By: FAUZIAH SHAHEEN BINTI SHEH RAHMAN

LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this lesson, student
should be able to:
❑ Explain the three states of matter
✓Justify the physical behavior of the three
state of matter (gases, liquids and solids)
using the kinetic molecular theory.
❑ Explain basic gas law.
✓ Explain the gas law variables (amount,
volume, temperature and pressure)
✓ Explain basic gas laws:
• Boyle’s Law
• Gay-Lussac’s Law
• Charles’ Law
• Avagadro’s Law
• The Ideal Gas Law
THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
 KMT is a model used to explain
behavior of matter based on
molecular motion.
 It postulates that:
➢ Matter consist of small particles
➢ There are space between the particles.
The amount of space in between particles is
related to the substance's state of matter.
➢ Each particle is in constant random motion. This
energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
➢ Particles do not attract or repel. Collisions of
particles with container walls define pressure
and are elastic (no kinetic energy is lost in the
collision)
➢ The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is
directly proportional to the temperature (in
Kelvin) → speed increases with increasing
temperature.
KINETIC THEORY OF SOLID
KINETIC THEORY OF LIQUID
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
PHASE CHANGES OF MATTER

Heat Absorbed

Heat Released
PHASE CHANGES DIAGRAM

(Boiling Point)

(Condensation Point)

(Melting Point)
(Freezing Point)
 Solid to Liquid

 Heat is added – kinetic energy increases

and weakens attractive forces between
particles
 At the melting point the solid melts into
a liquid
 Liquid to Gas

 Heat is added to the liquid – kinetic energy

increases and weakens attractive forces
between particles
 Begin to boil when reach the boiling point
 Temp increases particles move even faster
and over come the attractive forces and
evaporate forming a gas
 Gas to Liquid

 Heat is lost from the gas – attractive

forces become stronger - kinetic energy
decreases
 When enough heat is given off the
particles condense into a liquid
 Liquid to Solid

 Heat is lost – kinetic energy decreases

and increases attractive forces between
particles
 At the freezing point the liquid becomes
a solid
 Sublimation

 When a solid changes directly into a gas

without melting
 EX: smaller ice cubes in the back of the
freezer
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION OF GASES
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION OF GASES
Gas effusion is the is the process by
which gas under pressure escapes
from one compartment of a
container to another by passing
through a small opening (pinhole).

The escape of gas molecules

through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space.
VOLUME TEMPERATURE

AMOUNT
PRESSURE
OF GAS
 VOLUME, V
❑ Allgases must be enclosed in a container
that, if there are openings, can be sealed
with no leaks.
❑ The three-dimensional space enclosed by
the container walls is called volume.
❑ Symbol: V
❑ Unit: liters (L).
 TEMPERATURE, T
❑ Allgases have a temperature
❑ Unit: K (= °C + 273)
❑ Symbol: T
❑ The Kelvin temperature of a gas is
directly proportional to its kinetic
energy. Double the Kelvin temperature,
you double the kinetic energy.
 PRESSURE, P
❑ Gas pressure is created by the molecules
of gas hitting the walls of the
container.
❑ Symbol: P
❑ Unit:
 AMOUNT OF GAS, n
❑ The amount of gas present is measured in moles.
❑ Unit: moles
❑ Symbol: n

1 molar volume = 22.4 dm3 at standard temperature

and pressure (s.t.p.) of any gas
or
= 24 dm3 at room temperature and
pressure
 BOYLE’S LAW
❑ Boyle’s law states:
➢At a constant temperature,
the volume of a fixed mass of a
gas is inversely proportional
to its pressure.
Volume increases, pressure
decreases; volume decreases,
pressure increases.

The same number of particles

are in a smaller space (less
volume), so they strike the
sides of the container more
often (more pressure), even
though each one has not
change speed (temperature).
❑ Mathematical expression:

❑ Graphical methods of representing Boyle’s law:

Real Life Application of Boyle’s Law
❖A bicycle pump
❖ Scuba diving
❖ Breathing
❖ Syringe
❖ Spray Paints
 Calculation with Boyle’s Law
A tank of nitrogen has a volume of 14.0 L and a pressure
of 760.0 mmHg. Find the volume of the nitrogen when its
pressure is changed to 400.0 mmHg while the temperature
is held constant.
Conditions 1 Conditions 2
Solution:
P1 = 760.0 mm Hg P2 = 400.0 mm Hg
V1 = 14.0 L V2 = ?

P1V1 = P2V2
P1V1
V2 =
P2
(760mmHg )(14 L)
V2 =
400mmHg
V2 = 26.6 L
1. A 200 L helium gas at a pressure of 28.0°C
and a pressure of 2.0 atm was transferred to a
tank with a volume of 68.0 L. What is the
internal pressure of the tank if the temperature
is maintained?
2. A balloon contains 14.0 L of air at a pressure
of 760 torr. What will the volume of the air be
when the balloon is taken to a depth of 10 ft in
a swimming pool, where the pressure is 981
torr? The temperature of the air does not
change.
3. At a pressure of 5.0 atmospheres, a
sample of gas occupies 40. liters.
What volume will the same sample
occupy at 1.0 atmosphere?
4. Each of these flasks contains the
same number of molecules. In
which container is the pressure
highest?
5. If the pressure on the piston is
doubled, the volume of the gas
decreases by .
6. Neon gas has a volume of 2,000ml
with an atm of 1.8. However the
pressure decreased to 1.3atm.
What is now the volume of the
neon gas?
7. 100 cm³ of a gas at a pressure of
100 kPa is compressed to 250 kPa
at a constant temperature. What is
the final volume of the gas?
 CHARLES’ LAW
❑ Charles’ law states:
➢At a constant pressure, the
volume of a fixed mass of a gas
is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature.
❑ If the volume of a
container is increased,
the temperature
increases.
❑ If the volume of a
container is decreased,
the temperature
decreases. As the temperature increased, the volume
increases because the faster molecules collide
harder and push each other farther apart.
❑ Mathematical expression:

The temperature must be in

Kelvins and not Celsius!

❑ Graphical methods of representing Charles’ law:

Real Life Application of Charles’ Law
❖ A hot air balloon float
❖ Bread rises because of air
expanding
❖ Ball out side may shrink from
changes in temperature.
 Calculation with Charles’s Law
A helium balloon in a closed car occupies a volume of 2.32
L at 40°C. If the car is parked on a hot day and the
temperature inside rises to 75°C, what is the new volume
of the balloon, assuming the pressure remains constant?
Solution: Conditions 1 Conditions 2
V1 = 2.32 L V2 = ?
T1 = 40°C = 313 K T2 = 75°C = 348 K

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
V1T2
V2 =
T1
(2.32 L)(348K )
V2 =
313K
V2 = 2.58L
1. Find the final temperature of a 2.00- L gas
sample at 20.0°C cooled until it occupies a
volume of 500 mL.
2. What is the volume of a sample of thane at
467K and 2.25 atm if it occupies 1.405 L at
300K and 2.25 atm?
3. Given a container of oxygen gas with an initial
volume of 280 L and temperature of 29.5°C.
Calculate the volume if the temperature is
changed to -2.4°C.
4. According to Charles Law, if you have a balloon
inside a car at noon during a hot summer day
the balloon molecules inside will increase in
pressure. TRUE or FALSE?
5. A good example of Charles Law is when a piece
of metal expands in the heat. TRUE or FALSE?
6. At constant pressure and 25°C a sample of gas
occupies 4.5 liters. At what temperature (in K)
will the gas occupy 9.0 liters?
7. A small sample of helium gas occupies 6 mL at
a temperature of 250 K. At what temperature
does the volume expand to 9 mL?
8. A small sample of helium gas occupies 12 mL at
a temperature of 500 K. At what temperature
does the volume expand to 18 mL?
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
❑ Gay-Lussac’s law states:
➢At a constant volume, the pressure
of a fixed amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute
temperature.
❑ If the temperature of
a container is
increased, the
pressure increases.
❑ If the temperature of
a container is Increasing the temperature gets the
decreased, the particles moving faster causing an
increase in the number and energy
pressure decreases. involved in collisions; thus an increase in
pressure
❑ Mathematical expression:

The temperature must be in

Kelvins and not Celsius!

❑ Graphical methods of representing Gay-Lussac’s

law:
 Real Applications of
Gay-Lussac’s Law
❖ Tiresbursting due to high temperatures
❖ Pressure cookers – cook foods faster
❖ Autoclave → Medical industry sterilization
with water vapor under pressure
❖ Gas confined in compressed gas tank
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s Law
The gas left in a used aerosol can is at a pressure of
100 kPa at 270C. If the can is thrown onto a fire, what
will the internal pressure be when its temperature
reaches 9270C?
Solution: Conditions 1 Conditions 2
P1 = 100 kPa P2 = ?
T1 = 27°C = 300 K T2 = 927°C = 1200 K

P1 P2
=
T1 T2
P1T2
P2 =
T1
(100kPa)(1200 K )
P2 =
300 K
P2 = 400kPa
1. The pressure in automobile tire is 200 kPa at a
temperature of 27°C. At the end of a journey on a
hot sunny day, the pressure has risen to 223 kPa.
What is the temperature of the air in the tire?
2. The pressure in a sealed can of gas is 235 kPa when
it sits at room temperature (20°C). If the can is
warmed to 48°C, what will the new pressure inside
the can be?
3. A car tire has a pressure of 2.38 atm at 25.3°C. If
the pressure inside reaches 4.08 atm, the tire will
explode. How hot would the tire get for this to
happen? Report the temperature in °C.
4. In a closed container at 1.0
atmosphere, the temperature of a
sample of gas is raised from 300 K
to 400 K. What will be the final
pressure of the gas?
5. Each of these flasks contains the
same number of gas molecules. In
which would the pressure be
lowest?
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
❑ Avogadro’s law states:
➢Equal volumes of all gases at the
same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of gas particles
(atoms or molecules).
❑ Volume is directly
proportional to the
number of moles of gas.
❑ If the amount of gas in
a container is
increased, the volume
increases and vice
versa.
❑ Mathematical expression:

❑ Graphical methods of representing Avogadro’s

law:
 Calculation with Avagadro’s Law
In a sample of gas, 50.0 g of oxygen gas take up 48 L of volume.
Keeping the pressure constant, the amount of gas is changed until the
volume is 79 L. How many grams of gas are now in the container?
Solution: V1 V2
=
Conditions 1 Conditions 2 n1 n2
m1 = 50.0 g m2 = ?
V2 n1
V1 = 48 L V2 = 79 L
n2 =
V1
mass
molesofO2 = (79 L)(1.563mol )
molarmass n2 =
48L
50.0 g
molesofO2 = n2 = 2.572mol
2(16)
mass = moles  molarmass
molesofO2 = 1.563mol
mass = 2.572  [2(16)]
mass = 82.304 g
Calculation with Avagadro’s Law
A large beach ball has a volume of 4.60 L when filled with 0.225
moles of air. If air leaks out so that volume decreases to 3.60 L,
how many moles of gas escaped?

Solution: Conditions 1 Conditions 2

n1 = 0.225 moles n2 = ?
V1 = 4.60 L V2 = 3.60 L

V1 V2
= nescaped = ninitial − n final
n1 n2
V2 n1 nescaped = 0.225 − 0.176
n2 =
V1 nescaped = 0.049mol
(3.60 L)(0.225mol )
n2 =
4.60 L
n2 = 0.176mol
1. If 0.25 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of
7.62 mL at a particular temperature and
pressure, what volume would 0.43 mol of argon
have under the same conditions?
2. If 23.1 g of oxygen occupies a volume of 5.0
L at a particular pressure and temperature, what
volume will 2.5 g of oxygen gas occupy under
the same conditions?
3. A 3.0 liter sample of gas contains 7.0 moles.
How much gas will there be, in order for the
sample to be 2.3 liters? P and T do not change.
THE IDEAL GAS LAW

UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT

R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.3145 dm3kPa/molK
R=8.3145 m3Pa/molK
 THE IDEAL GAS LAW
At STP,
P= 1.0 atm= 101.325 kPa
V= 22.4 L
n= 1.0 mole
T= 273 K
R= 0.0821 atm.L/ mol.K
= 8.31kPa.L/ mol.K
❑ The Ideal Gas Law assumes several factors about the
molecules of gas:
➢ The volume of the molecules is considered negligible compared
to the volume of the container in which they are held.
➢ The gas molecules move randomly, and collide in completely
elastic collisions.
➢ Attractive and repulsive forces between the molecules are
therefore considered negligible.
❑ The Ideal Gas Law can also be derived by combining
Boyle’s law, Charles’ law and Avogadro’s law:
IDEAL GAS LAW CALCULATIONS
2.3 moles of Helium gas are at a pressure of 1.70 atm,
and the temperature is 41°C. What is the volume of the
gas?
Given:
Solution: n = 2.3 moles T = 41°C + 273 = 314 K
P = 1.70 atm V = ?

PV = nRT
nRT
V=
P
0.0821L.atm
(2.3mol )( )(314 K )
V= mol.K
1.70atm
V = 34.878L
IDEAL GAS LAW CALCULATIONS
A 23.8 L balloon is filled with 88g CO₂ at 15°C, what is
the pressure in kPa?

Solution: Given:
m = 88 g CO₂ T = 15°C + 273 = 288 K
P = ? kPa V = 23.8 L

PV = nRT
mass
molesofCO2 = nRT
molarmass P=
V
88 g
molesofCO2 = 8.3145L.kPa
12 + 2(16) (2mol )( )(288K )
P= mol.K
molesofCO2 = 2mol 23.8L
P = 201.225kPa
1. What volume is needed to store 0.050
moles of helium gas at 202.6 kPa and 400
K?
2. What pressure will be exerted by 20.16 g
hydrogen gas in a 7.5 L cylinder at 20oC?
3. A 50 L cylinder is filled with argon gas to a
pressure of 10130.0 kPa at 30oC. How many
moles of argon gas are in the cylinder?
4. To what temperature does a 250 mL
cylinder containing 0.40 g helium gas need
to be cooled in order for the pressure to be
253.25 kPa?
5. A 7.50 liter sealed jar at 18 °C contains
0.125 moles of oxygen and 0.125 moles of
nitrogen gas. What is the pressure in the
container?

6. How many moles of oxygen must be placed

in a 3.00 liter container in order to exert a
pressure of 2.00 atmospheres at 25°C?

7. What is the pressure exerted by 5.00 moles

of nitrogen gas contained in a 30.0 Liter
container at 25.0°C?

8. At what temperature (in Kelvin) would 4.0

moles of hydrogen gas in a 100 liter
container exert a pressure of 1.00
atmospheres?
9. A 15.50 gram sample of a gas exerts a
pressure of 1.40 atmospheres when held
in an 8.00 liter at 22°C. What is the
molar mass of the gas?

10. A 4.0 liter container has two gases

inside, neon and argon. It is known that
at 18°C, the total pressure of the
combined gases is 0.850 atm. If it is
known that there are 0.100 moles of
neon in the container, how many moles
of argon are in the container?
GAS LAWS SUMMARY