Generational Difference in Parenting and Their Attitudes on the Psychological

Well-Being of Their Children

Davao Doctors College

General Malvar Street, Davao City

Researchers

Nablea, Cahne Ilojeay B.

Dela Cruz, Ralph Jian

Javierto, Matthew Sebastian M.

Panonce, Sheane S.

Terig, Cyndell Mae P.

Ruaya, Denisse Nichole P.

Mata, Ralph Joseph J.

November 2023

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I

Background of the Study 1

Purpose of the Study 3

Research Questions 4

Review of the Related Literature 4

Theoretical Lens 9

Importance of the Study 10

Limitations and Delimitations of the Study

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Definition of Terms 12

Chapter 2 II

Design 13

Setting 13

Participants 13

Data Sources 14

Data Gathering Procedure 14

Trustworthiness of the Study 15

Role of the Researcher 16

Data Analysis 16

References 17

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Appendices 19

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 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Differences in how generations parent their children and treat their children's

general psychological well-being are observable. Lanjekar et al., (2022) define

"Parenting" as the responsibility of giving leverage and confidence to face critical and

challenging problems, Parenting is necessary for regulating emotions and behavior, there

are a plethora of observable problems seen in infancy, early childhood, and late

childhood. Good or positive parenting requires one to know the concept itself, its ideas,

the importance of parenting and the children's needs, its components, and consequences

of parenting. Ryff and Keyes (1995) define psychological well-being as optimal human

functioning that produces more positive emotions and satisfaction; comprised of six

dimensions: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with

others, purpose in life, self-acceptance. As time moves forward and generations come and

go; parenting evolves and influences how one nurtures the psychological well-being of

their child the outcome, either positive or negative. That being the case these variables

must be brought to light to gain a deeper understanding as to what makes the current

generation different from other generations in terms of parenting and treatment towards

psychological well-being of their child.

A study linking the two variables among Indonesian adolescents were

administered by Abidin et al. (2022) it was stated in their literature that basic

psychological needs satisfaction fully intervened in the relationship of supportive

parenting and well-being; The study revealed that the fulfillment of fundamental

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psychological needs played a complete mediating role in connecting supportive parenting

styles with emotional well-being. Similarly, the frustration of basic psychological needs

acted as a full mediator in linking thwarting parenting styles to emotional ill-being. The

statistical analysis yielded significant results, (Chi-Square = 434.39; df = 220; p = 0.000;

RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 0.91; GFI = 0.91; SRMR = 0.05) the study's findings suggest that

the well-being of adolescents is positively influenced by healthy and positive parenting

through the fulfillment of their fundamental psychological needs.

Parenting is influenced by typical gender role delineations that spanned from

traditional conceptualization that persisted for generations, mothers being perceived as

primary caregivers and fathers who take on the breadwinner roles in supporting the

household, studies on Filipino masculinity reveal that men are more adept into

suppressing emotional vulnerabilities and manifesting strength which could be a

detrimental cause to poor psychological well-being; these values that are passed down

from generations; harsh parenting, rejective, and alienating behavior towards

psychological well-being of children. Jocson (2020)

All things considered, the researchers believe that there is a need to research and

understand the generational differences of parenting and their attitudes on the

psychological well-being of their children in their local setting. This is because of the fact

that there is insufficient research done with the two variables in Davao City, and no one

has ever proceeded a study to understand the outlook of parents, their differences on how

parenting should be done, on how they treat and react to their child's psychological well-

being, and whether they consider it of utmost importance or indifference Therefore, this

study aims to obtain insight about the beliefs, attitude, and behavior of parents in

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parenting and psychological well-being of children; and compare and contrast it to other

generations among local residences in Davao City, so that people and future researchers

will gain further knowledge in the mentality of parents, the differing perspectives of

parenting across generations, and factors in parenting that affect psychological well-being

resulting in clarity and shortening the research gap towards parental psychology in a

regional setting.

Purpose of the Study

The primary purpose of this study is to gain comprehensive insights into the

parenting styles and attitudes toward psychological well-being across various

generations. This endeavor is undertaken to enhance our understanding of the distinct

approaches employed by different generations in parenting and their corresponding

perspectives on psychological well-being. The significance of this inquiry extends to

parents from diverse generational backgrounds, children born to parents of specific

generations, the broader public, and prospective researchers.

Additionally, the outcomes of this study hold substantial relevance for the general

populace as they contribute to a deeper comprehension of intergenerational parenting

approaches and shed light on the attitudes of parents toward the mental well-being of

their children. The implications extend beyond the immediate participants, offering

valuable knowledge to inform future research endeavors and facilitating a broader

societal understanding of the intricacies involved in parenting practices and psychological

well-being perspectives across generations.

Research Questions

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 This study aims understand the different generations’ parenting and their attitudes on

psychological well-being of their children. This study will specifically address the

following questions:

1. What is the parenting style that the participants employed in their parenting?

2. What contributes to the intergenerational parenting?

3. What are changes the participants have done from the previous parenting they

experienced to the parenting they apply to their children?

4. What thoughts, discoveries, and aspirations do participants have concerning the

psychological well-being of their children?

Review of Related Literature

Intergenerational Parenting

Parenting is frequently described as a fundamental socialization process. This

entails being a critical method for instructing and readying children to navigate the

challenges of their surroundings and capitalize on the possibilities presented within those

surroundings. The ongoing responsibility of parents and caregivers is to instill cultural

values in children, equipping them to navigate socially accepted physical, economic, and

psychological scenarios inherent to the culture in which they are expected to flourish

(National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018).

In the contemporary workforce, five distinct generational cohorts exist: lost

generation, silent generation, baby boomers, Gen X, millennials, and Gen Z. Excluding

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the Lost Generation and the Silent Generation, Baby boomers, the eldest among these

groups, were born between 1946 and 1964. Following them is Generation X,

encompassing individuals born between 1965 and 1980. The subsequent generation,

commonly referred to as Millennials or Generation Y, were born between 1981 and 1994.

The youngest age currently engaged in the workforce, Gen Z consists of those born

between 1995 and 2009 (Janzer, 2021).

Additionally, Baby Boomers were described as driven, questioning authority,

optimistic, efficient, team players, and great consumers. These traits undeniably shaped

parenting behaviors (Jenkins 2017, as cited by Swanzen, 2018). According to Latipah,

Kistoro, Hasanah, & Putranta (2020), the cohort commonly referred to as the baby

boomer generation encompasses individuals born between 1943 and 1960, a

nomenclature derived from the substantial birth surge during this period. Raised amidst

favorable economic circumstances, a relative lack of dependence on technology

characterized their formative years. In contrast, Generation X, from 1961 to 1979,

witnessed a decline in birth rates. This generation experienced a milieu marked by

elevated divorce rates attributable to parental commitments to employment, economic

adversity, and heightened levels of criminal activity. Helicopter parenting was

characterized as tiger parenting linked to Baby Boomer parents. He delineates the

helicopter parenting of Baby Boomers as a distinctive method of raising children that is

"frequently bothersome, and at times beneficial, but consistently involves a persistent

presence over their children, accompanied by constant involvement." Howe suggested

that Baby Boomers exhibit strong emotional attachment to their children, indicating that

this approach is a commendable practice (Shaki, Gupta, Yadav, & Faisal, 2022).

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 Furthermore, the millennial generation is defined as the cohort born between 1980

and 2000. This nomenclature is attributed to its temporal proximity to the turn of the

millennium, and its upbringing occurred during the advent of the digital age (Latipah et

al., 2020). Moreover, Millennials exhibit a sense of entitlement and empowerment,

attributing this, in part, to their involvement in decision-making processes from an early

age. Furthermore, their perception of realism is shaped by the pragmatic outlook of the

Baby Boomers and the skeptical stance of Generation X (Swanzen, 2018).

Psychological Well-Being

Psychological well-being is a multidimensional and dynamic construct

comprising a framework of dimensions in which positive experiences and basic needs are

regarded as essential. Psychological well-being has been studied from various angles, and

different academic fields have taken an interest in the concept due to its impact on other

dimensions such as individual performance, satisfaction levels, and interpersonal

interaction characteristics. The significance of having a purpose in life is to achieve

psychological well-being, which correlates with good physical and mental health at all

stages of life (Udhayakumar & Illango, 2018).

According to De Juanas Oliva et al. (2020), psychological well-being is evident in

various facets of human behavior and is crucial for gauging the life satisfaction of young

individuals. Additionally, as they grow older, it becomes relevant to explore how well-

being may be linked to varying degrees of personal autonomy. The transition from youth

to adulthood, psychological well-being evolves to the extent which the individual is

capable of growing and interacting with its environment assuming that the vital

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challenges, experiences, and positive parenting is present during the later stages in

development

The eudaimonic perspective defines psychological well-being as the realization of

one's full potential. This runs counter to the perspective on subjective well-being. The

Individual's ability to effectively adjust to college or any life scenario depends in large

part on their psychological well-being, which is seen as the outcome of a life well-lived.

Because of this, this construct frequently contains elements like self-acceptance,

satisfying relationships, independence, environmental mastery, personal development,

and life purpose (Morales-Rodríguez et al., 2020).

In addition, adolescents' psychological well-being is a complex function that

depends on the individual, the environment, and childhood experiences. In their study,

they concluded that a change of mindset is quintessential for better eudemonic

psychological well-being. Adolescents must reach their potential, positive qualities,

successful adjustments, and self-acceptance to promote positive development. Promoting

psychological well-being will teach them how to successfully manage their lives,

relationships, etc. which will lead to a positive attitude in the coming years of adulthood

(Gómez-López et al., 2019).

Moreover, after administering a self-perceived parenting scale and a standardized

Ryff scale for psychological well-being, the researchers concluded that parenting styles

influence an adolescent's psychological well-being, an authoritative parenting style is

usually one that is considered warm and steady which will benefit psychological

development. However, adolescents who perceive their parents as being authoritarian

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may have decreased autonomy and those who have permissive parents may have a

diminished sense of personal growth. Being neglectful is the one that is most detrimental

to an adolescent's psychological well-being. (Francis et al., 2020).

Child maltreatment is a global health priority affecting up to half of all children

worldwide, with profound and ongoing impacts on physical, social, and emotional

wellbeing. A recent study by Chamberlain et al. (2019), suggests that there may be

generational differences in views of psychological well-being. Parents with a history of

childhood maltreatment may have a more nuanced and complex view of psychological

well-being than parents who do not have this history. This is likely since parents with a

history of childhood maltreatment have had to confront their own trauma and develop

their own coping mechanisms. As a result, they may be more likely to view psychological

well-being as a journey rather than a destination.

Theoretical Lens

This study draws its theoretical foundation from three different theories namely,

Generational Theory as proposed by Karl Mannheim in1952, Social Learning Theory of

Albert Bandura in 1977, and Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory in 1979.

The first theory that this study will be anchored to is Generational Theory as

proposed by Karl Mannheim in1952. According to this theory, each generation is molded

by its distinct experiences and the historical and social milieu in which it matures.

Recognizing the importance of comprehending different generations' parenting styles

becomes imperative within the framework of this theory. Understanding how each

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generation approaches parenting serves as an enlightening lens through which to decipher

the influences on previous generations and establish a foundation for the subsequent one.

The assertion that children need active parental guidance, direction, and support

aligns with the study's emphasis on Generational Theory. The guidance and standards set

by parents play a pivotal role in shaping the values, social skills, and academic

motivation of each generation. In the absence of clear and concise parental guidance, as

emphasized in the text, there is a risk of children lacking essential attributes such as

social skills, morals, values, and academic proficiency (Mascolo, 2015, as cited by

Campbell, 2021). This theory will help underscoring the enduring impact of generational

experiences on parenting practices and their subsequent effects on child development.

The second theory used in this study is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model,

which was established in the year 1977. The model explains the understanding of the

complex interplay between generational differences in parenting styles and attitudes,

environmental factors, and children's psychological well-being. The model's emphasis on

nested environments, interconnectedness, and contextual influences offers a valuable lens

for examining how parenting practices, shaped by generational perspectives and societal

norms, can impact children's development across multiple aspects of their lives.

This lens assumes that generational differences in parenting are not isolated

phenomena but are embedded within a complex web of environmental influences that

shape both parenting practices and children's development. The five systems in

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model represent the different levels of environmental

influence that affect human development. These systems are Microsystem, Mesosystem,

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Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem which are all interconnected and can

influence each other in complex ways. For example, a child's experiences in their

microsystem (e.g., family, school) can be influenced by the exosystem (e.g.,

neighbourhood safety) and the macrosystem (e.g., cultural values). Additionally, changes

in the chronosystem (e.g. technological advancements) can influence parenting practices

in the microsystem. By considering the mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and

chronosystem, we can gain a deeper understanding of how generational differences in

parenting can impact children across different aspects of their lives.

Importance of the Study

The importance of this study is to understand how crucial generational difference

in parenting is and their attitudes towards the psychological well-being of their children.

This study could be beneficial to the following:

Parents from Different Generations. This study is relevant to individuals from

diverse generations who are parents, offering valuable insights into their distinct

parenting approaches and attitudes regarding psychological well-being. It serves as a

source of guidance and understanding for those facing the complexities of parenting,

considering the impact of generational influences on their experiences.

Children Born to Parents of Different Generations. The research is pertinent

for individuals with parents from diverse generations, revealing how parental attitudes

and methods may differ across these generations, thereby impacting the upbringing and

experiences of their children.

General Public. The results of this study are meaningful for the wider public,

promoting a more comprehensive comprehension of intergenerational parenting styles

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and perspectives on psychological well-being. This heightened awareness has the

potential to enhance informed conversations and initiatives concerning family dynamics

and psychological well-being matters.

Future Researchers. This study could provide a basis for further exploration and

investigation into the complexities of family dynamics across generations.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study delimits on understanding the generational difference in parenting and

their attitudes on the psychological well-being of their children. The research design will

be phenomenological-qualitative, utilizing personal interviews, which, due to its nature,

limits the number of participants and prevents generalizing to a broader population.

Specifically, the study will include four generations: baby boomers, generation x,

millennials, and generation z parents.

However, it is crucial to highlight certain constraints within this study. To begin

with, the utilization of personal interviews imposes limitations on participant numbers,

hindering broad generalizations. The study's dependence on voluntary participation

introduces a potential bias, given that those who opt to participate may possess distinctive

characteristics or experiences, thereby impacting the applicability of the findings to the

broader population of parents across generations.

Moreover, the study recognizes potential biases arising from self-reported data.

Relying on participants' self-reports may result in response bias and memory

inaccuracies. Participants may either downplay or exaggerate their experiences,

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potentially influencing the accuracy of the collected data. These limitations must be

considered when interpreting the study's outcomes.

Definition of Terms

In this section, the key terms found in this study are presented in it operational

definition.

Baby Boomers. Member of the generation born during the population surge in

the years immediately following World War II, from 1946 to 1964.

Generation X. Individuals born between 1965 and 1980, the generation that

follows the baby boomer generation and precedes the millennial generation.

Generation Y. Individuals who were born after "Generation X," before

"Generation Z," between the years 1980 – 2000.

Well-being. The state of feeling very happy and healthy. Being comfortable

Parenting. The process that involves nurturing, fostering, and facilitating the

physical, emotional, social, and cognitive growth of a child into adulthood and

throughout their entire life.

Psychological Well-Being. It is a core feature of mental health and may be

defined as including hedonic and eudaimonic happiness, as well as resilience.

Chapter II

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 METHODOLOGY

In this chapter of the study, this will discuss the methodology that will be used in

conducting the study.

Design

To obtain a better understanding on the different generations' parenting and their

attitudes on psychological well-being, the researchers will employ qualitative research

design. Qualitative research adopts a multimethod approach, emphasizing an

interpretative and naturalistic perspective towards its subject matter. This entails

researchers studying phenomena within their natural settings, endeavoring to comprehend

and interpret them based on the meanings individuals attribute to these phenomena

(Denzin & Lincoln, 2005, as cited by Aspers & Corte, 2019). This research design

suitable for understanding the different parenting approach across various generations

and their insights on the psychological well-being of their children. This approach

involved a comprehensive examination of the subjective experiences, perceptions, and

narratives of participants to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study.

Setting

The setting for this study will be held at the premises of Davao City and Davao de

Oro at a Barangay Level. Moreover, this research study will be conducted via Face-to-

Face interviews at the residence of the participants or to the preferred place the

participants will suggest.

Participants

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 The chosen participants in this study will be the parents from different

generations. Specifically, parents from the Baby Boomers generation, Generation X, and

Millennials, and Generation Z. Purposive sampling will be employed to choose

participants capable of providing in-depth insights into the research questions and

offering the most relevant information to meet the study's objectives (Nikolopoulou,

2023).

Data Sources

The data sources of this study will be from the parents across generations. In-

depth interview process through questionnaires that were formulated by the researchers

will be employed with the participants. This will also help the researchers generate data

that can be methodically analyzed for themes and patterns, searching for the relationship

of the variables being investigated.

Data Gathering Procedure

In conducting the study, the following steps will be undertaken and follow the

researchers to collect and obtain the necessary answers that are being investigated in the

research questions.

1. Construction of Research Questionnaire: The researcher will construct a

questionnaire that will elicit answers from the respondents that will help in

unearthing the experiences and the factors as which this phenomenon has

happened.

2. Validation of Research Questionnaire. The researchers will look for an expert

to validate the questionnaire they have constructed.

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 3. Sample recruitment: Participants will be recruited through purposive sampling.

The participants will come from individuals known by the researchers.

4. Informed Consent. The researchers will recruit participants that are parents

representing Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z.

Researchers will electronically distribute an informed consent form, ensuring that

participation is voluntary and not coerced. Participants will have the option to

digitally or personally sign the consent based on their preference.

5. Data Collection. The data from the participants will be extracted through in-

depth interviews conducted by the participants. The interviews will be guided by

the questionnaire constructed by the researchers, the interview will be semi-

structured to fully capture the experience, insights, and factors that contributed to

the phenomenon. The interview will be audio-recorded for accurate data capture.

6. Data Management. All data from the audio recording will be transcribed

verbatim, ensuring the accuracy of the data from the participants. The transcripts

will be anonymized by assigning codes to the participants to protect their identity.

The data will also be stored confidentially.

7. Reporting the Results. The results from the thematic analysis will be presented

in a detailed and orderly manner. The findings of the study will be presented

narratively to convey the essence of the experiences and thoughts of the

participants.

Trustworthiness of the Study

The trustworthiness of the study will include the study’s credibility,

dependability, transferability, conformability, and reflexivity,

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Credibility

The researchers will systematically examine and validate both the data

collection and analysis procedures to ensure the potential replicability of their

work by other scholars. They will uphold a meticulously documented coding

schema that distinctly delineates the identified codes and patterns in the analyses.

Dependability

The researchers will provide assurance that the study's findings remain

robust even in the face of alterations to the research setting or participant

dynamics during data collection. This will be achieved through a comprehensive

and detailed description of the methodology and design, enabling the study to be

replicated.

Transferability

The researchers will ensure the relevance of the study findings to

comparable settings or individuals. This will be achieved through explicit

articulation of assumptions and contextual inferences related to the research

setting and participants.

Conformability

The researchers will guarantee the inclusion of diverse perspectives

throughout the data collection process, ensuring the appropriateness of the data.

This can be accomplished through various triangulation methods, such as data

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 triangulation, investigator triangulation, or theoretical triangulation, as well as

through participant validation or member checks.

Role of the Researcher

The role of researchers in this study will be to exhibit the thoughts, experiences,

factors that contributed to the phenomenon of the study. The researcher will be gathering

data, vetting, informing, and sourcing data from the participants.

Data Analysis

The data that will be collected from the study will be analyzed through thematic

analysis. The researchers will look for patterns, themes, and categories from the data.

Researchers will also look for an expert to validate the results of the thematic analysis.

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