UIT EMC Standards

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ITU Training on Conformance and Interoperability

for AFR Region


CERT, 28 October – 1st November 2013,

EMC standards
Karim.wakil@cert.mincom.tn
Kais.siala@cert.mincom.tn

1
Types of EMC measures

Emission Immunity

Radiated
Conducted
Immunity tests

The purpose of immunity tests is to


subject a product to a controlled stress
that represents the likely range which is
mostly dedicated by practical aspects
and experience of real-world problems.

3
Immunity tests
1 – transient phenomena

4
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


5
ESD
IEC 61000-4-2

6
Electrostatic Discharge
ESD – IEC 61000-4-2

7
Electrostatic discharge
(IEC 61000-4-2)

• Test purpose
• Evaluate the performance of a device submitte

d to human electric discharge

• Needed instruments:
 ESD generator

 Ground plane (horizontal and vertical)

 Isolant surface

 470 kΩ loads

8
ESD generator

9
ESD Test setup

VCP
EUT
470 kOhm
0.1 m

470 kOhm

470 kOhm

470 kOhm

Conducting Dielectrical Isolating


surface material surface
ESD Waveform

11
Test levels

12
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


13
Standards calls

14
Discharge Application
• Application of discharge:
 Direct: on the surface of the device under test

 Indirect: in the coupling planes

• Types of discharges:
 In contact: the conductive surface (head pointed gun)

 In air: on insolating surfaces (gun head rounded)

• Maximum 1 per second discharge

• 10 discharges + and - by point of application

• 4 test levels

• For high levels we must pass by intermediate levels 15


Choice of discharge points

16
• The discharge return cable of the ESD
generator shall be connected to the ground

reference plane. The total length of this cable


is in general 2 m.

17
Fundamental Principals

• In the case of air discharge testing, the climatic


conditions shall be within the following ranges:
 ambient temperature: 15 °C to 35 °C;

 relative humidity: 30 % to 60 %;

 atmospheric pressure: 86 kPa (860 mbar) to 106 kPa


(1 060 mbar).

18
Execution of the test

The testing shall be performed by direct and indirect application


of discharges to the EUT according to a test plan. This should
include:
 representative operating conditions of the EUT;

 whether the EUT should be tested as table-top or floor-standing;

 the points at which discharges are to be applied;

 at each point, whether contact or air discharges are to be applied;

 the test level to be applied;

 the number of discharges to be applied at each point for complia


nce testing;

 whether post-installation tests are also to be applied. 19


Contact/air discharge

• In the case of contact discharges, the tip of the d


ischarge electrode shall touch the EUT, before th
e discharge switch is operated.

• In the case of air discharges, the round discharg


e tip of the discharge electrode shall be approac
hed as fast as possible (without causing mechan
ical damage) to touch the EUT.

• Link to the standard IEC 61000-4-2 20


ESD design
Design to avoid ESD problems includes:
• choose circuit configurations that are unresponsive to short
transients
• lay out the PCB to minimise induced voltages at critical
nodes
• prevent unavoidable discharge transients from coupling
into circuits and cables
• design enclosures as far as possible to prevent discharges
from occurring

21
EFT
IEC 61000-4-4

22
The EFT phenomenum
• When a circuit is switched off, the current fl owing through
the switch is interrupted more or less instantaneously.
• At the moment of switching there is an infinite di/dt.
• All circuits have some stray inductance associated with
the wiring; some types of load, such as motors or
solenoids, have considerably more inductance in the load
itself.
• The voltage developed across an inductance L by a
changing current i is :
V = -L ∙ di/dt

23
The EFT phenomenum

24
Electrical fast transients
IEC 61000-4-4
• Purpose of test:
Immunity test when subjected to transient disturbances like

switching transients.

• Materials needed:
 EFT generator

 Coupling & decoupling device (internal or external)

 Capacitive coupling clamp for telecom line coupling

 Capacity of 33 nF for direct injection

 Ground plane
25
Electric Fast Transients
EFT – Burst – EN 61000-4-4

Coupling/decoupling
Wave form generator Network

EUT

0.1 m Dielectric material 0.1 m

Burst generator Ground plane


With integrated CDN

26
Test levels

27
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


28
Standards calls

29
EFT wave form

30
EFT Application

• On each conductor

• For at least 1 min

• polarity + And –

• Test levels and intermediate levels

31
Test setup

• Table-top equipment : EUT located 0,1 m above


the ground plane.

• The test generator and CDN placed directly on,


and connected to, the ground plane.

• All cables connected to the EUT shall be placed


on the insulation support 0,1 m above the ground
reference plane.

32
Test setup

• Either a direct coupling network or a capacitive


clamp shall be used for the application of the test
voltages.

• Decoupling networks shall be used to protect


auxiliary equipment and public networks.

33
Test procedure

• The test procedure includes:

• the verification of the laboratory reference


conditions;

• the preliminary verification of the correct


operation of the equipment;

• the execution of the test;

• the evaluation of the test results.

34
Test setup

35
Capacitive coupling clamp

Link to the standard IEC 61000-4-4


36
Surge
IEC 61000-4-5

37
The surge phenomenum

38
Surge effects
• Surges impinging on electronic equipment may cause
hardware damage and complete failure, or in lesser cases
, operational upset.
• Below some level dependent on equipment design, no
effect is observed.
• Above this level, a surge may cause the operation of the
equipment to change state

39
surge parameters
vs equipments effects

40
Surge tests (IEC 61000-4-5)

• Purpose of test:
 Evaluation the immunity of a device across shock
waves caused by transient voltages induced by
the residual or lightning impulse

• Materials needed:
 Surge wave generator (1.2 / 50 microseconds),
 Decoupling/coupling network (internal or external)
 Ground plane

41
Surge immunity –
IEC 61000-4-5

Coupling/decoupking
Wave form generator Network

EUT

0.1 m Dielectric material

Surge generator Ground


With integrated C plane
DN
42
Surge Waveform, 1.2/50 µs

Waveform of short-circuit current (8/20 μs)


Waveform of open-circuit voltage (1,2/50 μs) at the output of the generator with no CDN co
at the output of the generator with no CDN con nnected (waveform definition according to IE
nected (waveform definition according to IEC C 60060-1)
60060-1)

43
Surge Waveform, 10/700 µs

Waveform of open-circuit voltage (10/700 μs) Waveform of the 5/320 μs short-circuit curr
(waveform definition according to ITU-T K series ent waveform (definition according to ITU-T K
and IEC 60060-1) series and IEC 60060-1)

44
Surge application

45
Role of CDN

46
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


47
Test levels

48
Standards calls

49
Surge application

• Differential mode and common mode

• In + and – polarity

• Number of pulses: 5 (for each polarity)

• Phase angles 0 °, 90 ° and 270 °

• Test levels and intermediate levels

50
Surge Procedure
• Apply at least five positive and five negative surges at
each coupling point
• Wait for at least a minute between applying each surge, to
allow time for any protection devices to recover
• For ac mains,
• Apply the surges line to line (three combinations for 3-phase
delta, six for 3-phase star, one for single phase) and line to
earth (two combinations for single phase, three for 3-phase
delta, four for 3-phase star)
• Synchronise the surges to the zero crossings and the
positive and negative peaks of the mains supply (four phase
values), and apply five pulses in each polarity at each phase
• Increase the test voltage in steps up to the specified maxi
mum level, so that all lower test levels are satisfied
51
Choice of coupling devices

Link to the standard


IEC EN 61000-4-5

52
Comparision between transient tests

53
Comparision of transient standards

• The “energy measure” of a given waveform can be


described by

• ESD : waveform magnitude in ns

• EFT : waveform magnitude in ns

• Surge : waveform magnitude in µs

Surge test is more energetic than ESD and EFT


54
55
Immunity tests
2 – LF and RF phenomena

56
RF coupling phenomenum

RF emetters

57
Radiated immunity
IEC 61000-4-3

58
Radiated immunity
(IEC 61000-4-3)

• Test purpose
Evaluate the performance of a device submitted to
radiated RF field

• Needed instruments:
 RF generator

 Power amplifier

 Directional coupler

 Power meter

 Antenna(s)

 Field-meter 59
Radiated immunity – IEC 61000-4-3
Overview

Antenna
Power amplifi
er

Generator
Field
meter GPIB
Optic fiber Field
60
uniformity
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


61
Equipments

• Anechoic chamber: of a size adequate to maintain a


uniform field of sufficient dimensions with respect to the
equipment under test (EUT). Additional absorbers may be
used to damp reflections in chambers which are not fully
lined.
• RF signal generator(s) capable of covering the frequency
band of interest and of being amplitude modulated by a 1
kHz sine wave with a modulation depth of 80%.
• Power amplifiers: to amplify signal (unmodulated and
modulated) and provide antenna drive to the necessary
field level.

62
Equipments
• Field generating antennas: biconical, log periodic, horn or
any other linearly polarized antenna system capable of
satisfying frequency requirements.
• An isotropic field sensor with adequate immunity of any
head amplifier and optoelectronics to the field strength to
be measured, and a fibre optic link to the indicator outside
the chamber.
• Associated equipment to record the power levels
necessary for the required field strength and to control the
generation of that level for testing.

63
Frequency range
• The tests are normally performed without gaps in the
frequency range 80 MHz to 1 000 MHz.

• Test levels related to the protection against RF emissions


from digital radio telephones and other RF emitting devices
• The tests are normally performed in the frequency ranges
800 MHz to 960 MHz and 1,4 GHz to 6,0 GHz.

64
Calibration of field
• The purpose of field calibration is to ensure that the unifor
mity of the field over the test sample is sufficient to ensure
the validity of the test results.
• IEC 61000-4-3 uses the concept of a uniform field area,
which is a hypothetical vertical plane of the field in which
variations are acceptably small.
• A database for setting the required field strength for the
immunity test is obtained.
• The field calibration is valid for all EUTs whose individual
faces (including any cabling) can be fully covered by the
UFA.

65
Calibration of field
• A full field calibration process should be carried out
annually and when changes have been made in the
enclosure configuration.

• The UFA is subdivided into a grid with a


grid spacing of 0,5 m (example an 1,5
m × 1,5 m UFA).

• At each frequency, a field is considered


uniform if its magnitude measured at
the grid points is within 0/+6 dB
of the nominal value for not less than 75
% of all grid points
66
Calibration of field
• Calibration is performed at 1.8 times the desired field
strength.
• For testing at 10V/m the calibration is run at 18V/m
• The reason of running a test at 1.8x the level is to verify
the RF amplifier has the ability to reach the required field
when the 80% 1KHz Amplitude Modulation is applied.
• An EMC Lab performing testing at multiple levels 1V/m,
3V/m, 10V/m, 30V/m, and/or others, they need only to
perform the calibration at 1.8x the max level they will test
to and then they can scale the power down.

67
AM modulation

68
Considerations for
equipments choice
• Select an antenna to use.
• Frequency range
• Power handling
• Beam width & gain
• Select the correct amplifier
• Use calculated power to select the correct amplifier
• Needs to be selected at the 1dB compression point
• Calculate power requirements
• Antenna data: based on measured data or gain
• Calculate out all loses between amplifier and antenna
• Cables, directional coupler and connectors
• Intended test distance (1 to 3 meters)

69
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


70
Test levels

71
Standards calls

72
30 p
e
d

Field strength
• The resultant field is computed as folows:

• p is the radiated power


• d is the distance between the antenna and the field mesure

73
Conducted immunity
IEC 61000-4-6

74
RF coupling phenomenum

RF emetters

75
Radiated immunity
(IEC 61000-4-3)

• Test purpose
Evaluate the performance of a device submitted to
conducted electromagnetic field

• Needed instruments:
 RF generator

 Power amplifier

 Directional coupler

 Dual power meter

 Coupling device (CDN, EM clamp, Current clamp, …)

 6 dB attenuator 76
Conducted immunity – IEC 61000-4-6

6 dB
Att

CDN
Power amplifier

Generator
GPIB
77
Coupling devices

78
Coupling devices
• Coupling and decoupling devices shall be used for
appropriate coupling of the disturbing signal to the various
cables connected to the EUT and for preventing applied
test signals from affecting other devices, equipment and
systems that are not under test.
• The coupling and decoupling devices can be combined
into one box (a coupling/ decoupling network, CDN) or can
consist of several parts.
• The preferred coupling and decoupling devices are the C
DNs, for reasons of test reproducibility and protection of
the AE.
• However, if they are not suitable or available, other
injection methods can be used.
79
Rules for
selecting the
injection
method

80
Types of CDNs

81
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


82
Typical test levels

83
Standards calls

84
Calibrating the injected level
• substitution method

• The power required to give this same stress level is repeat


ed in the actual test.

• For the 150 ohms systems, the required power : vstress/6


or Vstress - 15.6 dB (resistive divider)

• For the 50 ohms systems, the required power : Vstress/2


or Vstress - 6 dB (open circuit)

85
Immunity to magnetic fields
IEC 61000-4-8

86
Magnetic field immunity –
IEC 61000-4-8

50 Hz

87
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


88
Standards calls

89
Immunity to voltage dips
and short interruptions
IEC 61000-4-11

90
Voltage dips and short interruptions –
IEC 61000-4-11

EUT

Power fail generator

Variac
91
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests

Results of immunity tests are classified into four categories:

• Performance Criteria A – ‘Performance within specification limits’


• Performance Criteria B – ‘Temporary degradation which is self-
recoverable’

• Performance Criteria C – ‘Temporary degradation which requires


operator intervention’

•Performance Criteria D – ‘Loss of function which is not recoverable’


92
Voltage dips and short interruptions –
EN 61000-4-11 Overview

93
Emission tests

94
Emission
CISPR 22 / EN 55022

95
ITE functionnality

• An ITE is able to perform:


 Receive data from an external source;
 Perform treatments
 Provide a result

96
Equipements Classes (1)

• The class B ITE is intended primarily for


use in a residential area and may include:
 the devices having no fixed location of use,
such as portable battery powered or
batteries incorporated;
 the telecommunication terminal
equipment supplied by a telecommunications
network;
 personal computers and auxiliary
devices connected to them.

97
Equipements Classes(2)

• Class A consists of all


other ATI complying with the limits of
disturbance of class A but not those of
class B.

• Can be used in commercial or


industrial environment.

98
Conducted emissions
CISPR22/EN 55022

99
Required equipments

• For power supply lines:


 LISN (Lines Impedance Stabilisation Network)

• For data lines:


 ISN (Impedance Stabilisation Network)

• Transient limiter
• EMI receiver or spectrum analyser
• EMI software
Conducted emission – CISPR22/
EN 55022

GPIB

dBµV
80

70

conduit 55011 CLASSE B QP


60

conduit 55011 CLASSE B Average


50

40

30
EMI receiver or
20
spectrum analyser
Transient
10 limiter
101
LISN 0
0.15
0.5 1
Frequency (MHz)
5 10
30
Conducted emission test setup

102
Conducted emissions
Measurement of conducted electromagnetic
disturbances must be made:
• by means of a measuring receiver
• with a peak detector
• in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz.
Conducted limits

• The EUT shall respect the limits of Tables 1 and


2 which include limits on the mean value and limits
on quasi-peak value

• A receiver is used to average value detection and


a quasi-peak detector

104
Decision tree
Emissison thresholds
Measure

dBµV
80

70

conduit 55011 CLASSE B QP


60

conduit 55011 CLASSE B Average


50

40

30

20

10

0 0.5 1 5 10
0.15 30
Frequency (MHz)
Radiated emissions
CISPR22/EN 55022
Required equipments

• Receiving antennas

• EMI receiver or spectrum analyser

• EMI software
Radiated emission -
CISPR22/EN 55022

dBµV/m
60

EMI receiver or
50
spectrum analy
Limite Classe B 55022

≥ 0.4 m 40 ser
30
GPIB
0.8 m 20

10

110
0 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800
30 1000
Frequency (MHz)
Test setup for radiated emission
Radiated emission

• The measurement of radiated electromagnetic disturbance


s must be performed by means of a measuring receiver
equipped with a quasi-peak detector in the frequency
range 30 MHz to 1 GHz or 6 GHz.

• A receiving antenna, associated with a measuring receiver,


is placed at a specific distance from the EUT (test equipme
nt)

112
Radiated EM field measure
• Peak measure to determine the most perturbing condition

• Determining antenna polarisation that most generate


disturbances

• For every frequency :

 Determine the antenna hight that captures the maximum


measured level

 Determine the angle that generated the maximum of


disturbances

113
Radiated field measurement

Measurement antenna

1 to 4 m

EUT

Reflecting ground

114
Open area test site

Site de mesure en espace libre


115
Measure

dBµV/m
60

50 Limite Classe B 55022

40

30

20

10
Link to the standard EN 55022
0 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800
30 1000
Frequency (MHz)
Harmonics emission
IEC 61000-3-2

117
Harmonics emission
Causes
• They are generated by devices that consume non-
sinusoidal current, such as fluorescent lighting or power
supplies (equipment components nonlinear diodes,
thyristors ...)

Effects
• Heating cables (neutral wire three-phase)
• Premature aging of electronic components

118
Harmonics emission – IEC 61000-3-2

EUT

Stable Harmonics
source analyser

119
DPA connection

120
Spectral effects

Temporal

Spectral

121
Time vs frequency representation

122
Test classes
There are 4 different classes in the EN 61000-3-2 that
have different limit values:
• Class A: Balanced 3-phase equipment,
household appliances excluding equipment identified
as class D, tools, excluding portable tools, dimmers
for incandescent lamps, audio equipment, and all
other equipment, except that stated in one of the
following classes.
• Class B: Portable tools, arc welding equipment which is not
professional equipment
• Class C: Lighting equipment.
• Class D: PC, PC monitors, radio, or TV receivers.
Input power P ≤ 600 W.
123
124
Test procedure
1. Select the correct test observation period ( Table 6.1) of the
EUT ( min. 10s)
2. Enter the following data (only Class C and D ), if available
Class D : Max. Power or Class C : Maximum Fund. current
and Max Power Factor
1. Start the measuring
2. Upload the data to the computer
3. Select the Class A...D
4. Start the evaluation
5. Print the report

125
Data flow
• The DPA measures simultaneeusly on all 2 or 6 input
channels, carries out the Fourier transformation in real
time
• stores all data on the internal hard disk.
• When measuring fluctuations the system generates approx
. 1 Mbyte data per minute on the hard disk. The upload of a
2.5 minute measurement needs less than 20 seconds. An
internal timer in the DPA stops automatically the
measurement.
• The data are ready for upload on the internal hard disk.
• The DPA will overwrite the measurement by starting the
next measurement.

126
Test parameters

127
Test result
Limit values are indicated
and harmonics exceeding
the specified limit are
marked in red colour.

128
Flickers emission
IEC 61000-3-3

129
Flicker

• Flicker standards are imposed to limit voltage variations


caused by loads connected to the supply network that
would cause lights connected at the same circuit to flicker.

• For device single phase up to 16A the standard


EN IEC 61000-3-3 sets the limits for voltage fluctuation
caused by electrical apparatus.

130
Flickers emission – IEC 61000-3-3

EUT

Stable Flickers analyser


source

131
132
Flickers test

The flicker analysis is


based on a standards
library including the
basic standards but
also, and even more
important,
product-specific
Requirements such
as hair dryers and
vacuum cleaners.

The actual flicker values are continously displayed. A test


can be stopped once a limit is exceeded. This could, in
case, safe valuable test time. 133
Flickers parameters
After the flicker measurement the values of dc, dmax, dt are
displayed on the screen.
• dc : Relative continuous voltage variation ( must be smaller than
3.3% ) The dc value is a % value relative to the nominal AC
voltage of 230V AC.
• dmax: Max. relative voltage variation (must be smaller than 4% or
6.7%). The dmax value is a % value relative to the nominal AC
voltage of 230V AC.
• dt: Time with voltage variation >3.3%. During max. 500ms the
voltage is allowed to be above the 3.3% limit.

134
Limits
• The limits shall be applicable to voltage fluctuations and
flicker at the supply terminals of the equipment under test:
• The following limits apply:
• the value of Pst shall not be greater than 1,0;
• the value of Plt shall not be greater than 0,65;
• the value of d(t) during a voltage change shall not exceed 3,
3 % for more than 500 ms;
• the relative steady-state voltage change, dc, shall not excee
d 3,3 %;

135
Limits
• the maximum relative voltage change dmax, shall not exceed
a) 4 % without additional conditions;
b) 6 % for equipment which is:
• switched manually, or
• switched automatically more frequently than twice
per day
c) 7 % for equipment which is
• attended whilst in use
• switched on automatically, or is intended to be
switched on manually, no more than twice per day
, and also has either a delayed restart

136
Test results

137
Example of a product standard

EN 55024

138
Example of a generic standard

EN 61000-6-1

139
Example of a test report

Link

140
ITU Training on Conformance and Interoperability
for Africain Region

EMC standards
Karim.wakil@cert.mincom.tn
Kais.siala@cert.mincom.tn

141

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