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‫ﺓﺳﺪﻧﻬﻼﺓﻳﻠﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺣﻼﺓﻳﺮﺍﻣﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺎﺡﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫‪1.0‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‪/‬ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻤﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪،‬ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﺉﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺎً ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐﻓﺤﺼﺎً ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺎً ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪2.0‬ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻓﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺃﻛﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ‬

‫‪3.0‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪3.1‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡﻭﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‪/‬ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ؛ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3.2‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺑﻨﺎء‪:‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪:‬ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺉﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎً ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 1.1‬ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪-‬ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪-‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫ﻭﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﻓﻮﺭﺍً( ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﺉﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ )‪ ،(I/O‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺰﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺉﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪:(CPU‬ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔﺑﻪ؛ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪-‬ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‪/‬ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪:‬ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺑﻴﺉﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪:‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‪/‬ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺓﺳﺪﻧﻬﻼﺓﻳﻠﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺣﻼﺓﻳﺮﺍﻣﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺎﺡﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪ .(CPU‬ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪:‬ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ - .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬
‫)‪ :(ALU‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ - .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ‪ ALU‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ( ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎً ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‪" .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪ .‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺒﻞﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 3.1‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺓﺳﺪﻧﻬﻼﺓﻳﻠﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺣﻼﺓﻳﺮﺍﻣﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺎﺡﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﺭﻣﺰﺍً ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺍً ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 3.1‬ﺏ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻻ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪.‬ﻛﻞ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 3.1‬ﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﻣﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻦﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ‪،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺎً ﺑﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ .I10‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﺈﺣﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ؛ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ‪ .،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰ ‪ .(IAS‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺓﺳﺪﻧﻬﻼﺓﻳﻠﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺣﻼﺓﻳﺮﺍﻣﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺎﺡﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 3.2‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ(‪ :‬ﺳﺠﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ )‪ ،(MAR‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﺠﻞﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ )‪ ،(MBR‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﻭءﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ I/0 )I/OAR‬ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ 1/0‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺳﺠﻞ ‪ I/0‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ )‪ (I/OBR‬ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ‪ I/0‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ‪ 1/0‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺓﺳﺪﻧﻬﻼﺓﻳﻠﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺣﻼﺓﻳﺮﺍﻣﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺎﺡﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺻﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ )‬
‫ﻳﺠﻠﺐ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻠﻮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ)ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(2.4‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .3.3‬ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺐ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﻴﺔﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬