MATH 002 Engineering & Sciences Mathematics 2

Lecture Notes

Module IV 4a

1. Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations

2. Two Variables Linear Systems
3. Matrices and Systems of Equations
4. Operations with Matrices

Text Book: Algebra & Trigonometry 10th Edition. (2020). Ron Larson
CENGAGE Learning. ISBN-13: 978-1-337-27117-2
 MODULE-IV
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
(To be covered in 08 Teaching Hours)
Practice
Summative
Article # CLOs Page # Class work Problems Week #
Problems Assessment

9.1 2.5 628 05, 15, 17 11 06, 18, 20 Quiz # 4

in
Week # 14
from 9.1, 9.2,
9.2 2.5 638 Example-01, 13, 35 11 16, 20, 25 10.1, and 10.2

Example-01, Example-02, Assignment # 4

10.1 2.5 700 12 08, 18, 22, 24 will be in
07, 09, 21, 23
week # 14
Example-01, Example-03, from
Module-IV
10.2 2.5 713 Example-06, Example-10, 12 09, 20, 37, 46
35, 45

Page 2 of 22
 9.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations
Method of Substitution:
1. Solve one of the equations for one variable in terms of the other.
2. Substitute the expression found in step 1 into the other equation to obtain an equation in
one variable.
3. Solve the equation obtained in step 2.
4. Back-substitute the value obtained in step 3 into the expression obtained in step 1 to find
the value of the other variable.
5. Check that the solution satisfies each of the original equations.

EXERCISE 9.1 Page 635

CW01: Question # 05
Determine whether each ordered pair is a solution of the given system of linear equations.
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏
{ (a) (𝟎 , −𝟒) (b) (𝟑 , −𝟏) (c) (𝟐 , −𝟏) (d) (− 𝟐 , −𝟓)
𝟖𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟗
Solution:

Page 3 of 22
 &

CW02: Question # 15
𝒙−𝒚=𝟐
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of substitution: {
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔
Solution:
2
-y
+

6(y 2) 5y 16
+
-

y 12 5
+16 -
=

y 12-6
+

y 16 =
-
12

y 4
=

x y
=

2
+

x 4
= 2
+

x 6 =

5.556,43
CW03: Question # 17
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 &
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of substitution: {
𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎
-> -

Solution: 4k y 5 0 + -
=

-
y 5 4k
=
=

1) y = = 4x 5 +

-
2x (.4x 5) 2 0 =
+ +
-

2x 4 5 2 0
- + =
+

--

61 -

3 0
=

*
=3,
x Yz
=

2) y =
=
4x 5
+

Page 4 of 22
y 4))
= +

y 3
=

- (k(3)
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Question # 06 / Page 635:
Determine whether each ordered pair is a solution of the given system.
y
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝟑 x 𝟑 𝟑𝟏 𝟕 𝟑𝟕
{ (a) (𝟐 , −𝟏𝟑) (b) (𝟏 , −𝟐) (c) (− 𝟐 , − 𝟑 ) (d) (− 𝟒 , − 𝟒 )
−𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏
Solution: 2
4(=) +(- ) 34(7) (- )
4(1) ( 2) 3 3
= =

= +
-

a) 4(2) +( 13) 3
+
-

=
- -

3 32
-*
=

2 34
=

3
3 3 =

(-) -
( -

) 1
=

(2) -
( 13)
-
1)
=

-(1) -
(-2) x)
=
-

(z) -
( ) 1
-

11 In
=

No 11 11
=

No
Yes W
Yes

Page 5 of 22
Question # 18 / Page 635:
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 &
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of substitution: {
0 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
Solution:

-
x 2y 4 0
-
+ =

f =
4 =
=
2y

x =
-
2y 4 +

--
6(2y 4) +
-

3y -
4 0
=

y 24
zy 4 0
-
+ - =

-
-

15y 20
+
0
=

=
2)x -
=

2(43) 4
+

x
43
=

5.5(4,14/5)

Page 6 of 22
Question # 20 / Page 635:
𝟎. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚 = −𝟑. 𝟓
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of substitution: { -

𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟒 -
->
Solution: 0.5x y
+
=
-

3.5

y 0.54 =
-

3.5

-
1)
-
x -

3.2(-0.34 3.5) -

3.4
=

y 1y11.2+ +
=

3.2

->
2.6 x 11.2 3.4
+
=

=6
x =
-
3

2) y -
=
0.5) 3) -
-

3.5

y -
=
2.

S.S(-3, -2)

Page 7 of 22
 9.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems
Method of Elimination:
To use the method of elimination to solve a system of two linear equations in x and y, perform
the following steps.

1. Obtain coefficients for x (or y) that differ only in sign by multiplying all terms of one or
both equations by suitably chosen constants.

2. Add the equations to eliminate one variable.

3. Solve the equation obtained in step 2.

4. Back-substitute the value obtained in step 3 into either of the original equations and solve
for the other variable.

5. Check that the solution satisfies each of the original equations.

The operations that can be performed on a system of linear equations to produce an equivalent
system are

1) interchanging any two equations,

2) multiplying an equation by a nonzero constant, and
3) adding a multiple of one equation to any other equation in the system.

CW01: Example-01 Page 638

/
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒
Use method of elimination to solve the system of linear equations: {
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐
Solution:
=
x =

3(2) 2y +

4 =

--
6 2y +

4 =

2y 4 =
-

S.S(2,-1)
=-
Page 8 of 22
y -
=
1
 EXERCISE 9.2 Page 646
CW02: Question # 13
Solve the system of linear equations by the method of elimination: { -
I
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐
Solution:
--
4 2y 6
+
=
=
2y 6
=
-
4 x 4
=

2y I
~
-Z
2

8.5(4,1)
y 1 =

CW03: Question # 35 0.5

𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟕
Use any method to solve the giving system of linear equations: {
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟗 (5)
Solution:

I
1) 3x -

5y 1 =

8.5(4,1)
by
ee
x 4
=

2)
344
e Page 9 of 22

-y 1
=
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Question # 16 / Page 646: -
𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 (2)
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of elimination: {
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = −𝟓
Solution:
10 =
1)2x 20
+

e
3

lot
n 3
=

2) (3) 3y+

10
=

stee
8 =

S.S(7, 5)

Page 10 of 22
Question # 20 / Page 646:
11
&-
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏𝒚 = 𝟒 (2)
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of elimination: {
−𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟗 (3)
Solution:

1)6x +

22y z
=

↳19.
I

y 5 =

2)3k +
11(5) 4
=

34 +
554

=-
X =
= 17

(5,-17)

Page 11 of 22
Question # 25 / Page 646:
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒 (3)
Solve the given system of linear equations by the method of elimination: {
𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟑
Solution:
1)-qx -
6x 12
=

My
64e
No sonebicg

Page 12 of 22
 10.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations

)
-

-"

Xs 5

CW01: Example-01 Page 700

Determine the dimension of each matrix:
𝟓 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
(a) [𝟐] (b) [𝟏 −𝟑 𝟎 ] (c) [ ] (d) [ 𝟐 −𝟐]
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
−𝟕 𝟒
Solution:

b)1X42x2 d1512
a) IN

Page 13 of 22
 x y z w
CW02: Example-02 Page 701 &y z w
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒘 = 𝟗
-> 130 +
- -
9
−𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 + 𝟐𝒘 = −𝟐
Write the augmented matrix: { 0 -
𝒙 − 𝟓𝒛 − 𝟔𝒘 = 𝟎 42 =
-
2
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒
I

What is the dimension of the augmented matrix?

10.5 -
6 0
=

Solution: 24 -
30
q
=

y
i
x 2 N =

I
3 0
-
1
9
=

I 4
0 -
2
--2

0.36
S =

24 - 3 ⑧

=- 4

d 4x5 20.
=

EXERCISE 10.1 Page 709

CW03: Question # 07
Determine the dimension of the matrix: [𝟕 𝟎]
Solution:
IX2

CW04: Question # 09
𝟐
Determine the dimension of the matrix: [𝟑𝟔]
𝟑
Solution:

3x
Page 14 of 22
CW05: Question # 21
-11- 1
Write the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix:
x y
𝟏 𝟏 : 𝟑
[ ] ↑
𝟓 −𝟑 : −𝟏
Solution:
f y -
3

5N -

3ys-1
!I

CW06: Question # 23
Write the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix:
𝟐 𝟎 𝟓 : −𝟏𝟐
[𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐 : 𝟕 ]
𝟔 𝟑 𝟎 : 𝟐
Solution:

Ar y 2
is
=

12
5y
=
-

2x +

2 -
12 7
=

6x
3y32
+

D 3 x3 6
=
=

Page 15 of 22
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Question # 08 / Page 709
Determine the dimension of the matrix: [𝟓 −𝟑 𝟖 𝟕]
Solution:
IX e
W

~
Question # 18 / Page 709
−𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑
Write the augmented matrix: {𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗
Solution: A y 2 = ?" Ds
-
2
-
4 1 13 12
3x4
=

6 0 -

7 22
=

3 1
1
-

9
=

Question # 22 / Page 709

Write the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix:
𝟓 𝟐 : 𝟗
[ ]
𝟑 −𝟖 : 𝟎
Solution:

Ar y =

St 2y + q
=

2x3
3- 2y = 0
Question # 24 / Page 709
Write the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix:
𝟒 −𝟓 −𝟏 : 𝟏𝟖
[−𝟏𝟏 𝟎 𝟔 : 𝟐𝟓 ]
𝟑 𝟖 𝟎 : −𝟐𝟗
Solution:
N
to y z =

~
ut -5y - 2 12
=

4 x3
~
114 62 25
w
=
- +

Page 16 of 22
2a
3x zy
-
=
+
 10.2 Operations with Matrices
Equality of Matrices:
Two matrices 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] and 𝑩 = [𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] are equal when they have the same dimension
(𝒎 × 𝒏) and 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒃𝒊𝒋 for 𝟏 ≤ 𝒊 ≤ 𝒎 and 𝟏 ≤ 𝒋 ≤ 𝒏.
In other words, two matrices are equal when their corresponding entries are equal.

Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication:

Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication:

Matrix Multiplication:

Page 17 of 22
 CW01: Example-01 Page 713
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
Solve for 𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , and 𝒂𝟐𝟐 in the matrix equation [𝒂 𝒂𝟏𝟐 ] = [−𝟑 ].
𝟐𝟏 𝟎
Solution:

CW02: Example-03 Page 715

For the following matrices, find (a) 𝟑𝑨
-
(b) −𝑩 and (c) 𝟑𝑨 − 𝑩

𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨 = [−𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏] 𝑩 = [ 𝟏 −𝟒 𝟑]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
Solution:

?
66 12
a) 3A
3
=

- 90
3
-

2
6
3 6

b) -
B =

-
200
-
200
1 -

43 -
I -14- 3
32
-

1 -
3 -
2

<)3A-3/8+(is) -
612
-

Page 18 of 22
 -
CW03: Example-06 Page 717
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒
Solve for 𝑿 in the equation 𝟑𝑿 + 𝑨 = 𝑩, where 𝑨=[ ], and 𝑩 = [ ].
𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
Solution:

= [?]-[!):[?]
-

CW04: Example-10 Page 720

𝟑 𝟏
Find 𝑨𝟐 , where 𝑨 = [ ].
−𝟏 𝟐
Solution:

sus.:-
Page 19 of 22
 EXERCISE 10.2 Page 724
CW05: Question # 35 E
−𝟏
- 𝟔 -𝟐 𝟑
If possible, find 𝑨𝑩, and state the dimension of the result: 𝑨 = [−𝟒 𝟓]
𝑩=[ ] - -

𝟎 𝟗
𝟎 𝟑 -

Solution:
3x2 2x2

is / I
I /

CW06: Question # 45
If possible, find (a) 𝑨𝑩, (b) 𝑩𝑨, and (c) 𝑨𝟐 :

𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟏
𝑨=[ ] 𝑩=[ ]
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟖
Solution:

Page 20 of 22
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Question # 09 / Page 724
If possible, find (a) 𝑨 + 𝑩 (b) 𝑨 − 𝑩 (c) 𝟑𝑨, and (d) 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩:
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
𝑨=[ ]𝑩=[ ]
𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟖
Solution:

Question # 20 / Page 724

𝟏
Evaluate the expression: ([𝟓 −𝟐 𝟒 𝟎] + [𝟏𝟒 𝟔 −𝟏𝟖 𝟗])
𝟐
Solution:

Page 21 of 22
Question # 37 / Page 724
𝟐 𝟏 0 −1 0
If possible, find 𝑨𝑩, and state the dimension of the result: 𝑨 = [−𝟑 𝟒] 𝑩 = [40 2]
𝟏 𝟔 8 −1 7
Solution:

Question # 46 / Page 724

𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟏
If possible, find (a) 𝑨𝑩, (b) 𝑩𝑨, and (c) 𝑨𝟐 : 𝑨=[ ] 𝑩=[ ]
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟖
Solution:

Page 22 of 22