2a − 3 )
+ = +
7 3 21 21
3a + 6 + 14a − 21
=
21
17 a − 15
=
21

c 1 2 1 2 ( x − 1)
−
= −
x −1 x +1
2
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1− 2x + 2
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)
3 − 2x
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)
d 4 1 4 1( k − 1)
+= +
k + 2k − 3 k + 3
2
( k + 3)( k − 1) ( k + 3)( k − 1)
4 + k −1
=
( k + 3)( k − 1)
3+ k
=
( k + 3)( k − 1)
1
=
k −1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 114

e 3 5 3 2− 5 5 3+ 2
− = × − ×
2+ 5 3− 2 2+ 5 2− 5 3− 2 3+ 2

=
3 ( 2− 5 ) − 5( 3+ 2 )
4 − 25 9− 4
6 − 15 5 3 + 5 2
= −
2−5 3− 2
6 − 15 5 3 + 5 2
= −
−3 1

=
− ( 6 − 15 ) − 3(5 3 +5 2 )
3 3
− 6 + 15 − 15 3 − 15 2
=
3

Question 43

a 108 − 12 =n
LHS: 36 × 3 − 4 × 3= 6 3 − 2 3= 4 3= 16 3= 48
n = 48

b 112 + 7 =n
LHS: 16 × 7 + 7 = 4 7 + 7 = 5 7 = 25 7 = 175
n = 175

c 2 8 + 200 =
n
LHS: 2 4 × 2 + 100 × 2= 4 2 + 10 2= 14 2= 196 2= 392
n = 392

d 4 147 + 3 75 =
n
LHS: 4 49 × 3 + 3 25 ×=
3 28 3 + 15 =
3 43 =
3 1849 =
3 5547
n = 5547

e 180
2 245 + = n
2
36 × 5 6 5
LHS: 2 49 × 5 + = 14 5 + = 14 5 + 3 =
5 17 =
5 289 =
5 1445
2 2
n = 1445

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 115

Challenge exercise 1

Question 1
2
− 1 1 1
64=3
= 2
=
64 3
3
642 16

Question 2

2 ( 2k − 1) + 2=
k +1
2 ( 2k +1 − 1)
LHS: 2 ( 2k − 1) + 2k +1 =
2k +1 − 2 + 2k +1 = 2 ( 2k +1 − 1) =
2 × 2k +1 − 2 = RHS
∴ 2 ( 2k − 1) + 2=
k +1
2 ( 2k +1 − 1)

Question 3
4
2
  4 9 4
24  39  54
a  5  2  1 3
= =  ÷  −  ÷   = 4 ×  − 9  × 4 =−24 35
  1 3    3  2   5   3   5  5  1  3
3 2 3 2
bc
  −      
 3    5  

Question 4

a 4ab ( a − 2b ) − 2a 2 ( b − 3a ) = 4a 2b − 8ab 2 − 2a 2b + 6a 3 = 2a 2b − 8ab 2 + 6a 3

b (y 2
− 2 )( y 2 + 2 ) = y 4 − 2 y 2 + 2 y 2 − 4 = y 4 − 4

c ( 2 x − 5) =( 2 x − 5)( 2 x − 5)( 2 x − 5)
3

= ( 2 x − 5 ) ( 4 x 2 − 10 x − 10 x + 25 )
= ( 2 x − 5 ) ( 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25 )
=8 x3 − 40 x 2 + 50 x − 20 x 2 + 100 x − 125
=8 x3 − 60 x 2 + 150 x − 125

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 116

Question 5

1 2 5 +3 2 5 +3
3 +1+ × = 3 +1+
2 5 −3 2 5 +3 4 25 − 9
2 5 +3
= 3 +1+
20 − 9
2 5 +3
= 3 +1+
11

=
11 ( 3 +1)+2
5 +3
11 11
11 3 + 11 + 2 5 + 3
=
11
11 3 + 14 + 2 5
=
11

Question 6

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 2
= = = = × = =
7 6 − 54 7 6 − 9 × 6 7 6 − 3 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4

Question 7

a ( x + 4) + 5 ( x + 4 ) = ( x + 4 ) ( ( x + 4 ) + 5 ) = ( x + 4 )( x + 9 )
2

b x 4 − x 2 y − 6 y 2 = ( x 2 + 2 y )( x 2 − 3 y )

c 8 a2 (b − 2) − 4 (b − 2)
a 2b − 2a 2 − 4b +=
(b 2) ( a2 − 4)
=−
( b − 2 )( a − 2 )( a + 2 )
=

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 117

 Question 8

2 xy + 2 x − 6 − 6 y 2 ( xy + x − 3 − 3 y )
=
4 x 2 − 16 x + 12 4 ( x 2 − 4 x + 3)
x ( y + 1) − 3 ( y + 1)
=
2 ( x − 3)( x − 1)

=
( y + 1)( x − 3) ( y + 1)
=
2 ( x − 1)( x − 3) 2 ( x − 1)

Question 9

( a + 1) ( a + 1) ( a + 1)
3 3 2

= =
a2 −1 ( a + 1)( a − 1) a − 1

Question 10
2 2
4 a2  2   a   2 a   2 a 
− =   −   =  −  + 
x2 b2  x   b   x b   x b 

Question 11

a ( 2 x − 1) =( 2 x − 1)( 2 x − 1)( 2 x − 1)
3

= ( 2 x − 1) ( 4 x 2 − 2 x − 2 x + 1)
= ( 2 x − 1) ( 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1)
= 8 x3 − 8 x 2 + 2 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x − 1
= 8 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 6 x − 1

b 6 x2 + 5x − 4
=
(=
2 x − 1)( 3 x + 4 ) 3x + 4
8 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 6 x − 1 ( 2 x − 1) ( 2 x − 1)
3 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 118

Question 12

V = πr 2 h
9 πr 2 ×16
=
9
= r2
16π
9
=r
16π
3
r=
4 π

Question 13

1
s= u + at 2
2
1
( )
2
= 2+ × 3× 2 3
2
1
= 2 + × 3 × 4×3
2
= 2+6 3

Question 14

a
( )=( )( )
2
x+x x+x x+x

=
x + x x + x x + x2
=
x + 2x x + x2
3
=+
x 2x 2 + x2

b  1  1 
( )( )
1 1
3
a+3b 3
a − 3 b = a3 + b3   a3 − b3 
  
2 1 1 1 1 2
=a 3 − a 3b 3 + a 3b 3 − b 3
2 2
= a −b 3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 119

c 
2
1   − 
1
− 
1

 p +  =
 p + p 2
 p + p 2

 p   
1 1
= p + p + p + p −1
2 2 2

1
=p + 2 p + p −1
2 2

d  1   12
2
− 
1 1
− 
1

 x + =
  x + x 2
 x 2
+ x 2

 x   
−1
=x + x + x + x
0 0

= x + 1 + 1 + x −1
=x + x −1 + 2

Question 15
3 2
  3  2    2 3 
     
a 3b 2   4     3  
= 2
c2   1 4 
   
 2  
6 6 8
3 2 1
=   ×  ÷ 
4 3 2
36 26 28
= 6× 6× 8
4 3 1
214 214
= = = = 22 4
46 212

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