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    Week 1 Lecture 2

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    MPRaj
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in materials engineering, including: 1. It classifies materials into four main categories: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. 2. It describes the structure of materials from the subatomic to the macroscopic scale and how structure determines properties. 3. It discusses the importance of selecting the right material for an application based on required properties and processing, and consequences when materials selection is incorrect.

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    Week 1 Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    MPRaj
    27 views26 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in materials engineering, including: 1. It classifies materials into four main categories: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. 2. It describes the structure of materials from the subatomic to the macroscopic scale and how structure determines properties. 3. It discusses the importance of selecting the right material for an application based on required properties and processing, and consequences when materials selection is incorrect.

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    materials science

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    Week 1 Lecture 2 (1)

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in materials engineering, including: 1. It classifies materials into four main categories: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. 2. It describes the structure of materials from the subatomic to the macroscopic scale and how structure determines properties. 3. It discusses the importance of selecting the right material for an application based on required properties and processing, and consequences when materials selection is incorrect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views26 pages

    Week 1 Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    MPRaj
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in materials engineering, including: 1. It classifies materials into four main categories: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. 2. It describes the structure of materials from the subatomic to the macroscopic scale and how structure determines properties. 3. It discusses the importance of selecting the right material for an application based on required properties and processing, and consequences when materials selection is incorrect.

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    of 26

    EMS430U - MATERIALS ENGINEERING

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    • Properties of materials

    • Classification of materials

    • Structure of materials

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    What Materials Properties are relevant to Engineers ?

    Price and Availability An Economic Property


    Density
    Stiffness (Modulus) and damping
    Bulk Mechanical
    Strength (many types)
    Properties
    Toughness
    Fatigue
    Creep
    Thermal properties
    Optical properties Bulk non-mechanical
    Magnetic properties properties
    Electrical properties
    Oxidation and corrosion
    Friction and wear Surface properties
    Biocompatability
    Ease of manufacture Production properties
    Fabrication, joining, finishing

    Appearance, texture, feel Aesthetic properties


    Chapter .
    1 - Introduction
    Example: optical properties
    • Transmittance:
    --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
    opaque depending on the material structure.

    polycrystal: polycrystal:
    single crystal low porosity high porosity

    Adapted from Fig. 1.2,


    Callister 7e.
    (Specimen preparation,
    P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
    Tanner.)

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Classification of Materials
    History

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Classification of Materials
    • Metals:
    – Strong, ductile
    – high thermal & electrical conductivity
    – opaque, reflective.

    • Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of electrons


    – Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
    – thermal & electrical insulators
    – Optically translucent or transparent.

    • Ceramics: ionic bonding – compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements


    (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
    – Brittle, glassy, elastic
    – non-conducting (insulators)

    • Composites: composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from
    above categories.
    - goal: combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material
    (e.g. fiber glass)

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Metals

    • Composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g. Fe, Al,


    Cr, Cu, Ti, Au, Ni) and small amounts of non-metallic
    elements (C, N, O)
    • Orderly arrangement of atoms
    • High density, stiff, strong and ductile  used in structural
    applications
    • Nonlocalised electrons  good electrical conductors and
    heat conductors
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Ceramics
    • Cement and concrete
    • Glasses and silicates
    • Alumina (Al203, emery,
    sapphire)
    • Silicon carbide (SiC)
    • Silicon nitride (Si3N4)

    Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements


    Frequently they are oxides nitrides and carbides
    Stiff and strong (comparable to metals), but very brittle
    Typically insulating to heat and electricity
    Can be transparent, translucent or opaque
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Polymers
    • Polyethylene (PE),
    Polypropylene (PP)
    • Polymethylmethacrylate
    (PMMA, Perspex) Nylon
    • Polystyrene (PS)
    • Polyurethane (PU)
    • Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
    • Rubbers
    Many polymers are organic compounds based on C, H, O, N.
    Usually consist of large chainlike molecular structures with a
    backbone of carbon atoms.
    Low density, but not as strong or stiff as ceramics and metals
    Can be very ductile  easily formed into complex shapes
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    High chemical resistance but low temperature stability.
    Composites http://www.the-rc.com/composite-matirials
    • Wood
    • Bone
    • Fibreglass
    • Carbon-fibre re-
    inforced polymer

    • composed of
    two (or more)
    individual
    materials, which
    come from the
    other
    categories.
    • combination of
    properties that
    is not displayed
    by any single
    material Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Advanced materials

    Semiconductors
    Biomaterials
    Smart materials
    Nano-engineered materials

    Example:
    Graphene, one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, can carry electric
    charges far faster than currently used materials.
    But it has proven difficult to make it behave as a semiconductor like
    silicon, or to attach "contacts" to the sheets.
    A study in Nature Communications solves those problems by
    cooking up graphene from a material called silicon carbide.
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18868848
    Advanced materials

    Semiconductors
    Biomaterials
    Smart materials
    Nano-engineered materials

    1 µm
    Example:
    Zinc oxide nanorods are semiconducting and piezoelectric and can
    be used in energy harvesting devices, electronic components such
    as diodes, chemical sensors and bioimaging sensors.

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    The structure of materials
    Subatomic level
    Electronic structure of individual atoms
    that defines interaction among atoms
    (interatomic bonding)

    Atomic level
    Arrangement of atoms in materials (for
    the same atoms can have different
    properties, e.g. two forms of carbon:
    graphite and diamond)

    Microscopic structure
    Arrangement of small grains of material
    that can be identified by microscopy

    Macroscopic structure
    Structural elements that may be viewed
    with the naked eye
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Microstructures – Properties
    (Length Scales)
    macrostructure >1mm
    determines shape of object, macroscopic properties

    microstructure ~1 nm – 1 μm
    determines physico-chemical nature

    molecular structure 1 nm – 1 μm
    determines physico-chemical nature

    atomic structure <1 nm


    determines physico-chemical nature

    Generally NOT INTRINSIC – can be manipulated!!


    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Microstructures – Properties
    (Length Scales)
    angstrom =1Å = 10-10 m
    nanometer = 1 nm = 10-9 m
    micrometer = 1 μm = 10-6 m
    millimeter = 1 mm = 10-3 m

    some values:
    • interatomic distance ~ a few Å
    • human hair ~ 50 μm
    • CD tracks: W ~ 0.5 μm wide, Lminimum ~ 0.83 μm long,
    h =125 nm

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
    THEIR PROPERTIES

    How do we select materials?

    What if we get it wrong?

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    The Materials Selection Process
    1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
    Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
    magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

    2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)


    Material: structure, composition.

    3. Material Identify required Processing


    Processing: changes structure and overall shape
    example: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
    forming, joining, annealing.

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Mistakes can cause disasters.
    During the last war, for example, one class of welded
    merchant ship suffered heavy losses, not by enemy attack, but
    by breaking in half at sea.

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Failure occurred by
    a fracture running
    along the welds
    and right around
    the ship because the
    weld material had a
    low fracture
    toughness

    fracture toughness - a materials property.


    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Subatomic and Atomic Level

    • Very brief overview


    – Further details in “Materials Chemistry”, 2nd semester
    module
    – Chapter 2, Callister
    • Atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)
    – A ~ Z+N (N : number of neutrons)
    • Bonding
    – Ionic
    – Covalent
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Molar concentration and Atomic Mass

    • 1 amu / atom = 1 gram / mole

    • NA: Avogadro’s number 6.023 × 1023


    • If the fraction-of-occurrence of isotope i in element M is fiM

    Average atomic mass: weighted sum


    atomic weights not usually integers
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    To be covered elsewhere
    (depends on your degree programme)

    • Intra-atomic structure, energy levels, bonding types, …

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Broad classification of elements
    Variation of properties:
    Periodic Table
    Mechanical, electrical …

    Electropositive Electronegative
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Interatomic interactions:
    Long range attractive, short range repulsive

    Equilibrium spacing between atoms r0

    Attractive force – bonding between atoms

    ionic
    covalent
    metallic

    Also weaker (secondary) bonds


    van der Waals (dipole)
    hydrogen bonding Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Bonds

    Ionic
    Strong differences in electronegativity

    Covalent
    Small differences in electronegativity

    Metallic
    Valence electrons unbound

    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Summary
    • Classification of Materials
    • Diversity of Materials:
    • Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites, …
    • Aspects and Importance of Structure
    • Hierarchical nature
    • Brief overview atomic structure, bonding
    • Coming up:
    • Structure of metals (crystalline) and properties

    Chapter 1 - Introduction

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