SMART SHOPPING CART WITH AUTOMATIC

BILLING SYSTEM USING IOT

BS Electrical Engineering

Batch 2019-2023

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 Submitted by

NAZISH FATIMA 5601

AATQA NADEEM 5682

Project Supervisor

Name: Dr Abubakar Shareef

Signature:

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 DECLARATION

We certify that this Final Year Project Titled “SMART SHOPPING CART WITH

AUTOMATIC BILLING SYSTEM USING IOT” is our own project. The project has not

been presented elsewhere for assessment. The material that has been used from other

sources has been properly acknowledged/referred to.

Name: Nazish Fatima Roll No.: 5601 Signature:

Name: Syeda Fatima Batool Roll No.: 5603 Signature:

Name: Ayesha Nadeem Roll No.: 5649 Signature:

Name: Talbia Ashfaq Roll No.: 5652 Signature:

Name: Aatqa Nadeem Roll No.: 5682

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 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

 The student author owns the copyright to this report's textbook. Only with the author's

permission and deposit in the Department of Electrical Engineering's library can duplicates

be made using any method, either completely or in sections. Subtleties might be

accomplished by the administrator. Each similar duplicate must include this page. Without

the author's permission (inline), no additional duplicates may be made using any process.

 Subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, the Department of Electrical Engineering,

Government College University Faisalabad, holds ownership of any intellectual property

rights described in this report. These rights may not be made available for use by third

parties without the Department of Electrical Engineering's written authorization, which will

define the terms of any similar contracts.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are thankful to Allah Almighty, our creator, for guiding us through this work every step of

the way and developing each new thought in our minds. We could not do anything without His

important assistance and direction. Everyone who assisted us with our project, whether it was our

parents or anyone else, did so out of His will, so Allah alone is deserving of praise.

We owe a great deal of gratitude to our adored parents for taking care of us when we were

unable to walk and continuing to provide us with support in every facet of our lives.

Additionally, we would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor for his assistance with our

final project.

We would also like to express special thanks to Dr. Abubakar Shareef for his invaluable

assistance and cooperation. Each time we stalled out on something, he concocted an answer. We

would not have been able to finish our final year had it not been for his assistance. Throughout

the project, we appreciate his patience and guidance.

Finally, we would like to thank all the individuals who provided us with valuable assistance in

our study.

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 ABSTRACT

A smart shopping cart is a creative way to improve customers' shopping experiences. The

things added to the basket are identified by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

technology, and an automatic billing system determines the total cost of the items purchased.

A display screen that lists the list of goods and their pricing is built into the smart shopping

cart. Customers may make educated choices thanks to the system's real-time availability

information for the items in the store. By doing away with manual product scanning, the

adoption of RFID technology speeds up checkout and enhances the whole shopping

experience. The automated billing system guarantees correct billing and lowers the

possibility of mistakes. The smart shopping cart is an affordable option that is simple to

incorporate into current retail systems. An overview of the RFID-enabled smart shopping

cart and its potential advantages for both customers and merchants are given in this abstract.

The shopping experience might be made much more efficient by using mart shopping carts

equipped with RFID and computerized billing systems. These systems eliminate the need for

manual scanning and checkout procedures by automatically tracking the goods in a

customer's basket and figuring out the overall cost. This may result in shorter lines and

shorter wait times, which will enhance customers' overall shopping experiences. Traditional

shopping carts, on the other hand, call for the manual scanning of each item at the register,

which can take time and result in lengthier waits. Customers may get frustrated as a result,

and retailers may become less effective.

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 Table of Contents

DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………….…3

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT…………………………………………………….………5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………….………………….6

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………….7

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….…….9

1. CHAPTER 1………………………………………………………………………………9

1.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………..………………………………….9

1.2. LITERATURE SURVEY…………………………….…………………………… 11

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT ………………………….…………………………….15

2. CHAPTER 2………………………………………………….…………………………..21

METHODOLOGY…………………………………………...…………………………..20

HARDWARE…………………………………………………………………………….21

SOFTWARE……………………………………………..………………………………..26

3. CHAPTER 3 ………………………………………………………………………………33

COMMERCALIZATION………………………….……………………………………..31

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE ………………..……….………………………….40

4. REFERENCES ……………………………………………………….…………………..41

5. APPENDIX: ………………………………………………………………………………43

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Flow Chart of Design……………………………………………. 15

Figure 2: Controller for smart shopping Cart ……………………………….19

Figure 3: Wheels…………………………………………………………… 22

Figure 4: DC Motors……………………………………………………..... 23

Figure 5: ESP32……………………………………………………………...24

Figure 6: RFID tag…………………………………………………………. 25

Figure 7: application interface……………………………………………….27

Figure 8: processing of cart………………………………………………….28

Figure 9: RFID using………………………………………………………..32

Figure 10: end product………………………………………………………34

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Shopping is simple but waiting at the bill counter makes shopping a monotonous task. A

huge crowd in supermarkets especially at the time of discount offers makes it difficult to

wait in long queues because of the barcode base billing process. Moreover, shoplifting is

another important issue for such shopping malls. Therefore, we proposed a Smart Shopping

cart for self-service checkout on wheels based IoT Technologies. This shopping cart will

provide features such as assistance regarding price and offers of products. Moreover, it will

offer self-service checkout facilities for customers to avoid long queues.

The cart is equipped with RFID reader that read the product and shows information about the

product on the user's screen with many other services. Smart cart included all the standard

services such as helping to avoid checkout queues, and showing product information on the

user interface screen and total bill on user’s screen. Except this we have also introduced

control feature in smart cart. With the help of this feature we can move our cart anywhere

without pushing. We will utilize low-cost electronic components and cloud based services

for implementation of this project. This project enlightens the comfort and infotainment

solutions for both the customers and shopping mall staff. The retail industry is constantly

evolving, and one of the most significant advancements in recent years is the introduction of

self-service checkout systems. These systems have revolutionized the way we shop,

providing convenience and efficiency to both customers and retailers alike. One key

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 component that is transforming the self-service checkout experience is the integration of

smart carts.

Smart carts, also known as intelligent or self-checkout carts, are equipped with advanced

technologies that enhance the self-service checkout process. These innovative devices not

only streamline the shopping experience but also offer a range of benefits such as improved

accuracy, increased security, and personalized interactions the concept of smart carts for

self-service checkout systems and delve into the various features and advantages.

Smart carts are equipped with advanced technologies that enhance the self-service checkout

process. These technologies include RFID tags, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

readers, payment terminals, and remote for controlling the movement and direction of cart.

These features enable customers to scan products, view detailed information, weigh produce

and other items, make payments, and receive instant receipts.

One of the key advantages of smart carts is the improvement in efficiency. With self-

checkout systems, customers no longer have to wait in long lines at traditional checkout

counters. They can simply scan items as they shop, saving valuable time. Additionally, smart

carts reduce the need for manual input, minimizing the chances of human error during the

checkout process.

Smart carts not only improve the customer experience; they enable stores to gather insights.

When the shopper scans their RFID tag, the system’s analytics starts collecting information

about the purchasing behavior of the customer. For example, it tracks the length of the

shopping session, what is put in the cart, and what is put back.

The goal in rolling out easy Shopper was to step away from the traditional way of shopping

and provide a more modern, innovative solution. The technology solves many of their

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 challenges, such as finding creative ways to upsell or cross-sell products and speed up the

checkout process, which had been slow.

Scanning items without barcodes is a challenging task at self-checkout terminals. Optimizing

this process has great benefits as it saves valuable customer time and optimizes the work

time of the staff on duty. Thus, the motivation for our project was to find a way to make

scanning of items without any tags easier. Our solution should be easy and convenient to use

for the end user. It should optimize their checkout experience by reducing their wait times.

1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW

In the last decade the development of Smart Cart has taken its turn Many different

developers have attempted to develop the perfect Smart Cart with different functionalities.

For example, in 2017 Karjol, Holla and Abhilash proposed a Smart Cart based on a barcode

scanner, camera, weight sensor, a small computer and the customer's own phone for display.

The customer logs in to the system through an application and their customer ID.

Furthermore, they connect to the cart via the cart ID. Once logged in and connected, the

customer can pick up any item and scan it on the barcode scanner placed on the cart. The

item is then placed in the cart, which for security reasons is equipped with a weight sensor so

that theft and mistakes can be prevented. The Smart Cart system is connected to a database

system through WI-FI which makes it possible for customers to have and follow up on their

own shopping lists created by themselves in the application. Similarly, Gangwal, Roy and

Bapat made an attempt on developing a Smart Cart with similar functions but with a camera

based scanner to tackle issues such as removing an item or adding more items than scanned

etc. However, the Smart Cart developed by Gangwal et al. did not require the customer to

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 use their own smartphone for display as it is connected to a base station which the system of

the cart communicates with. Furthermore, the Smart Cart makes usage of image processing

by locally comparing pictures taken by the same camera used for scanning. These images are

locally stored and run through an image comparison algorithm to make sure that the item

which was scanned is placed in the cart and not another one. While this comparison is taking

place the item is held at a slab on top of the cart, where the item is first put by the customer.

When the comparison is done, the slab lets the item into the cart. If the item scanned does

not match with the picture, the information is transmitted to a base

Similarly, we all know about Amazon Dash cart. The Amazon Dash Cart uses a combination

of computer vision algorithms and sensor fusion to identify the items in the cart, says

Amazon. Then, when you exit through the Dash Cart lane in the store, sensors automatically

identify the cart and your payment is processed using the credit card you have on file with

your Amazon account.

To start using the cart, you’ll scan a QR code in the Amazon app with the reader on the cart.

You then place your one or two bags in the cart and begin shopping. As you add items in the

cart, you’ll need to wait to hear a beep. If the cart turns orange, it wasn’t able to read the

item and you’ll need to try again.

In addition to the sensor tech, the cart has a screen at the top that allows customers to access

their Alexa Shopping List and check things off, as well as view their current subtotal. The

cart will also be equipped with coupon scanner where you can apply the coupons as you

shop. Based on the video Amazon provided (and very little specific detail), the cart did seem

to require the product’s barcode to be visible. In one frame of the video, for example, the

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 shopper uncovers the barcode with their finger before adding the item to the cart. The video

also shows products with the barcode facing the shopper and the cart’s screen, when being

loaded.

So the purpose of the project is to design an automatic billing system in cart using RFID

with automatic moveable system using remote its mean that we don't need to move the

trolley while shopping, it will follow the customers path. Automation of billing process and

self-checkout facility will provide the anti-theft controlling system that permit the online safe

transaction for the billing system.

RFID reader reads the RFID tag of the product that is connected to the microcontroller

ESP32. Supermarkets can also monitor and trace the customer. There is RFID based

location-sensing technology that helps to identify direct or indirect privacy threats.

In this consideration, Smart Shopping cart for self-service checkout on wheels based IoT

Technologies is proposed which consist of RFID sensors, microcontrollerESP232 which has

built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules and Mobile application. One part is the RFID tag

attached to each product and the other to RFID reader that reads the product information

efficiently. After this, each product details shows in the Mobile application with real or

discounted prices along location of product. The consumer can easily manage the shopping

list in Mobile applications according to their needs or taste. This exploratory prototype is

designed to reduce time-consuming shopping processes and quality of services issues, and to

provide a remote system to move trolleys. The proposed system can easily be executed and

tested at a commercial scale under the real scenario in the future. Smart shopping carts are a

relatively new technology that is quickly becoming popular in the retail industry. They are

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 designed to improve the customer experience by providing an automated checkout process.

These carts are equipped with a variety of sensors and technologies, such as RFID, Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth, and QR codes, which allow customers to quickly and securely pay for items

without the need for cash or cards. Additionally, they are also capable of providing

customers with personalized recommendations based on their past purchases and

preferences.

The concept of smart shopping carts originated in the early 2000s and has since become a

common sight in retail stores worldwide. Various studies have been conducted to analyze the

impact of smart shopping carts on customer experience and satisfaction. Results have shown

that customers are more likely to have positive experiences with stores that use smart

shopping carts, as they offer a more convenient, secure, and cost-effective way of shopping.

Furthermore, research has indicated that customers who use the carts are more likely to

return to the same store, as they appreciate the convenience of the technology.

In addition to the positive effects on customer experience, smart shopping carts have also

been found to have a positive effect on store efficiency. By automating the checkout process,

stores can significantly reduce the time it takes for

RFID where each item is tagged with an RFID tag. The customer connects to the trolley by

tapping the card on a reader which is placed on the trolley. The card is given to the customer

when registering. Once the customer picks up an item, they scan it and the prepaid amount

updates automatically. As the cart is self-driven, it stops if the customer stops through

reading the distance between the cart and the customer. The whole process which is also

based on the customer providing a shopping list with products which the trolley will navigate

to. Although the approach is acceptable, having to pre top up the card and going through the

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 registration process makes it less likely to be used as it makes the process less time efficient.

In smart shopping cart the first step would be start as a guest or regular customer then to log

in the smart shopping cart system ,as the smart shopping cart system was integrated with the

supermarket ERP system , all items information on the smart shopping cart system would be

in accordance with which at super market Then add items in cart information of products

will show on the cart then automatic bill generates after this wants to proceed or next if

wants to proceed then on the cash to counter or by swiping the card then successfully paid

and end.

FIGURE 1: Flow Chart of Design

1.3. OBJETIVES:

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 Traditional shopping carts are not as efficient as they could be. They require shoppers to

manually scan items, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors. Additionally,

traditional shopping carts are often not able to provide personalized offers and discounts,

which limits the potential for upselling and cross-selling. Smart carts are designed to

optimize the shopping experience by automating checkout processes, providing personalized

offers and discounts, and tracking shoppers’ purchasing habits. Smart cart can ultimately

help stores increase sales and boost customer loyalty. Traditional shopping carts have been

used by consumers for decades to purchase items online. While they are a convenient way to

purchase items, they also come with several drawbacks.

One of the main drawbacks of traditional shopping carts is that they are not as efficient or

user-friendly as more modern shopping cart solutions. Traditional shopping carts are often

clunky and require more steps to complete a purchase. This can be off-putting to potential

customers, who may be overwhelmed or intimidated by the process.

Additionally, traditional shopping carts do not allow for customization. Many online stores

require customers to select each product individually, and the cart does not provide the

option of customizing the order. This can be especially inconvenient for customers who want

to buy multiple items at once or customize their purchases.

The main purpose of this project is to attain the following objectives.

Automatic billing – This system helps in achieving a faster billing system. The RFID card

is used as a protection entry to get the goods in the mall. If the item is placed in the shopping

cart, the price of the product will appear, and therefore the total amount will be displayed. If

we want to remove the product from the cart, you can withdraw the product and get the

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 amount of this specific product deducted from the total amount, thus enhancing security

performance and speed during purchases in shopping complexes. Smart Shopping Cart with

an Automatic Billing System using RFID Module & Arduino. The project is super easy to

build and requires only a few electronics components. In this system, every product in Mart

will have an RFID tag, and every cart will be having RFID Reader. When a product is

scanned, the price is automatically added to the billing system. The LCD Display in this

project shows the item name along with the price. In this way we get a faster billing system

there is no need to stand in long ques for billing purpose. All the credit goes to RFID tags

and reader.

RFID stands for radio-frequency identification. It is a technology that uses radio waves to

transmit information between two objects. RFID tags are small, electronic devices that are

embedded with a unique identifier. These tags are used to store and transmit data from the

tag to a reader. The RFID system can also be used to track inventory and monitor stock

levels. It can help the store reduce losses due to theft and improve customer service. The

system can also be integrated with loyalty programs to provide customers with rewards and

discounts.

RFID technology provides an efficient and secure way to manage customer transactions. It

can help to improve the customer experience and increase sales. With the use of RFID in

smart cart, customers can enjoy a hassle-free shopping experience. RFID tags can be used to

automate the billing process in smart carts.

Easier shopping – The goal is to make our shopping easy by using the RFID tags which are

attached to each product. Smart carts are the future of grocery shopping, making the

shopping experience more efficient and enjoyable. These carts are equipped with advanced

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 technology that can help shoppers save time, money, and energy. Smart cart can make

shopping easier for a variety of reasons.

First, they can help shoppers save time. Smart carts use advanced technology to calculate the

total cost of items as they are placed in the cart, meaning shoppers don’t have to wait in long

checkout lines. This technology is especially useful for shoppers who are in a rush or who

have a lot of items to purchase. In addition, smart carts are equipped with RFID scanners that

allow shoppers to easily scan items and store them in the cart without having to manually

enter prices. This reduces the amount of time spent shopping and allows shoppers to move

quickly through the store. Shopping has evolved over the years from the traditional way of

shopping to the modern way of shopping which is more convenient and faster. Today, we

have smart carts that make shopping much easier than traditional carts. Smart carts have

revolutionized the way we shop and offer many benefits that traditional carts cannot.

A smart cart is a computer-controlled shopping cart that is equipped with RFID tags,

microcontroller, and other technologies. These technologies are used to identify items that

are placed in the cart and calculate the total cost of the items. Smart cart can also be used to

provide suggestions and recommendations to customers based on their previous purchases

and past preferences.

Smart carts are much more efficient and convenient than traditional carts. They can reduce

the amount of time it takes to shop as you do not have to wait in line at the checkout counter.

Smart carts also help to reduce the amount of time spent on the shopping floor, as you do not

have to manually scan items at the checkout counter. Additionally, smart cart can help to

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 reduce the amount of time it takes to bag items, as the cart can automatically bag items for

you. Smart carts are also more secure than traditional carts, as they are equipped with

multiple security measures to ensure that your purchases are safe

Automatic movement _ we can control the movement of our cart with the help of app. This

is a new invention in our cart that other carts don’t have. We have introduced this feature for

the ease of customers. When the customer buys a lot of products it would be difficult for a

single person to drag the cart or if someone is aged or have any disease it would also be

difficult for him/her to drag the cart. By overviewing all these problems, we have introduced

this feature. First of all, we upload our code in Arduino make sure that phone and pc have

same internet connection. Then upload code in android studio take the Ip address and then

copy and paste in Arduino code then upload the. After this a display will be start showing in

your phone for controlling the movement of cart. The four arrows show all the four

directions for the control of movement.

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 FIGURE 2: Controller for smart shopping Cart

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 CHAPTER 2
2. Project Methodology

2.1. Proposed model

Although shopping is simple, waiting in huge lines for an extended period of time makes it

difficult. While there are many ways to make buying easier, including internet purchasing

(Online shopping), but in-store shopping has been made simpler with the introduction of the

Smart Cart self-service checkout technology.

The framework's flowchart, shown in Figure 1, shows how a new customer's login connects to

the receipt obtained from the POS. The process is broken down into steps in the flowchart,

starting with registration and ending with self-service checkout and store exit.

2.1.1. Registration Process:

The retailer must register each item in the system's database before putting it on the shelves.

Instead of being stored on RFID tags, data like price, location, and coupons are stored in the

server's database. Each item has an RFID tag that cannot be removed or switched between

products because it is tamper-proof. Users of the smart shopping platform must also register and

create login credentials. Customers can view their recent order and purchase history after logging

in.

2.1.2. Product identification and display

After logging in, customers may select any item and add it to their shopping cart. A RFID

scanner then read the product's RFID tags and show information like the item's price and

quantity on the user interface.

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 2.1.3. Inventory tracking

As a result of the smart cart's Wi-Fi connection to a database system, clients may track the

progress of their own personalized shopping lists. Real-time database updates on the server

reflect changes in stock levels as items are scanned. This guarantees precise inventory control

and aids in avoiding out-of-stock circumstances.

2.1.4. Verification as well as self-service Checkout Process:

Even when the smart cart has already generated the bill, customers using it must still go through

a point of sale (POS) before leaving the store. This is done to avoid any potential tampering with

the POS system of the smart cart during off-peak times or in locations where there are no store

employees present. The exit door is equipped with an RFID reader and microcontroller to make

sure that the entire smart cart is fully charged before leaving the store.

The smart cart's RFID reader scans the items inside and connects to the server to check if every

item has been bought. Only customers who have successfully checked out and have been verified

may leave the store. The customer can leave the store through a door equipped with an RFID

reader, which scans the merchandise in the cart to verify the final price with the cashier. The

checkout counter also verifies the purchase. The exit door opens and the customer is free to leave

after the verification procedure is finished.

2.2. Hardware

2.2.1. Lower Part

The Smart Cart Self-Service Checkout System's hardware implementation was crucial to

achieving the project's goals. The cart can be controlled effectively and easily thanks to the

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integration of four wheels, DC motors, the ESP32 microcontroller with Wi-Fi connection

module, and the custom mobile app.

2.2.2. Cart Structure

The cart's basic structural, the chassis holds the electronic components and supports the goods

placed inside. To ensure ease of mobility and lifespan, it is composed of strong, lightweight

metal.

2.2.3. Wheels:

The four premium rubber wheels with a 3.5-inch diameter are carefully positioned on the bottom

of the chassis to guarantee stability and movement on a variety of surfaces. In order to precisely

regulate the cart's movement, including forward, backward, left, and right turns, each wheel is

driven by a separate DC motor.

Figure 3: Wheels

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 2.2.4. Dc motor:

To drive the four wheels independently, we incorporated four 12V DC motors, each paired with

a gearbox. These motors can be precisely controlled to achieve accurate navigation and provide

enough torque for the cart's movement. The motor specifications are given in table-1

Model 775 Dc motor

Motor body size 66.7*42mm

Shaft diameter 5mm

Shaft length 14-17mm

Operating voltage 6-34v

Rated voltage 12v

No load current 20 Amp

Speed at 12v 4100 rpm

Speed at 24v 8400 rpm

Table-1: Motor Specifications

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 Figure 4: DC Motor

2.2.5. ESP32 Microcontroller:

A popular open-source electronics platform called Esp 32 is recognized for its user-friendly

hardware and software. Its low cost, cross-platform compatibility, user-friendly scripting

language, open-source status, and extensibility in both software and hardware are some of Esp32

benefits.

The ESP32 microprocessor with a built-in Wi-Fi connectivity module is included into the cart's

lower section. This microcontroller serves as the system's brain, converting commands received

from the mobile app over Wi-Fi into control signals for the DC motors. For seamless integration

with the self-service checkout system, it also organizes communication between the RFID reader

and other components.

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 Figure 5: ESP32

2.2.6. Communication module and Mobile Application

The Smart Cart's communication protocol is based on Wi-Fi (802.11 standard), which is used for

local area network communication. A reliable and effective connection between the two devices

is made possible by the mobile app, which transmits control instructions and receives feedback

from the cart. For both the Android and iOS platforms, we created a unique mobile application

named “Node-MCU car” utilizing the Flutter framework. With the help of the software, the

ESP32 microcontroller may communicate with the cart and the user's smartphone in both

directions.

2.2.7. RFID Tags:

Radio frequency is used by RFID tags, a sort of tracking technology, to locate, recognize, follow,

and interact with objects and people. RFID tags may contain a variety of data, including serial

numbers, a brief description, and even entire pages of information.

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 Figure 6: RFID tag structure

2.2.8. Control Mechanism:

The user can easily go left, right, ahead, or backward using the mobile app's straightforward

navigation buttons. The ESP32 microcontroller reads commands from the app and drives the DC

motors in accordance with the instructions as they are supplied. To produce the desired

movement, the speed and direction of the motors are changed.

2.2.9. Testing and calibration:

We carefully evaluated the Smart Cart's performance during the testing process. The DC motors

were tuned to provide smooth motion and command responsiveness.

2.3. Software

2.3.1. Upper part

The Smart Cart's upper section focuses on utilizing RFID technology to enable simple product

identification and interaction. It includes an RFID reader to read RFID tags on the products and a

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unique Android Studio application to show pertinent product details on a website as shown in

figure 8.

2.3.2. Server

Server act as a focal point for communication between system’s integrated retail components. It

manages and stores product data including cost, availability, total bill. A product is uploaded to

the server and kept up do date before it is made available for purchase.

2.3.3. RFID Scanner integration:

An RFID scanner, such as the RC522 module, is installed in the upper portion of the Smart Cart

and is connected to the ESP32 microcontroller. Each product has an RFID tag attached to it that

contains a unique identification number that must be read by an RFID scanner. The RFID

scanner automatically detects and reads the RFID tags when a consumer adds products to the

cart, generating an item list with associated product IDs.

2.3.4. Product information Display:

The Android Studio application requests the server's database to collect comprehensive product

information as the RFID scanner reads the product IDs. Product names, prices, discounts, and

availability are examples of this information. The program automatically displays pertinent

product details on a web page, allowing customers to inspect and confirm the goods they have

chosen.

2.3.5. Android Studio Application:

A user-friendly interface is offered to clients by the specially created Android Studio application.

It allows for Smart Cart interaction, displays product details, and speeds up the self-service

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checkout procedure. With the ESP32 microcontroller located on the top of the cart, the

application creates a Wi-Fi connection.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: (a), (b) application interface

2.3.6. Real-Time inventory tracking:

Inventory tracking in real time is made possible by the connection of the RFID scanner with the

Android Studio application. As products are scanned and added to the cart, the server's database

is updated immediately, reflecting changes in stock levels. This guarantees proper inventory

control and reduces the likelihood of out-of-stock circumstances.

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 2.3.7. Self-Service Checkout:

Customers can use cash, debit or credit cards, or prepaid debit cards to pay for their purchases at

the self-service checkout station. The customer must go through an RFID reader-equipped lane

after making a purchase to verify that all items have been invoiced and paid for. This action

guards against unintentional or deliberate theft.

Figure 8 : processing of cart

2.3.8. Upper part coding:

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 2.4. Results:

The smart shopping cart is an innovative way to reduce your daily tough shopping routines and

give you a wonderful tension free shopping experience. The use of RFID tags and motor control

system expand your easiness and it is design in a way that anyone can learn to use it easily

without any complex explanation. The automatic billing system will help you to save your time

and energy especially in rush hours. The most recent development in the retail sector is

intelligent shopping carts. Since these carts have RFID scanners, customers may scan products

while they shop, hastening and streamlining the checkout process. There is no need for a typical

checkout procedure because of the automatic billing system in the cart, which computes the total

number of products scanned and charges the customer's account instantly. Inventory control in

retail establishments may be considerably enhanced by the Smart Shopping Cart with RFID and

Automatic Billing System. Real-time inventory updates are possible because to RFID

technology, which enables the cart to keep track of the objects being added to and withdrawn

from it.

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 CHAPTER 3

3. COMMERCIALIZATION OF SMART SHOPPING CART

RFID-enabled smart shopping carts give customers a smooth and practical shopping experience.

There is no need for manual scanning at checkout because the carts automatically scan things as

they are loaded. This decreases the possibility of mistakes while also saving time (Chandrasekar

and Sangeetha, 2014). Additionally, the automated invoicing system offers clients a simple

means of making payments.

3.1. Privacy Concerns

The possibility for privacy invasion is one of the main issues with the use of smart shopping

carts. Due to the ability of RFID technology to follow a customer's every action and purchase,

concerns over data privacy and security have been raised (Chandrasekar and Sangeetha, 2014).

Companies must be open about their data collection and usage practices in order to allay these

worries, and they must provide consumers the choice to refuse data gathering if they so desire.

3.2. Customer Satisfaction

Businesses must offer sufficient training and assistance to clients utilizing smart shopping carts

in order to guarantee customer happiness. In order to pinpoint areas for development and handle

any difficulties or concerns that surface, businesses should routinely solicit client input (Admin,

2022). Businesses may effectively commercialize smart shopping carts with automatic billing

systems employing RFID technology by putting the needs of the consumer and their privacy

first.

35
 Figure 9: RFID using

3.3. Market Analysis and Feasibility Study

The retail sector might undergo a change thanks to RFID-enabled smart shopping carts with

automatic invoicing systems (Chandrasekar and Sangeetha, 2014). The purpose of this study is to

examine market demand and the viability of adopting such a system at significant retail

establishments.

3.4. Market Demand

The convenience and time-saving advantages that smart shopping carts provide are driving up

market demand. A recent poll found that 70% of consumers would be interested in adopting an

automated billing smart shopping cart. (Admin, 2022).

By shortening lines at the register and making personalized suggestions based on customers' past

purchases, the use of this technology can also enhance the shopping experience for consumers

(Chandrasekar and Sangeetha, 2014).

3.5. Feasibility

Significant hardware and software investments are necessary to build smart shopping carts with

automatic invoicing systems employing RFID technology (Nevon Projects, 2019). The long-term

36
advantages, such as better productivity, lower labor expenses, and more customer satisfaction,

exceed the early expenditures.

Additionally, other nations like Japan and South Korea are already effectively using the

technology (Nevon Projects, 2019). This shows that the technology is established and can be

easily adopted in large retail establishments.

3.6. Design Considerations for Smart Shopping Cart System with

RFID

3.6.1. User Experience

 Customers may explore and find things in the store using a simple and intuitive interface.

 the ability to quickly and easily scan products and add them to the cart.

3.6.2. Reliability

 Stable and secure software to avoid any mistakes or malfunctions while in use.

 Robust and robust hardware components to endure extensive usage and potential wear

and tear.

3.6.3. Efficiency

 Automated billing system to speed up the payment process and do away with the need for

manual cashiers.

 Quick and accurate scanning of products utilizing RFID technology to shorten checkout

times and boost customer satisfaction.

3.7. End product Discussion

A cutting-edge option to improve the shopping experience for customers and ease payment for

businesses is the smart shopping cart with an automated billing system employing RFID

37
technology. This ground-breaking system uses cutting-edge RFID technology to automatically

scan and monitor things as they are added to the cart, doing away with manual scanning and

lowering the possibility of mistakes (Admin, 2022). The solution also helps shops to keep track

of inventory levels and streamline operations while giving customers real-time information about

their purchases. A cutting-edge technology that has the potential to completely transform

Pakistan's retail sector is the use of smart shopping carts with RFID invoicing systems (Nevon

Projects, 2019). The technology is intended to improve the shopping experience by offering

customers a quick and easy checkout procedure. It also enables shops to improve operational

efficiency and cut expenses.

Figure 10: cart overview

3.7.1. Feasibility

38
The level of technological infrastructure, the availability of skilled labor, and the willingness of

retailers to invest in the technology are just a few of the variables that will determine whether

smart shopping carts with RFID billing systems can be implemented in different parts of

Pakistan (Nevon Projects, 2019). To assess the project's feasibility, these elements will need to

be thoroughly evaluated.

3.7.2. Implementation Details

As things are added to the basket, the system will employ RFID tags on the products to track

them automatically. The RFID scanner on the smart shopping cart will read the tags and update

the customer's cart in real-time. To automatically determine the entire cost of the customer's

purchases and charge their account, the system will be coupled with a billing system (Nevon

Projects, 2019). Smart shopping carts with RFID billing systems will need to be implemented,

which will cost a lot to do in terms of infrastructure, technology, and training. Installation of

RFID readers and antennae, software development for the billing system, and staff training for

system operation and maintenance are all part of the process. To minimize business interruption

and guarantee a seamless switch to the new system, a phased deployment strategy could be

required (Nevon Projects, 2019). We create the website using a user-friendly market strategy.

3.7.3. Timeline

For design investigation, technical execution, and user validation, allow 4-6 months. The size of

the project and the amount of funding that are available will determine when smart shopping

carts with RFID billing systems will be implemented in various parts of Pakistan (K et al., 2020).

To guarantee that the project is finished on schedule and within budget, a comprehensive project

plan will be required.

3.7.4. Market Demand

39
Due to the convenience and time-saving advantages they provide to consumers, smart shopping

carts with RFID billing systems are becoming more and more popular in Pakistan (K et al.,

2020).

3.7.5. Competition

Smart Cart and EasyCart are two current rivals on the market that provide comparable

technologies (K et al., 2020). However, there is still potential in this market for innovation and

uniqueness.

3.8. Potential Partnerships and Collaborations

1. Major Supermarkets: Smart shopping carts would have a significant consumer base and

distribution network if they partnered with Pakistan's largest grocery chains.

2. RFID Technology Providers: A dependable and effective automatic billing system might be

developed and put into place by working with RFID technology vendors.

3. Payment Gateway Providers: By collaborating with payment gateway providers, smooth and

safe transactions using intelligent shopping carts will be made possible.

4. Mobile Network Operators: The integration of mobile payment alternatives and real-time

data tracking of intelligent shopping carts would be possible through cooperation with mobile

network carriers.

Impact on Retail Industry

The retail sector in Pakistan might undergo a change thanks to Smart Shopping Carts. Customers

may enjoy a smooth shopping experience with automatic billing systems that use RFID

technology (K et al., 2020), while businesses can boost efficiency and lower expenses related to

conventional checkout systems.

3.8. Potential Growth Opportunities

40
Businesses have a big chance to stand out from the competition by deploying Smart Shopping

Carts as Pakistan's retail market expands. This technology can enhance revenue and customer

loyalty by luring in new consumers and enhancing the whole shopping experience.

3.9. Challenges and Obstacles in Implementing Smart Shopping Carts

and Automatic Billing Systems in Pakistan

3.9.1. Technical Challenges

The technological infrastructure in Pakistan is one of the biggest obstacles to the adoption of

smart shopping carts and automatic billing systems (K et al., 2020). It is challenging to run the

system smoothly in some places due to inadequate electricity and internet access. Furthermore,

not all regions of the nation have easy access to the degree of technical skill needed to maintain

and repair the RFID technology utilized in the system.

3.9.2. Cultural Obstacles

Cultural barriers were another difficulty encountered in Pakistan with the installation of

intelligent shopping carts and computerized billing systems. Although some consumers could be

reluctant to utilize the system, the use of technology in traditional marketplaces is not generally

approved (K et al., 2020). Additionally, some consumers might not be comfortable with the idea

of self-checkout and automatic billing, which could cause confusion and mistakes throughout the

billing process.

3.9.3. End product:

The commercialization of RFID-enabled intelligent shopping carts with automatic billing

systems has revolutionized the retail sector (K et al., 2020). The way consumers shop and pay for

their products has been revolutionized by technology, making it easier and more effective.

41
These intelligent shopping carts employ RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to

automatically identify the things placed in the cart and determine the final charge (K et al.,

2020). This saves time and minimizes mistakes by doing away with the requirement for manual

scanning and checkout.

After conducting a consumer survey, we learned that customers in Pakistan were in favor of us

introducing this technology to large shops like Hyperstar and Carrefour (K et al., 2020).

Customers will enjoy shopping more because to the ease and quickness of the automatic

invoicing system, which will improve sales for merchants.

Figure: End product

However, there have also been certain difficulties with Pakistani technology's commercialization.

(K et al., 2020) Pakistan is an undeveloped nation. Retailers may find it pricey to make the first

42
investment in RFID technology and smart shopping carts, and staff who worry about losing their

jobs to automation may be resistant.

Overall, the commercialization of RFID-enabled smart shopping carts with automatic billing

systems has been a huge success, enhancing consumer shopping experiences and boosting

merchant productivity (K et al., 2020). It will be fascinating to observe how technology develops

and is embraced in different nations as it continues to improve.

3.10. Advantages of Automatic Billing System with RFID Technology

1. Faster Checkout Process: Due to the system's ability to rapidly and precisely identify the

products in the cart and determine the final cost, the automatic billing system using RFID

technology can drastically shorten the checkout time. Customers may wait less time and be

happy as a result of this.

2. Increased Efficiency: The supermarket's efficiency can be increased by the automatic billing

system because it does not require manual scanning or billing. This can lighten the strain for the

cashiers and free them up to concentrate on other crucial duties like customer service.

3. Reduced Errors: The possibility of mistakes during the checkout process, such as wrong

pricing or missing products, can be greatly reduced by the usage of RFID technology. Increased

client happiness and loyalty as well as better sales data accuracy may result from this.

4. Enhanced Security: The automatic billing system using RFID technology can increase the

security of the grocery store by spotting any potential unauthorized additions to the cart. This can

lower losses for the merchant and prevent theft.

43
5. Improved Inventory Management: Because it can give real-time data on stock levels and

item movement, the usage of RFID technology can also help the supermarket manage its

inventory better. The merchant may be able to optimize their inventory and cut waste as a result.

4. CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the RFID-enabled smart shopping cart with automated invoicing has the potential

to completely change the way people buy in Pakistan. A number of advantages are provided by

the system, such as enhanced inventory management, shorter checkout lines, and higher

productivity. The system has certain downsides, but they are outweighed by its advantages.

These drawbacks include early investment expenditures and probable pushback from traditional

shops. We can effectively commercialize this technology and make it available to the general

public by collaborating with significant merchants and providing rewards for early adoption. In

Pakistan, researchers are working on the creation of a smart shopping cart with an automatic

invoicing system that has the potential to completely transform the nation's retail sector. This

technology can speed up the checkout process and enhance the consumer experience overall by

doing away with the necessity for manual invoicing. Additionally, the use of this technology can

help stores save money and operate more efficiently. Retailers can better manage their supply

chain and decide on stock levels and product positioning using real-time inventory tracking and

data analysis.

It is crucial to remember that the widespread adoption of this technology by both customers and

businesses will determine its success. To spread the word about the advantages of this

44
technology and dispel any skepticism or reluctance to change, education and awareness

campaigns may be essential.

In conclusion, the creation of an automated billing system and smart shopping cart employing

RFID technology has the potential to completely change the Pakistani retail sector. Given its

many advantages, businesses wishing to streamline their processes and improve the shopping

experience for their customers should give this technology significant consideration.

REFERENCE:

1. Admin. (2022, September 17). Smart Shopping Cart with Automatic Billing System using

RFID & Arduino. How to Electronics. https://how2electronics.com/smart-shopping-cart-

with-automatic-billing-system-using-rfid- arduino/#:~:text=The%20project%20is%20super

%20easy

2. Chandrasekar, P. and Sangeetha, T. (2014). Smart shopping cart with automatic billing

system through RFID and ZigBee. International Conference on Information Communication

and Embedded Systems (ICICES2014). doi https://doi.org/10.1109/icices.2014.7033996.

3. Nevon Projects. (2019). Smart Shopping Trolley with Automated Billing using Arduino

Project. [online] Available at: https://nevonprojects.com/smart-shopping-trolley-with-

automated-billing-using-arduino/.

4. K, M.T., Bedare, R.S., M, R., P, V. and Pavithra, M. (2020). Smart Shopping Cart with

Automated Billing System. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology,

[online] 8(11). Available at: https://www.ijert.org/smart-shopping-cart-with-automated-

billing-system.

45
5. Y. J. Zuo (2010) "Survivable RFID systems: Issues, challenges, and techniques", IEEE

Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. C, Appl. Rev., vol. 40, no. 4, pp.406 -418.

6. F. Gandino , B. Montrucchio , M. Rebaudengo and E. R. Sanchez (2009) "On improving

automation by integrating RFID in the traceability management of the agri-food sector",

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 7, pp.2357 -2365.

7. T. M. Choi (2011) "Coordination and risk analysis of VMI supply chains with RFID

technology", IEEE Trans Ind. Informat., vol. 7, no. 3, pp.497 – 504.

8. J. D. Porter and D. S. Kim (2008) "An RFID-enabled road pricing system for transportation",

IEEE Syst. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp.248 -257.

9. H. H. Bi and D. K. Lin (2009) "RFID-enabled discovery of supply networks", IEEE Trans.

Eng. Manag., vol. 56, no. 1, pp.129 -141.

10. J. Z. Gao , L. Prakash and R. Jagatesan (2007) "Understanding 2D-BarCode technology and

application in M-commerce-design and implementation of a 2D barcode processing

solution", Proc. Comput. Softw. Appl.Conf., pp.49 -56.

11. D. Hahnel , W. Burgard , D. Fox , K. Fishkin and M. Philipose (2004) "Mapping and

localization with RFID technology", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Robot. Autom., pp.1015 -1020.

12. J. Y. Zhou , J. Shi and X. L. Qiu (2010) "Landmark placement for wireless localization in

rectangular-shaped industrial facilities", IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 6, pp.3081 -

3090.

46
Appendix:

Coding:

Upper part coding:

package com.orax.smart.cartcontroller;

import android.os.Bundle;

import android.os.StrictMode;

import android.util.Log;

import android.view.View;

import android.webkit.WebView;

import android.widget.EditText;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

47
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import java.io.PrintWriter;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;

import java.net.HttpURLConnection;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

import java.net.MalformedURLException;

import java.net.Socket;

import java.net.URI;

import java.net.URL;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

HttpURLConnection urlConnection;

EditText nodeIPAddress;

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

48
 setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

StrictMode.ThreadPolicy policy = new

StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build();

StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy);

View.OnClickListener ocl = view -> {

String move = null;

switch (view.getId()) {

case R.id.forw:

move = "F";

break;

case R.id.back:

move = "B";

break;

case R.id.right:

move = "R";

break;

case R.id.left:

move = "L";

break;

case R.id.stop:

move = "S";

break;

49
 sendDirection(move);

move = "";

// command(move);

};

findViewById(R.id.forw).setOnClickListener(ocl);

findViewById(R.id.back).setOnClickListener(ocl);

findViewById(R.id.right).setOnClickListener(ocl);

findViewById(R.id.left).setOnClickListener(ocl);

findViewById(R.id.stop).setOnClickListener(ocl);

void sendDirection(final String move) {

// try {

// HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();

// HttpGet get = new HttpGet(new URI("http://192.168.4.1/?State=" + move));

// client.execute(get);

// get = new HttpGet(new URI("http://192.168.4.1/?State=S"));

// get.completed();

// } catch (Exception e) {

// e.printStackTrace();

// }

try {

50
 URL url = new URL("http://192.168.0.102/?pin=" + move);

HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();

connection.setReadTimeout(1000);

connection.setConnectTimeout(1000);

connection.setRequestMethod("GET");

int code = connection.getResponseCode();

if (code == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {

System.out.println("Done");

} else {

System.out.println("Response Code is " + code);

connection.disconnect();

} catch (MalformedURLException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} catch (IOException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

@Override

public void onPointerCaptureChanged(boolean hasCapture) {

51
 super.onPointerCaptureChanged(hasCapture);

public String command(String cmd) {

String output = "test";

Log.e("Msg", "command reached");

Log.e("Msg", cmd);

Socket pingSocket = null;

PrintWriter out = null;

BufferedReader in = null;

pingSocket = new Socket();

try {

pingSocket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("192.168.0.102", 5006), 500);

out = new PrintWriter(pingSocket.getOutputStream(), true);

in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(

pingSocket.getInputStream()));

out.println(cmd);

output = in.readLine();

out.close();

in.close();

52
 pingSocket.close();

System.out.println(output);

Log.e("Msg", "end of command reached");

} catch (Exception e) {

Log.e("com.example.test.MainActivity", e.getMessage());

e.printStackTrace();

return output;

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include <WiFiClient.h>

#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>

#include <ESP8266HTTPClient.h>

#include <SPI.h>

#include <MFRC522.h>

#define SS_PIN 2 //D4

#define RST_PIN 0 //D3

53
 #define BUZZER_PIN D2 //D3

const char* ssid = "Tenda_5491C8"; //your WiFi Name

const char* password = "Ijaz@777"; //Your Wifi Password

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance.

WiFiClient wifiClient;

HTTPClient http; //Declare object of class HTTPClient

void setup() {

pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT);

//delay(1000);

Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.mode(WIFI_OFF); //Prevents reconnection issue (taking too long to connect)

delay(1000);

WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA); //This line hides the viewing of ESP as wifi hotspot

WiFi.begin(ssid, password); //Connect to your WiFi router

Serial.println("");

Serial.print("Connecting");

// Wait for connection

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

54
 delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

//If connection successful show IP address in serial monitor

Serial.println("");

Serial.print("Connected to ");

Serial.println(ssid);

Serial.print("IP address: ");

Serial.println(WiFi.localIP()); //IP address assigned to your ESP8266

SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus

mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522

mfrc522.PCD_DumpVersionToSerial(); // Show details of PCD - MFRC522 Card

Reader details

Serial.println(F("Scan PICC to see UID, SAK, type, and data blocks..."));

// http.begin(wifiClient, "http://192.168.0.104:8181/api/v1/addToCart"); //Specify

request destination

// http.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); //Specify

content-type header

55
 //

===============================================================

========

// Main Program Loop

//

===============================================================

========

void loop() {

// Look for new card

if (!mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {

return;

// Select one of the cards

if (!mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) {

return;

//Show UID on serial monitor

Serial.println();

Serial.print(" UID tag :");

String content = "";

byte letter;

for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++) {

Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");

56
 Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);

content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "));

content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX));

content.toUpperCase();

http.begin(wifiClient, "http:// 192.168.0.103:8181/api/v1/addToCart"); //Specify

request destination

http.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); //Specify

content-type header

//Post Data

String postData = "tag=" + content;

digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH);

int httpCode = http.POST(postData); //Send the request

String payload = http.getString(); //Get the response payload

Serial.println(httpCode); //Print HTTP return code

Serial.println(payload); //Print request response payload

http.end(); //Close connection

digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW);

delay(5000); //Post Data at every 5 seconds

}
57
58