Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous)

Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada

Accredited by NBA & NAAC with “A” Grade with a CGPA of 3.14/4.00
Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam-530048

Laboratory Manual

for

Communication and Networking Lab

(Course code: 20EC1125)

Academic Year 2021-2022

B.Tech. VI Semester

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

2. SINGLE SIDEBAND TRANSCIEVER

3. NARROWBAND FM TRANSCIEVER

4. PHASE SHIFT KEYING TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

5. QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

6. WBFM RECIEVER USING RTL-SDR DONGLE

7.CONFIGURE LAN USING PACKET TRACER

8.DESIGN A SAMPLE LAN TOPOLOGY

9. CONFIGURE ANY TWO APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS USING PACKET TRACER

10. DESIGN A SAMPLE LAN TOPOLOGY USING NS2 SIMULATION TOOL

11. IMPLEMENT TCP AND UDP ON DIFFERENT PAIRS OF SYSTEMS

12. IMPLEMENTATION OF LINK STATE ROUTING ALGORITHM

13. IMPLEMENTATION OF GO-BACK-N PROTOCOL AND SELECTIVE REPEAT PROTOCOL

 GNU RADIO INSTALLATION STEPS
Process1a:

https://www.gnuradio.org/

Getting started --- > Installing GNU Radio

Windows----->Radioconda installer--->radioconda-2022.04.15-Windows-x86_64.exe -- >download

Process1b:
https://www.gnuradio.org/

Getting started --- > Installing GNU Radio

STEP 1: Windows(go down)----->Conda installation guide--->Windows x86_64 -- >download (this opens
miniforge for running commands)
Step A: Install Miniforge3-Windows-x86_64.exe
Step B: After installation --- >Open Miniforge prompt from search window.
Follow this link...for installation commands. https://wiki.gnuradio.org/index.php?title=CondaInstall
STEP 2: Create an environment for GNU Radio
conda create -n gnuradio
conda activate gnuradio
conda config --env --add channels conda-forge
conda config --env --set channel_priority strict
Now you're ready to actually install GNU Radio!
STEP 3: Install GNU Radio latest version from conda-forge
conda install gnuradio
NOTE: For a specific version of GNURadio package, you can specify the command as
conda install gnuradio =3.8

STEP 4: To open GNURadio Comapanion, type the command in the terminal as

gnuradio-companion
NOTE: GNU Radio companion can also be launched from START MENU
 Experiment 1
AMPLITUDE MODULATON TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

1. Aim:
The aim of the project is to design an AMPLITUDE MODULATION: Transmitter and Receiver using
GNU Radio Tool.

2. Software Required:
GNU Radio

3. Theory:
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a signal called carrier are varied in accordance with
the instantaneous values of another signal called message signal. Modulation modifies the signal into a form
that is suitable for transmission over the channel. AM is one of the modulation techniques used for signal
transmission.
Modulation maybe
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (A.M)
FREQUENCY MODULATION (F.M)
PHASE MODULATION (P.M)
depending on which parameter of the carrier is varied. Amplitude modulation is a process by which the wave
signal is transmitted by modulating the amplitude of the signal. It is often called AM and is commonly used in
transmitting a piece of information through a radio carrier wave. Amplitude modulation is mostly used in the
form of electronic communication.
AM TRANSMITTER:
AM transmitter takes the audio signal as an input and delivers amplitude modulated wave to the antenna as an
output to be transmitted. The audio signal from the output of the microphone is sent to the pre-amplifier, which
boosts the level of the modulating signal.
The RF oscillator generates the carrier signal. Both the modulating and the carrier signal is sent to AM
modulator. Power amplifier is used to increase the power levels of AM wave. This wave is finally passed to the
antenna to be transmitted.
AM RECEIVER:
AM receiver is capable of picking up the radio waves transmitted from a radio station and transforming them
into audible signals suitable to the human ear. Many stations may be transmitting different signals
simultaneously, and therefore the AM receiver must be capable of focusing on the specific station of your
choice.
The receiver must be able to tune to a particular frequency while having the ability to reject the rest so that only
one station can be heard at a time. The receiver must also convert the modulated signal into the original signal.
This conversion is accomplished through a peak detector. After the original signal is recovered it will be
necessary to amplify it so that one can hear the signal.

4. Block diagram:

AM Transmitter:

AM Receiver:
5. Procedure:
1. Open GNU Radio Companion.
2. Create a new file

3. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
4. Click the options block and change the ID and Title to “AM Transmitter”. Click on Ok
5. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown below:

6. The properties of the AM Transmitter blocks are mentioned below:

It is connected using the blocks which are named as follows : -
• AUDIO SOURCE - microphone input is defined by this. Its Sample rate must be set to 48khz.
• REPEAT - To boost the sample rate of the audio input, this block with an Interpolation value of 16 is
used.
 • MULTIPLY CONST - The value of the volume control is used as a multiplier in this block.
• ADD CONST - To create an AM signal, the carrier signal is multiplied by the audio signal plus one.
This block is given constant 1 that creates the carrier when no audio is present.
• SIGNAL SOURCE - The carrier signal is generated by this block having the frequency of 48000 with
amplitude of 0.5m
• QT GUI Time SINK - This block gives visual representation of the transmitted signal. It consists of two
inputs in which one input is driven by the ‘multiply const o/p’ and the other input driven by the
‘multiply block o/p’.
• ZMQ PUB SINK - This block acts as a streaming sink for a GNU Radio flow graph and writes its
contents to a ZMQ PUB socket. Now, the transmitted signal is sent to a ZMQ PUB Sink data socket
connected to the receiver section.

7. Similarly Create another new file

8. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
9. Click the options block and change the ID and Title to “AM Receiver”. Click on Ok
10. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown below:

11. The properties of the AM Receiver blocks are mentioned below:

It is connected using the blocks which are as follows : -
• ZMQ SUB SOURCE - The signal from the transmitter section is received by this block which has a
48khz carrier with a sample rate of 768khz.
• FREQUENCY XLATING FIR FILTER - This block performs three functions: frequency translation,
 filtering, and decimation. Its centre frequency is set to 48khz.
• AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL - This block adjusts the input signal to the given reference level.
• COMPLEX TO MAG - This block calculates the magnitude of the complex samples which produces
the original modulation signal.
• BAND PASS FILTER - This block filters the signal between the low and high cut-off frequencies. This
block must be set with parameters which has Decimation of 1 ; Gain of 1 ; Low Cut-off Freq of 500 ;
High Cut-off Freq of 6000 ; Transition Width of 400.
• QT GUI Time SINK - This block is driven by the o/p of BPF which gives a visual representation of the
received signal with number of points set to 256.
• MULTIPLY CONST - The value of the volume control is used as a multiplier in this block.
• AUDIO SINK - This block defines the speaker output whose sampling rate is set to 48khz.

6. Observations:
AM Transmitter TESTING – Go to AM Transmitter window. Generate and run the flow graph. Speaking
into the microphone shows a change in the pattern on the QT GUI Time Sink. The level of modulation can be
adjusted with the volume control.
Simulation Result of AM Transmitter
The red coloured wave is the ‘carrier wave’ and the blue coloured signal is the ‘message signal’ performed for
a sampling rate of 48kHz
• when no input is given –

• when input is given –

AM Receiver TESTING- This system can be tested by two processes, so two terminal windows are required.
Terminal 1: Just do a Run. A GUI window will open with the Volume control and the GUI Time Sink.
Terminal 2: Open another terminal window consisting of its corresponding “Transmitter.grc” file. Now run the
flow graph of the Transmitter. Speaking into the microphone show a change in the pattern on both QT GUI
Time Sinks and same input is heard from the speakers.
Simulation Result of AM RECEIVER :
The blue signal shown is the demodulated message signal which is the input at the transmitter ,performed for a
sampling rate of 48kHz.
• When no input is given –

• When input is given –

7. Analysis:
From the experiment it is observed that the for Sampling rates (48kHz & 32kHz), the quality of voice is
good n clear. For Sampling rates less than 32kHz i.e., for (24kHz,22.05kHz,16kHz) the quality of the voice
goes decreasing as the sampling rate decreases.

8. Precautions:
1. Connections between the blocks must be made properly.
2. Output type of 1st block and input type of 2nd block must be same. For example let us consider that output
type of 1st block is FLOAT. Then the input type of 2nd block to which 1st block is connected must also
be FLOAT.

9. Result:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION: TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER are generated successfully using GNU
Radio.

10. Applications:
1. Air Band Radio.
2. Broadcast Transmissions.
3. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
4. Amplitude Modulation in form of Single side band is still used for HF radio Links.
 Experiment 2
SINGLE SIDEBAND TRANSCIEVER

1. Aim:
The aim of the project is to design an SSBSC-SC modulation and demodulation system using GNU
Radio.

2. Software Required:
GNU Radio

3. Theory:
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a signal called carrier are varied in accordance with
the instantaneous values of another signal called message signal. Modulation modifies the signal into a form
that is suitable for transmission over the channel. SSB SC is one of the modulation techniques used for signal
transmission.
Modulation may be
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (A.M)
FREQUENCY MODULATION (F.M)
PHASE MODULATION (P.M)
depending on which parameter of the carrier is varied. SSB SC is one of the A.M modulation techniques. The
process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a single sideband is called
a Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC

In the above figure, the carrier and the lower sideband are suppressed. Hence, the upper sideband is used for
transmission. Similarly, we can suppress the carrier and the upper sideband while transmitting the lower
sideband.
This SSBSC system, which transmits a single sideband has high power, as the power allotted for both the
carrier and the other sideband is utilized in transmitting this Single Sideband.

4. Block diagram:
SSBSC modulation:

SSBSC Demodulation:

5. Procedure:
1. Open GNU Radio Companion.
2. Create a new file using
3. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
4. click the options block and change the ID and Title to “SSBSC”. Click on Ok

QT GUI Range Options

Audio Source Multiply Const

VARIABLE:
REPEAT INTERPOLATION

BANDPASS FILTER:
FREQUENCY SINK

ZMQ PUSH SINK:

Address: tcp://127.0.0.1:50301
Signal Source Multiply

Float to complex constant source

Virtual sink virtual source
RECEIVER:
7. The properties of the above blocks are mentioned below

OPTIONS:

Options Audio Sink

 ZMQ PULL Source
Address: tcp://127.0.0.1:50301

VARIABLE
QT GUI RANGE AND CHOOSER:
FREQUENCY XLATING FIR FILTER

Taps: firdes.low_pass(1.0,samp_rate,3000,100)
SIGNAL SOURCE

Complex to Float Multiply const

MULTIPLY and ADD:

6. Observations:

7. Analysis:
 From the experiment, it is observed that the carrier which transmits a single sideband has high power,
as the power allotted for both the carrier and the other sideband is utilized in transmitting this Single
Sideband.

8. Precautions:
In order to limit the rate at which that source block creates samples, the throttle must be present in the
flowgraph.

9. Result:
SSBSC modulated and demodulated signals are generated successfully using GNU Radio.

10. Applications:
Military communication
Radio communications.
Air communication
Radar communication
 Experiment 3
NARROWBAND FM TRANSCEIVER

1. Aim:
The aim of the project is to design a NBFM modulation and demodulation system using GNU Radio.

2. Software Required:
GNU Radio

3. Theory:
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a signal called carrier are varied in accordance with
the instantaneous values of another signal called message signal.
Modulation maybe
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (A.M)
FREQUENCY MODULATION (F.M)
PHASE MODULATION (P.M)
Frequency Modulation is a modulation in which the frequency of the carrier wave is altered in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, keeping phase and amplitude constant.
Modification of carrier wave frequency is performed for the purpose of sending data or information over small
distances. Frequency and phase modulation are complementary principal methods of angle modulation, which
is a class of carrier frequency modulation often used in telecommunications transmission systems.

Mathematically, an FM signal is written as:

V = Asin[ 𝜔𝑐 t + mf sin 𝜔𝑚t ]

where A = the amplitude of the signal

𝜔𝑐 = center frequency (frequency for no modulation signal)

𝜔𝑚 = modulation frequency

𝑚𝑓= FM modulation index = δ/𝑓𝑚

where δ = maximum frequency shift caused by the modulation signal

𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the modulation signal.

5. Procedure:
1. Open GNU Radio Companion.
2. Create a new file using

3. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
4. click the options block and change the ID and Title to “NBFM”. Click on Ok

5. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

6. The properties of the above blocks are mentioned below
7.Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

8.The properties of the above blocks are mentioned below

6. Observations:
NBFMTX
NBFMRX
7. Analysis:

8. Precautions:
In order to limit the rate at which that source block creates samples throttle must be present in the flowgraph.

9. Result:
NBFM modulated and demodulated signals are generated successfully using GNU Radio.

10. Applications:
• Frequency modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting.
• It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures
via EEG
• It is used in two-way radio systems, sound synthesis, magnetic tape-recording systems and
some video transmission systems.
 Experiment 4
PHASE SHIFT KEYING TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
1. Aim:
The aim of the project is to design a BPSK modulation and demodulation system using GNU
Radio.

2. Software Required:
GNU Radio

3. Theory:
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a signal called carrier are varied in accordance
with the instantaneous values of another signal called message signal. Modulation modifies the signal into
a form that is suitable for transmission over the channel.

Digital modulation is the process of encoding a digital information signal into the amplitude, phase, or
frequency of the transmitted signal. The encoding process affects the bandwidth of the transmitted signal
and its robustness
to channel impairments.

Phase Shift Keying is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is changed
by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time.

This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes
two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.

BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, for message being
the digital information.

4. Block diagram:
BPSK Modulator
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator which has the carrier
sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other input. Following is the diagrammatic
representation.
The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals
applied at the input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high input, the phase
reversal is of 180°.

Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK Modulated output wave along with its given
input.

The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier or the inverted 180°phaseshifted
input carrier, which is a function of the data signal.
BPSK Demodulator

The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a mixer with local oscillator circuit, a bandpass
filter, a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows.
By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the help of the mixer circuit and the band pass filter,
the first stage of demodulation gets completed. The base band signal which is band limited is obtained
and this signal is used to regenerate the binary message bit stream.

In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is needed at the detector circuit to produce the original
binary message signal. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency, then the bit clock
regeneration is simplified. To make the circuit easily understandable, a decision-making circuit may also
be inserted at the 2nd stage of detection.

DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK FOR BPSK IN GNU RADIO:

OPTION BLOCK:
There is, however, one special block that each new flowgraph starts with and is required to have, called the Options
Block. Let us double-click on the Options Block to examine its properties. The ID is used to name that Python file,
saved into the same directory as the .grc file. By default, the ID is default and so it creates a file called default.py.
Changing the ID allows us to change the saved file name for better file management. In GNU radio 3.8 you will get
an error if you don't change the default id, so you need to change this id in order to run the flowgraph.
VARIABLE BLOCK:
This block maps a value to a unique variable. You can use the variable in the parameter field of another block
simply by using the Variable Block's ID. The variable block is a convenient way to have one value that is used in a
bunch of different places (i.e. parameters of other blocks) while being able to easily change it.
RANDOM SOURCE BLOCK:
Generates a number of samples of random numbers of [min, max) meaning the max value won't be included. Repeat
samples if specified. Great for creating bytes of information for a modulator. Ex: With min=0 and max=2, the
sequence 01110101... will be generated. Supports an output of type int, short, and byte.
CONSTELLATION OBJECT BLOCK:
GNU Radio supports the creation and use of Constellation objects for many of its digital communications needs.
We define these constellations with a set of constellation points in complex space and the symbol mappings to those
points. For a constellation that has 4 symbols, it then has log2(4) = 2 bits/symbol. We define this constellation with
a list of Constellation Points and Symbol Map.
THROTTLE BLOCK:
Throttle block is used to limit the flow through the system.
DECIMATION FIR FILTER:
This is GNU Radio's "normal" FIR Filter. For a large number of taps, consider using an FFT Filter. For standard
filters such as lowpass, high pass, bandpass, etc. The filter.firdes and filter.optfir classes provide convenient
generating methods.
QT GUI TIME SINK BLOCK:
A graphical sink to display multiple signals in time. This is a QT-based graphical sink the takes a set of float streams
and plots them in the time domain. Each signal is plotted with a different color, and the and functions can be used
to change the label and color for a given input number. The sink supports plotting streaming float data or messages.
QT GUI FREQUENCY SINK BLOCK:
A graphical sink to display multiple signals in frequency. This is a QT-based graphical sink that takes a set of
floating point streams and plots the PSD.
QT GUI RANGE:
This block creates a variable with a choice of widgets. The ID will be the variable name, so that ID can be used as
a parameter in another block to make it adjustable in real-time. Leave the label blank to use the variable id as the
label. Default Value The default value must be between the start and stop values. Widget includes Counter + Slider,
Counter, Slider, Knob.
CHANNEL MODEL:
A basic channel model simulator that can be used to help evaluate, design, and test various signals, waveforms, and
algorithms. This model allows the user to set the voltage of an AWGN noise source (), a (normalized) frequency
offset (), a sample timing offset (), and a seed () to randomize or make reproducible the AWGN noise source. The
output of the channel model is of complex data type.
POLYPHASE CLOCK SYNC:
This block performs timing synchronization for PAM signals by minimizing the derivative of the filtered signal,
which in turn maximizes the SNR and minimizes ISI.
VIRTUAL SINK:
When paired with a Virtual source block, this is essentially the same as drawing a wire between two blocks.
Specifies the stream ID of the virtual source to read from.
VIRTUAL SOURCE:
When paired with a Virtual sink block, this is essentially the same as drawing a wire between two blocks.
Specifies the stream ID of the virtual sink to read from.
COSTAS LOOP:
A Costas loop carrier recovery module, great for synchronizing to BPSK, QPSK, and 8PSK. The Costas
loop locks to the center frequency of a signal and down converts it to baseband. When order=2 is used for
BPSK where the real part of the output signal is the baseband BPSK signal and the imaginary part is the
error signal.
CONSTELLATION DECODER:
Decode a constellation's points from a complex space to (unpacked) bits based on the map of the object.
DIFFERENTIAL DECODER:
Differential decoder: y[0] = (x[0] - x[-1]) % M. Uses current and previous symbols and the alphabet
modulus to perform differential decoding.
UNPACK K BITS:
As the transmitter produces packed bits, so use the unpack bit block to unpack from 8-bits per byte to 1-
bit per byte.
CHAR TO FLOAT:
Converting these streams of unpack k bits of byte datatype to floating point values of 0.0 and1.0
simply because our time sinks only accept float and complex values.
DELAY:
As the receiver chain has many blocks and filters that delay the signal, so the received signal is some number
of bits behind. To compensate, we have to delay the transmitted bits by the same amount using the delay
block. Then you can adjust the delay to find the correct value and see how the bits synchronize.
SUBTRACT:
Subtract across all input streams. output = input_0 - input_1 - …

5. Procedure:
1.Open GNU Radio Companion.
2.Create a new file using

3. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
4. click the options block and change the ID and Title to “BPSK”. Click on Ok. Select output
language Python in QT GUI generate option.
Options block: Variable 1:

Variable 2:

Variable 3:

Random Source: Constellation Modulator:

Throttle: Decimating FIR Filter:

Variable 4:

QT GUI Frequency sink: QT GUI Time Sink:

QT GUI Constellation Sink:

5. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

Fig 5.1: Transmission block of BPSK
6. Go to search bar-> variables-> create 3 variables for sample rate as 32k, sps as 4,excess bandwidth as
350m
7. Go to search bar -> random source. Click on random source. Input block will be displayed and range of
words are given as “0” as minimum and “256” words as maximum. No of samples are 10000 and repeat
mode as yes.
8. Click on constellation modulator and give constellation as bpsk and differential encoding as yes,
symbol as 4 and excess bw as 350m.
9. Apply all the values as shown in each block Ending of each block there will be given options for
output to be int, char, or byte form. According to the output type of data should be taken.

Fig 5.2: BPSK DECODING BLOCK DIAGRAM

 10. In decoding block diagram, connections are made as shown in fig 5.2 and values are mentioned as
shown in the figure 5.2 for each block. Time sinks and frequency sinks are given to get output.
Option Block: Variable 1:

Variable 2:

Variable 3:

Variable 4: Variable 5:

Variable 6: Variable 7:

Variable 8:
QT GUI Range 1: QT GUI Range 2:

QT GUI Range 3: QT GUI Range 4:

Random Source: Virtual sink 1:

 Unpack K Bits: Char to Float:

Constellation Modulator: Delay:

Throttle: Channel Model:

 Polyphase Clock Sync: Virtual Sink 2:

Costas Loop:

Constellation Decoder: Differential Decoder:

QT GUI Constellation Sink: QT GUI Time Sink:

 Char to Float: Subtract:

6. Observations:
BPSK OUTPUT WAVEFORM OBTAINED AT QT GUI TIME SINK

As the data type of QT GUI Time sink is of complex type so we get the output as complex signal
(real and imaginary signals).

Fig 6.1: This graph represents real part of transmission signal (Signal 1)
From this graph we can observe the high peaks as data “1” and the phase shifted peaks as data “0”.
Fig 6.2: This graph represents imaginary part of transmission signal (signal 3)
On the receive side, to get rid of the ISI by using another RRC filter. Basically, a filter is used on the transmitter
side, the RRC filter, that creates the ISI but controls the bandwidth and then another RRC filter at the receiver.
When we convolve the two RRC filters, we get a raised cosine filter. The raised-cosine filter is a filter frequently
used for pulse-shaping in digital modulation due to its ability to minimize inter symbol interference (ISI).The
output of the receive-side RRC filter is a raised cosine shaped signal with minimized ISI. The frequency plot is
showing a signal with a nice shape to it and that rolls-off into the noise. If we didn't put a shaping filter on the
signal, we would be transmitting square waves that produce a lot of energy in the adjacent channels. By reducing
the out-of-band emissions, our signal now stays nicely within our channel's bandwidth. The below fig 8. graph
is frequency spectrum of BPSK transceiver.

The below fig 6.3 graph is frequency spectrum of BPSKtransceiver.

The blue graph indicates frequency spectrum of transmitter part for data ”0”. On the transmitter side RRC
filter that creates ISI but controls bandwidth.
 fig 6.4 This graph is frequency spectrum of the receiver part (Data 1). The output of
the receive-side RRC filter is a raised cosine shaped signal with minimized ISI. The
frequency plot is showing a signal with a nice shape to it and that rolls-off into the
noise. Now we can observe the data stream in frequency domain.

At demodulation: The below figure 6.5 QT GUI Time sink output wave form

Fig 6.6 The above graph indicates Recovered message bits from Demodulator
Fig 6.7 The above graph indicates difference signal from subtract block

Fig 6.8 The above graph indicates transmitted message bits

Fig 6.9 QT GUI CONSTELLATION SINK OUTPUT

 7. Analysis:
The BPSK signal is a linearly modulated DSB, and so it has a bandwidth twice that of the
baseband data signal.

8. Precautions:
In order to limit the rate at which that source block creates samples throttle must be present in the
flowgraph.

9. Result:
BPSK modulated and demodulated signals are generated successfully using GNU Radio.

10. Applications:
The BPSK modulation is a very basic technique used in various wireless standards such as CDMA,
WiMAX (16d, 16e), WLAN 11a, 11b, 11g, 11n, Satellite, DVB, Cable modem etc.
 Experiment 5
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING TRANSMITTER AND
RECEIVER

1. Aim:
The aim of the project is to design QPSK Transceiver using GNU Radio.

2. Software Required:
GNU Radio

3. Theory:
Digital modulation is a process that impresses a digital symbol on to a signal suitable for
transmission on a wired or wireless medium in order to receive that signal at receiving end
correctly without any loss of information. For short distance transmissions, base band modulation
is usually used, which is referred as line coding. In long distance and wireless transmission band
pass modulation (carrier modulation) is used. In band pass modulation a base band signal is
modulated over a high frequency sinusoidal carrier signal. The bandwidth of this modulated signal
depends upon the base band signal and modulation scheme to be used. A sequence of digital
symbols is used to alter the parameters of high frequency carrier signal. There are three parameters
that can be changed, which are amplitude, phase and frequency. In this way three basic digital
modulation schemes are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase
shift keying (PSK). Besides on these basic digital modulation schemes a variety of digital
modulation schemes can be derived from their combination. For example, combination of two
orthogonal BPSK modulated signals form quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). The
combination of amplitude modulated signal and phase modulated signal form a quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM). These both modulated techniques i.e., QAM and QPSK are used in
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) and 3G (WCDMA/HSDPA) Wireless technologies,
including Wireless Modem.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) QPSK can be stated as a method for transmitting digital
information across an analog channel. Data bits are grouped into pairs, and each pair is represented
by a particular waveform, called a symbol, to be sent across the channel after modulating the
carrier. The most commonly used modulation scheme for wireless and cellular systems is
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). It’s because it does not suffer from BER degradation
while the band width efficiency is increased. The QPSK The QPSK signals are mathematically
defined as:
Si(t)=A cos(2πfc t +θt) 0≤t≤T,---(1)
Where ϴt= (2i-1) π/4 ------ (2)
The carrier frequency is chosen as integral multiple of the symbol rate, therefore in any symbol
interval, the signal initial phase is also one of the four phases (π/4,3π/4,5π/4,7π/4).
The above expression can be written as:
St (t)=A cosθt cos2πfct - A sinθt sin2πfct
St = Si1Ø1(t) + Si2Ø2(t)
where,
Ø1=√(2/T) cos 2πfct,0≤t≤T
Ø2=√(2/T) cos 2πfct,0≤t≤T
Si1=√E cosθt
Si2=√E sinθt
E=A2(T/2)
Θt=tan-1(Si2/Si1)
Therefore, the QPSK signal can be entirely written as:
S(t)=(A/√2) [I(t) cos2πfct - Q(t) sin2πfct] where -∞<t<∞

4. Block diagram:
The block diagram of QPSK modulator :
5. Procedure:
1. Open GNU Radio Companion.
2. Create a new file using

3. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
4. click the options block and change the ID and Title to “QPSK”. Click on Ok

5. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

6. The properties of the above blocks are mentioned below:

Throttle: Lowpass filter:

Time sink (modulated signal): Constellation Modulator:

Constellation Rect. Object: Channel Model:

Polyphase Clock Sync: PSK Demod:

CMA Equilizer: Costas Loop:

QT GUI Constellation Sink:

6. Observations:
Bitstream transmitted from random source:
 Constellation transmitted:

Time domain graph of modulated signal:

Constellation received:
Bitstream recovered after psk demod block:

7. Analysis:
8. Precautions:
In order to limit the rate at which that source block creates samples throttle must be present in the
flowgraph.

9. Result:
QPSK transceiver is designed using GNU Radio.

10. Applications:
• Cable modems
• Videoconferencing
• Cellular phone systems
• Satellite transmission of MPEG2 video
 Experiment 6
WBFM RECEIVER USING RTL SDR DONGLE

1.Aim:
The aim of the project is to design a FM demodulation system using GNU Radio.

2. Software Required:
GNU Radio

3. Theory:
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a signal called carrier are varied in
accordance with the instantaneous values of another signal called message signal.
Modulation maybe
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (A.M)
FREQUENCY MODULATION (F.M)
PHASE MODULATION (P.M)
Frequency Modulation is a modulation in which the frequency of the carrier wave is altered in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, keeping phase and
amplitude constant. Modification of carrier wave frequency is performed for the purpose of
sending data or information over small distances. Frequency and phase modulation are
complementary principal methods of angle modulation, which is a class of carrier frequency
modulation often used in telecommunications transmission systems.

Mathematically, an FM signal is written as:

V = Asin[ 𝜔𝑐 t + mf sin 𝜔𝑚t ]

where A = the amplitude of the signal

𝜔𝑐 = center frequency (frequency for no modulation signal)

𝜔𝑚 = modulation frequency

𝑚𝑓= FM modulation index = δ/𝑓𝑚

where δ = maximum frequency shift caused by the modulation signal

𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the modulation signal.

4. Hardware connection:

5. Procedure:
1. Open GNU Radio Companion.
2. Create a new file using

3. After completion of new file creation, by default options and variable blocks will be available.
4. click the options block and change the ID and Title to “RTL SDR RADIO”. Click on Ok

5. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

6. The properties of the above blocks are mentioned below
6. Observations:

7. Analysis:

8. Precautions:
In order to limit the rate at which that source block creates samples throttle must be
present in the flowgraph.

9. Result:
FM demodulated signals are generated successfully using GNU Radio.
10. Applications:
• Frequency modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting.
• It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring newborns
for seizures via EEG
• It is used in two-way radio systems, sound synthesis, magnetic tape-recording
systems and some video-transmission systems.
 CISCO PACKET
TRACER
INSTALLATION
AIM: Installation of Simulation Tools (packet tracer and NS2)
PROCEDURE:
Step 01:
Go to the official Cisco Netacad website. Once you’re logged in click on “RESOURCES >
DOWNLOAD PACKETTRACER”.

Now the file will be downloaded in the Downloads folder of the machine.

Step 02 :
Next, open the folder where the Packet Tracer setup file has been downloaded to and
double click on thesetup file.
Step 03:
On the packet tracer software license agreement select the “ACCEPT THE AGREEMENT”
radio button and click on “NEXT”.

Step 04:
To choose a destination folder where Cisco Packet Tracer will be installed click on the
“BROWSE” button. However, it is always recommended to use the default folder. Click on
“NEXT” to proceed.

Step 05:
• On the “SELECT START MENU” section choose a folder where Packet Tracer shortcuts will be
created and click on “NEXT”
• On the “ADDITIONAL TASKS” section you can also choose to “CREATE A DESKTOP SHORTCUT” and
to “CREATE A QUICK LAUNCH SHORTCUT”
Step - 06: Now the Installation will be done as follows,

Step – 07: After the Installation Process is done, know double click on the Cisco Packet
Tracer desktop iconand enter your NetAcad login credentials. The Packet Tracer user
interface will be displayed and you can now start designing and simulating CISCO networks.
Step – 08: After a successful login, the cisco packet interface appears as shown in the
below image.

Step – 09: Once it is done, the user can access all the contents of the cisco packet tracer.
 EXPERIMENT - 7
AIM: LAN configuration using packet tracer
Software Used: Cisco Packet Tracer
 EXPERIMENT – 8
AIM: Design sample LAN Topologies using Packet Tracer
Software Used: Cisco Packet Tracer
Theory:
STAR TOPOLOGY:
• Star topology is a type of network topology where each computer/host is
connected to a centraldevice, known as hub device, using a point-to-point
connection (from hub to PC).
• In star topology each host is not only connected with hub, but other computers are
connected togethervia networking terminology. Hosts can communicate with each
other via hub.
RING TOPOLOGY:
• A ring topology is a network configuration where device connections create a circular
data path. Each networked device is connected to two others, like points on a circle.
Together, devices in a ringtopology are referred to as a ring network.
• In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until they reach
their destination.Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction,
called a unidirectional ring network. Others permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.
BUS TOPOLOGY:
• Alternatively referred to as line topology, bus topology is a network setup where each
computer andnetwork device is connected to a single cable or backbone. Depending
on the type of computer network card, a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 network cable is
used to connect them together.
MESH TOPOLOGY:
In Mesh Topology, all the computers are inter-connected to each other in a network.
Each computer notonly sends its own signals but also relays data from other computers.
This type of topology is very expensive as its very difficult to establish the connections
of the mesh topology. In a Mesh topology every node has a point-to-point connection to
the other node. The connections in the mesh topology canbe wired or wireless.
STAR TOPOLOGY:

BUS TOPOLOGY:
RING TOPOLOGY:

MESH TOPOLOGY:
 Experiment – 9
AIM: Configuring any two application layer protocols using packet tracer.

Software Used: CISCOPACKET TRACER

Build the network topology

Email Services:

Step 1:- Build the network topology:

Step 2:- Configure IP addresses on the PCs and the Mail Server.
Step 3:- Now configure mail clients on the PCs and mail service on the generic server.
Click on PC0. Go to its Desktop tab, and click on Email. Configure the email client by filling in
the user, server and login information. Be sure to Save.
Step 4 :- Lastly test the email service. Go to PC0 email client, compose an email and send its
to PC1 email address
FTP:
Step 1:- Build the network topology.
Step 2:- Configure static IP addresses on the System and the server.
System1: IP address: 192.168.1.1 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
System2: IP address: 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Server: IP address: 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Step 3:- Now try using an FTP client built in the System to send files to an FTP
server configured in the Server.
Step 4:- Create a file in the System1 then upload it to the server using FTP.
Step 5:- Now upload the file from the System1 to the server using FTP.
 NETWORK SIMULATOR (NS2) INSTALLATION
Step - 01: Please go to below given link and download the three .rar files after that place
these files into in a single folder.

Link : How to install NS2 on windows 7 with the help of Cygwin Window | DP Project
Development (wordpress.com)
• Part 1:NS 2.35-Part1

• Part 2:NS 2.35-Part2

• Part 3:NS 2.35-Part3

Step 2:

Now Extract the NS 2.35.part1 only. It will extract the part2 an part3 automatically.
Extract after the download is complete.
Part 2 and Part 3 will automatically be extracted.
Step 3:

After extraction you’ll get a folder named NS 2.35

Inside this folder you get cygwin setup, .bashrc etc..
 Now install the setup. Choose install from local directory
Press Next
Don’t change the default Root Directory
In Local Package Repository field browse to: NS 2.35/nslocal/release
Click Next
Click on the Circle
After clicking the circle, the default turns to install
After this press Next it will install the necessary packages for NS2
Check create a desktop shortcut and start menu shortcut
Then installation finished.
Now you are halfway done!

Step 4:
Now create a folder Named Noureddine inside the C:\cygwin\home.

Now copy the ns-allinone-2.35-RC7avecxgraph.rar and Extract there. You’ll get ns-
allinone-2.35-RC7 folder.

Now copy the .bashrc file from the downloaded Extract folder.
Now go to the “C:\cygwin\home\user” folder and replace (i.epaste) the .bashrc file
that is copied.
 • Now open the Cygwin command window which is on your desktop and type
source. basher
• Now type ns then the symbol “$” change to “%”

• Now press exit.

• Now type startxwin you’ll get a new window.
• Now type name you will get a screen.
• Now go to file and quit the name window.
• Now hold the main tab and drag your mouse to quit from Cygwin window (the white
window)
And exit from ‘cygwin command’ window (type exit)
 Experiment - 10
AIM: Design a sample topology using NS2 Simulation Tool.
Software Used: NS2
THEORY:
STAR TOPOLOGY:
•Star topology is a type of network topology where each computer/host is
connected to a centraldevice, known as hub device, using a point-to-point
connection (from hub to PC).
•In star topology each host is not only connected with hub, but other computers are
connected togethervia networking terminology. Hosts can communicate with each
other via hub.
RING TOPOLOGY:
• A ring topology is a network configuration where device connections create a circular
data path. Each networked device is connected to two others, like points on a circle.
Together, devices in a ringtopology are referred to as a ring network.
• In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until they reach
their destination.Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction,
called a unidirectional ring network. Others permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.
BUS TOPOLOGY:
• Alternatively referred to as line topology, bus topology is a network setup where each
computer andnetwork device is connected to a single cable or backbone. Depending
on the type of computer network card, a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 network cable is
used to connect them together.
MESH TOPOLOGY:
In Mesh Topology, all the computers are inter-connected to each other in a network.
Each computer notonly sends its own signals but also relays data from other computers.
This type of topology is very expensive as its very difficult to establish the connections
of the mesh topology. In a Mesh topology every node has a point-to-point connection to
the other node. The connections in the mesh topology canbe wired or wireless

STAR Topology:
INPUT AND OUTPUT :
PROGRAM: RING TOPOLOGY

INPUT AND OUTPUT :

PROGRAM : BUS TOPOLOGY

INPUT AND OUTPUT :

PROGRAM : MESH TOPOLOGY

INPUT AND OUTPUT :

 Experiment - 11
AIM : Implement TCP and UDP on different pairs of systems using NS2 Simulation Tool.
Software Used : NS2

OUTPUT AND SIMULATION OF LS ROUTING :

PROGRAM : UDP ON DIFFERENT PAIRS OF SYSTEM USING NS2 SIMULATION

OUTPUT AND SIMULATION OF LS ROUTING :

 Experiment - 12
AIM : Implementation of Link state routing algorithm using NS2 Simulation Tool.
Software Used : NS2

OUTPUT AND SIMULATION OF LS ROUTING :

 Experiment - 13
AIM: Implementation of Go-Back-N protocol and Selective Repeat protocol using
NS2 Simulation Tool.
PROGRAM : Implementation of Go-Back-N protocol Using NS2 Simulation

OUTPUT AND SIMULATION OF PACKETS :