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Module 4, Lesson 2

The document provides information on calculating areas bounded by polar curves. It defines the area bounded by curves r=f(θ) from θ=α to θ=β as 1/2 ∫βα r2 dθ. Several examples are worked calculating the areas of regions bounded by polar curves like roses, limacons, and lemniscates. The area of one petal of a rose is calculated as πa2. Further examples find the areas between various combinations of curves like circles, cardiods, and sin/cos curves. Exercises are provided to calculate additional areas bounded by polar curves.

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13 views

Module 4, Lesson 2

The document provides information on calculating areas bounded by polar curves. It defines the area bounded by curves r=f(θ) from θ=α to θ=β as 1/2 ∫βα r2 dθ. Several examples are worked calculating the areas of regions bounded by polar curves like roses, limacons, and lemniscates. The area of one petal of a rose is calculated as πa2. Further examples find the areas between various combinations of curves like circles, cardiods, and sin/cos curves. Exercises are provided to calculate additional areas bounded by polar curves.

Uploaded by

zyx xyz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2

 Area in Polar Coordinates

Consider the area AOB in Figure below, which is bounded the radial lines   
and    , and the curve r  f  , where f   is a continuous and single-valued function.

If the angle AOB is divided into n equal parts d  by means of radial lines from
O, the area is divided into n increments of area, such as OPQ. Approximating each of
these increments by element area dA in the form circular sectors, such as OPP’, that
dA = 12 r 2 d . Hence, by the Fundamental Theorem, it follows that

A 1

2  r 2 d

Types of Polar Curves


1. Rose or Petal
r = a Sin n 
r = a Cos n 
if, n = even
number of Petals = 2n
ex.
r = a Sin 2 
number of Petal = 4
if, n = odd
number of Petals = n
ex.
r = a Sin3 
number of Petals = 3
2. Limacon
r  a  b Sin
r  a  b Cos
If, a = b --------→ Cardiod
3. Spiral of Archimedes
r = k
4. Lemniscate
r 2  a 2 Cos 2
r 2  a 2 Sin 2

Example 1.
Find the area of one leaf of the rose
r  aCos 2
Solution
One leaf of the rise is generated as  varies from  14  to 14  as shown in figure,

A 1

2  r 2 d
 

A 
1 4
2  a 2 Cos 2 2 d  12 a 2  4 1
4 2
1  Cos 4  d
4

A  12 a 2   14 Sin 4 4   12 a 2 square units


Note: Because of the symmetry of the curve in the above example, we could just as
well have integrated from 0 to 14  and doubled the result.

Example 2.
Find the area enclosed by the given curve
r  a 1  Cos  
Solution

Tabulate:

 0º 15º 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 105º 120º 135º 150º 165º 180º
r 0 .03a .13a .29a .5a .7a a 1.25a 1.5a 1.7a 1.86a 1.9a 2a

 195º 210º 225º 240º 255º 270º 285º 300º 315º 330º 345º 360º
r 1.9a 1.86a 1.7a 1.5a 1.25a a .7a .5a .29a .13a .03a 0

 

A  2  12  a 2 1  cos  d  a 2  1  2 cos  cos2  d
0
2
0

A  a 2  1  2 cos  12 1  cos 2 d  a 2  1  2 cos  12  12 cos 2  d
 

0 0

0  2  2 cos  12 cos 2 d  a 32  2 sin   12  12 sin 2 0



Aa 2 3 2

A  a 2 32  2 sin 180  14 sin 360   0


A 3a 2
2 square units

Example 3.
Find the area which is inside the circle r  3 Cos  and outside the
cardiod r  1  Cos 
Solution

Tabulate:
r  3 Cos 

 0º 15º 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 105º 120º 135º 150º 165º 180º
r 3 2.90 2.60 2.12 1.5 .78 0 -.78 -1.5 -2.12 -2.6 -2.90 -3

 195º 210º 225º 240º 255º 270º 285º 300º 315º 330º 345º 360º
r -2.90 -2.6 -2.12 -1.5 -.78 0 .78 1.5 2.12 2.60 2.90 3

Tabulate:
r  1  Cos 

 0º 15º 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 105º 120º 135º 150º 165º 180º
r 2 1.97 1.86 1.71 1.5 1.26 1 .74 .5 .29 .13 .03 0

 195º 210º 225º 240º 255º 270º 285º 300º 315º 330º 345º 360º
r .03 .13 .29 .5 .74 1 1.26 1.5 1.71 1.86 1.97 2

Solving the given equations simultaneously, we find the points of


intersection as indicated in the figure,
Since the required area is the difference in the area between the circle and
 
cardiod as  increases from  to , we find, o taking symmetry into account.
3 3
 3 Cos  

A  2 3  12 1  Cos   d
1 2 2
0 2

 

A   3 8 Cos 2  2Cos  1 d
0

A  82  12 Sin Cos   2 Sin   03   square units


Example 4.
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve r 2  a 2 cos 2
Solution
r  3 cos
Tabulate: 3
2 ,  3
 0º 15º 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 105º 120º 135º 150º 165º 180º
r  a  .93a  .71a 0 i i i i i 0  .71a  .93a  a

 195º 210º 225º 240º 255º 270º 285º 300º 315º 330º 345º 360º
r  .93a  .71a 0 i i i i i 0  .71a  .93a  a
 

A  4  12  4 r 2 d  2 4 a 2 cos 2 d
0 0

where; u  cos 2 du  2 sin 2 d


cf  1
2

  
A  2a 2  12  4 cos 2 2d  2a 2  12 sin 2 04  a 2 sin  sin 0

0
 4 
A  a square units
2

Exercises:
1. Find the area enclosed by the given curve
r  a cos3

2. Find the area enclosed by the given curve


r 2  a 2 sin   cos 

3. Find the common area enclosed by the following pairs of curves


r  3 Cos
r  1  Cos

4. For each of the following pairs of curves, find the area which is inside the first
curve and outside the second.
r  5 Sin
r  2  Sin

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