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Table 1.

The Affective-Metacognitive-Analytic Scaffolding Intervention

SCAFFOLDING INTENTIONS ASPECTS SCAFFOLDING STRATEGIES

AFFECTIVE Beliefs  Affirmation


 Anchoring

Attitude  Positive Self-Talk


 Reframing
Emotion  Rapport
METACOGNITIVE Planning  Goal-setting
 Visualization
Monitoring  Question Prompts
 Reciprocal Feedbacking

Evaluation  Peer Review


 Expert View
 Reflective Logs

ANALYTIC Deep Processing  Explaining, Reviewing and Restructuring


Cognition  Developing Conceptual Thinking

The intervention combines three scaffolding strategies; i.e., affective, metacognitive, and
analytic. The affective scaffolding uses affirmation and anchoring on the emotional aspect. Positive self-
talk and reframing for motivation while rapport for developing the attitude.

These techniques from the neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) have been applied in various
performance-related and learning contexts (Bandler & Grinder, 1975) and recently it has been seen as
one of the resources to enhance effectiveness of language instruction (Hardingham, 1998). NLP claims to
help achieve excellence of performance in language teaching and learning, improve classroom
communication, optimize learner attitudes and motivation, raise self-esteem, facilitate personal growth
in students, and even change their attitude in life (Thornbury, 2001).

An affirmation is a pithy statement of a goal that assumes the goal is possible and achievable,
and keeps the mind focused on it. Visualization, or visual imagery as it is often known, can generate
powerful performances, especially when they are linked to a very specific goal. Anchoring relates to any
stimulus or representation (internal or external) that is connected to a trigger. Anchors are timeless and
once set up they may run someone’s life from the day of their creation. Anchors that are negative must
be changed to the positive (Bandler & Grinder, 1975; Grinder & Bandler, 1976; O’Connor & Seymour,
1995).

Reframing is the technique that the teacher utilizes by relating to personal experiences and
makes it concrete and tangible for the learners. It can be used to modify students’ conception of
themselves or of the language, which makes it a powerful motivational tool. Rapport is putting on the
perspective of others over yours in a certain situation to understand his/her reaction and action.

On the metacognitive scaffolding, goal-setting and visualization are utilized in the planning
stage. Question prompts and reciprocal feedbacking for monitoring and peer review, expert view and
reflective logs for evaluation.

Anghilleri’s level of support is employed in the analytic scaffolding. These are explaining,
reviewing, restructuring and developing conceptual thinking.

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