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Gr.9 Chem - Lesson - 1 - Ion - Formation

This lesson discusses why elements form compounds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like the noble gases. It introduces concepts like chemical bonds, cations, anions and explains how metals form positive ions by losing electrons while nonmetals form negative ions by gaining electrons. The lesson also provides examples of common ion formations for different groups of elements.

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51 views14 pages

Gr.9 Chem - Lesson - 1 - Ion - Formation

This lesson discusses why elements form compounds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like the noble gases. It introduces concepts like chemical bonds, cations, anions and explains how metals form positive ions by losing electrons while nonmetals form negative ions by gaining electrons. The lesson also provides examples of common ion formations for different groups of elements.

Uploaded by

ggqwyp2jmp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 1

Ion Formation
Focus Question

Why do elements form compounds?


New Vocabulary
chemical bond
cation
anion
Review Vocabulary

octet rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share


electrons in order to acquire eight valence
electrons
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds

• A chemical bond is the force that holds two


atoms together.
• Chemical bonds can form by the attraction
between the positive nucleus of one atom
and the negative electrons of another atom,
or by the attraction between positive ions and
negative ions.
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds

• Electron-dot structures can be used to


illustrate the formation of chemical bonds.
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds

• Ionization energy refers to how easily an atom


loses an electron.
• Electron affinity indicates how much
attraction an atom has for electrons.
• Noble gases, which have high ionization
energies and low electron affinities, show a
general lack of chemical reactivity.
• Noble gases have electron configurations with
a full outermost energy level.
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds

• Elements tend to react to acquire the stable


electron structure of a noble gas.
• Atoms try to form an octet—a stable
arrangement of eight valence electrons in the
outer energy level—by gaining or losing
valence electrons.
Positive Ion Formation

• A positive ion forms when an atom loses one


or more valence electrons in order to attain a
noble gas configuration.
• A positively charged ion is called a cation.
Positive Ion Formation

• This figure illustrates


how sodium loses a
valence electron to
become a sodium
cation.
• By losing an
electron, the sodium
atom acquires the
stable outer electron
configuration of
neon.
Positive Ion Formation

• Metals atoms are reactive because they lose


valence electrons easily. Group 1 and 2 metals
are the most reactive metals.
• The ions formed by metal atoms in groups 1,
2, and 13 are summarized below.
Positive Ion Formation

• Transition metals commonly form 2+ or 3+


ions, but can also form ions of 3+ or greater.
• Other relatively stable electron arrangements
are called pseudo-noble gas configurations.
Negative Ion Formation

• Nonmetals easily gain


electrons to attain a
stable outer electron
configuration.
• The figure shows
chlorine gaining an
electron.
• An anion is a negatively
charged ion. Thus, the
chlorine atom becomes
a chloride anion.
Negative Ion Formation

• As shown in the table, nonmetal ions gain


the number of electrons required to fill an
octet and gain a noble-gas configuration.
• Some nonmetals can gain or lose other
numbers of electrons to complete an octet.

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