EASA Module 2 Dictionary
Uploaded by
Steven J. SelcukEASA Module 2 Dictionary
Uploaded by
Steven J. Selcuk01 - Keywords
1. Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
2. Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
3. Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
4. Neutron Calculation: The sum of protons and neutrons gives the mass number of an
atom.
5. Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
6. Electron Binding: The attraction of electrons to the nucleus due to electrostatic
forces.
7. Valency Electron: Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, involved in
chemical bonding.
8. Nucleus: Central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
9. Orbit: The path followed by electrons around the nucleus.
10. Orbit Calculation: Determined by the energy level and quantum number of an
electron.
11. Valency: The number of electrons an atom needs to gain, lose, or share to achieve
a stable electron configuration.
12. Valency Calculation: Determined by the number of valence electrons. 🚨octet rule
13. Orbitals: Regions around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
14. Subshell: A set of orbitals within a main energy level.
15. Atom: The basic unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
16. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
17. Ions: Charged particles formed by gaining or losing electrons.
18. Element: Substance composed of only one type of atom.
19. Compound: Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.
20. Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
21. Atomic Number: Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
22. Periodic Table: Arrangement of elements based on their atomic number.
23. Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
24. Adhesion: Attraction between different molecules.
25. Cohesion: Attraction between similar molecules.
26. Chemical Bonding: The force holding atoms together in a compound.
27. Covalent: Bond formed by sharing electrons.
28. Catalyst: Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
29. Inhibitor: Substance that slows down or prevents a chemical reaction.
30. Semiconductors: Materials with electrical conductivity between insulators and
conductors.
31. Mixture: Combination of different substances not chemically bonded.
32. Gas: State of matter with no fixed shape or volume.
33. Liquid: State of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
34. Solid: State of matter with a definite shape and volume.
35. Plasma: Fourth state of matter with ionized particles.
36. Rigidity: The ability of a material to resist deformation.
37. Compressibility: The ability of a substance to decrease in volume under pressure.
38. Thermal Expansion: Increase in volume due to an increase in temperature.
39. Melting: Process of changing from a solid to a liquid.
40. Freezing: Process of changing from a liquid to a solid.
41. Sublimation: Process of changing from a solid directly to a gas.
42. Deposition: Process of changing from a gas directly to a solid.
43. Vaporization: Process of changing from a liquid to a gas.
Gravity: The force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its
center. It's the force that gives weight to objects and causes them to fall to
the ground when dropped.
Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually measured in
kilograms or grams.
Weight: The force exerted on an object due to gravity. It is equal to the mass of
the object multiplied by the gravitational acceleration (weight = mass x
gravity).
Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a
reference substance; typically, water for a liquid or solid, and air for a gas.
Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance. It's usually expressed in
kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).
Stress: In physical sciences and engineering, stress is the internal force per
unit area that resists deformation of a material.
Strain: The deformation or displacement of material measured by the change in its
geometric properties.
Hooke’s Law: A principle stating that the force needed to extend or compress a
spring by some distance is proportional to that distance.
Tension: A force that pulls or stretches material along its length.
Compression: A force that pushes or squeezes material, reducing its volume.
Stretching: The act of lengthening or elongating something by pulling it; in
materials science, it refers to the process of applying tension to a material.
Elastic Modulus: A measure of the stiffness of a material. It is a fundamental
property that characterizes the ability of a material to return to its original
shape after being stretched or compressed.
Young’s Modulus: A measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in
length when under lengthwise tension or compression.
Bulk Modulus: A measure of how resistant a substance is to compressive stress.
Shear Modulus: A measure of the rigidity of a material; it defines the material's
response to shear stress (parallel forces applied to opposite faces).
Shear: A strain in the structure of a substance when its particles are displaced
in parallel planes.
Torsion: The act of twisting or the state of being twisted, especially of one end
of an object relative to the other.
Force: A push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with
another object. It's measured in Newtons (N).
Coplanar Force: Forces that lie in the same plane.
Moments: The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or
pivot.
Work: In physics, work is done when a force is applied to an object and the
object moves in the direction of the force. It's measured in Joules (J).
Energy: The capacity to do work or produce heat; exists in several forms such as
kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, and electromagnetic.
Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Measured in watts
(W).
Inertia: A property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its
velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external
force.
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Potential Energy: The stored energy of an object due to its position in a force
field or its configuration.
Total Mechanical Energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy in a mechanical
system.
Gravitational Potential Energy: The potential energy a physical object with mass
has in relation to another massive object due to gravity.
Momentum: The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its
mass and velocity.
Linear Momentum: Momentum of a body in linear motion, calculated as the product
of its mass and velocity.
The Conservation of Linear Momentum Principle: In a closed system, the total
linear momentum remains constant if no external forces are acting on it.
Impulse-Momentum: The relationship between impulse (force times time) and
momentum (mass times velocity).
Distance: The total path length traveled by an object.
Displacement: A vector quantity that represents the change in position of an
object.
Speed: The rate at which an object covers distance. A scalar quantity.
Acceleration: The rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object
accelerates if it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.
Constant Acceleration: Acceleration that does not change in magnitude or
direction over time.
Average Speed: Total distance traveled divided by the total time taken.
Velocity: The speed of an object in a particular direction. A vector quantity.
Average Velocity: The displacement divided by the time over which the
displacement occurred.
Static Friction: The friction force that resists the initiation of sliding motion
between two surfaces.
Kinetic Friction: The friction between two surfaces that are in relative motion.
Starting Friction: The initial frictional force that needs to be overcome to
start moving an object from rest. It is generally slightly higher than static
friction.
Rolling Friction: The frictional force that resists the motion of a rolling
object.
Sliding Friction: The frictional force that opposes the motion of two surfaces
sliding past each other.
Uniform Circular Movement: The motion of an object moving at a constant speed
along a circular path.
Uniform Circular Force: The net force acting on an object moving in a circular
path at constant speed. It's directed towards the center of the circle.
Uniform Circular Acceleration: The acceleration of an object moving in a circular
path at constant speed. This acceleration is always directed towards the center
of the circle.
Centripetal Force: The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path and
is directed towards the center around which the object is moving.
Centrifugal Force: An apparent force experienced in a rotating frame of
reference. It acts outwardly away from the center of rotation.
Pendulum Movement: The swinging motion of a pendulum, which is an object
suspended from a fixed point that swings back and forth under the force of
gravity.
Period: The time it takes for one complete cycle of a repeating event.
Frequency: The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.
Harmonic Motion: Motion that repeats in cycles, typically as a sine or cosine
wave.
Vibration: An oscillating motion about an equilibrium point.
Resonance: The increase in amplitude of oscillation of an electric or mechanical
system exposed to a periodic force whose frequency is equal or close to the
natural undamped frequency of the system.
Gyroscope: A device consisting of a wheel or disk mounted so that it can spin
rapidly about an axis which is itself free to alter in direction.
Léon Foucault: A French physicist famous for his demonstration of the Foucault
pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation.
Mechanical Advantage: The factor by which a machine multiplies the force put into
it.
Blocks and Tackle: A system of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded
between them, typically used to lift heavy loads.
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid beam pivoted on a fulcrum, used to
transmit force or to do work.
