UIT EMC Standards
UIT EMC Standards
UIT EMC Standards
EMC standards
Karim.wakil@cert.mincom.tn
Kais.siala@cert.mincom.tn
1
Types of EMC measures
Emission Immunity
Radiated
Conducted
Immunity tests
3
Immunity tests
1 – transient phenomena
4
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
6
Electrostatic Discharge
ESD – IEC 61000-4-2
7
Electrostatic discharge
(IEC 61000-4-2)
• Test purpose
• Evaluate the performance of a device submitte
• Needed instruments:
ESD generator
Isolant surface
470 kΩ loads
8
ESD generator
9
ESD Test setup
VCP
EUT
470 kOhm
0.1 m
470 kOhm
470 kOhm
470 kOhm
11
Test levels
12
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
14
Discharge Application
• Application of discharge:
Direct: on the surface of the device under test
• Types of discharges:
In contact: the conductive surface (head pointed gun)
• 4 test levels
16
• The discharge return cable of the ESD
generator shall be connected to the ground
17
Fundamental Principals
relative humidity: 30 % to 60 %;
18
Execution of the test
21
EFT
IEC 61000-4-4
22
The EFT phenomenum
• When a circuit is switched off, the current fl owing through
the switch is interrupted more or less instantaneously.
• At the moment of switching there is an infinite di/dt.
• All circuits have some stray inductance associated with
the wiring; some types of load, such as motors or
solenoids, have considerably more inductance in the load
itself.
• The voltage developed across an inductance L by a
changing current i is :
V = -L ∙ di/dt
23
The EFT phenomenum
24
Electrical fast transients
IEC 61000-4-4
• Purpose of test:
Immunity test when subjected to transient disturbances like
switching transients.
• Materials needed:
EFT generator
Ground plane
25
Electric Fast Transients
EFT – Burst – EN 61000-4-4
Coupling/decoupling
Wave form generator Network
EUT
26
Test levels
27
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
29
EFT wave form
30
EFT Application
• On each conductor
• polarity + And –
31
Test setup
32
Test setup
33
Test procedure
34
Test setup
35
Capacitive coupling clamp
37
The surge phenomenum
38
Surge effects
• Surges impinging on electronic equipment may cause
hardware damage and complete failure, or in lesser cases
, operational upset.
• Below some level dependent on equipment design, no
effect is observed.
• Above this level, a surge may cause the operation of the
equipment to change state
39
surge parameters
vs equipments effects
40
Surge tests (IEC 61000-4-5)
• Purpose of test:
Evaluation the immunity of a device across shock
waves caused by transient voltages induced by
the residual or lightning impulse
• Materials needed:
Surge wave generator (1.2 / 50 microseconds),
Decoupling/coupling network (internal or external)
Ground plane
41
Surge immunity –
IEC 61000-4-5
Coupling/decoupking
Wave form generator Network
EUT
43
Surge Waveform, 10/700 µs
Waveform of open-circuit voltage (10/700 μs) Waveform of the 5/320 μs short-circuit curr
(waveform definition according to ITU-T K series ent waveform (definition according to ITU-T K
and IEC 60060-1) series and IEC 60060-1)
44
Surge application
45
Role of CDN
46
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
48
Standards calls
49
Surge application
• In + and – polarity
50
Surge Procedure
• Apply at least five positive and five negative surges at
each coupling point
• Wait for at least a minute between applying each surge, to
allow time for any protection devices to recover
• For ac mains,
• Apply the surges line to line (three combinations for 3-phase
delta, six for 3-phase star, one for single phase) and line to
earth (two combinations for single phase, three for 3-phase
delta, four for 3-phase star)
• Synchronise the surges to the zero crossings and the
positive and negative peaks of the mains supply (four phase
values), and apply five pulses in each polarity at each phase
• Increase the test voltage in steps up to the specified maxi
mum level, so that all lower test levels are satisfied
51
Choice of coupling devices
52
Comparision between transient tests
53
Comparision of transient standards
56
RF coupling phenomenum
RF emetters
57
Radiated immunity
IEC 61000-4-3
58
Radiated immunity
(IEC 61000-4-3)
• Test purpose
Evaluate the performance of a device submitted to
radiated RF field
• Needed instruments:
RF generator
Power amplifier
Directional coupler
Power meter
Antenna(s)
Field-meter 59
Radiated immunity – IEC 61000-4-3
Overview
Antenna
Power amplifi
er
Generator
Field
meter GPIB
Optic fiber Field
60
uniformity
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
62
Equipments
• Field generating antennas: biconical, log periodic, horn or
any other linearly polarized antenna system capable of
satisfying frequency requirements.
• An isotropic field sensor with adequate immunity of any
head amplifier and optoelectronics to the field strength to
be measured, and a fibre optic link to the indicator outside
the chamber.
• Associated equipment to record the power levels
necessary for the required field strength and to control the
generation of that level for testing.
63
Frequency range
• The tests are normally performed without gaps in the
frequency range 80 MHz to 1 000 MHz.
64
Calibration of field
• The purpose of field calibration is to ensure that the unifor
mity of the field over the test sample is sufficient to ensure
the validity of the test results.
• IEC 61000-4-3 uses the concept of a uniform field area,
which is a hypothetical vertical plane of the field in which
variations are acceptably small.
• A database for setting the required field strength for the
immunity test is obtained.
• The field calibration is valid for all EUTs whose individual
faces (including any cabling) can be fully covered by the
UFA.
65
Calibration of field
• A full field calibration process should be carried out
annually and when changes have been made in the
enclosure configuration.
67
AM modulation
68
Considerations for
equipments choice
• Select an antenna to use.
• Frequency range
• Power handling
• Beam width & gain
• Select the correct amplifier
• Use calculated power to select the correct amplifier
• Needs to be selected at the 1dB compression point
• Calculate power requirements
• Antenna data: based on measured data or gain
• Calculate out all loses between amplifier and antenna
• Cables, directional coupler and connectors
• Intended test distance (1 to 3 meters)
69
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
71
Standards calls
72
30 p
e
d
Field strength
• The resultant field is computed as folows:
73
Conducted immunity
IEC 61000-4-6
74
RF coupling phenomenum
RF emetters
75
Radiated immunity
(IEC 61000-4-3)
• Test purpose
Evaluate the performance of a device submitted to
conducted electromagnetic field
• Needed instruments:
RF generator
Power amplifier
Directional coupler
6 dB attenuator 76
Conducted immunity – IEC 61000-4-6
6 dB
Att
CDN
Power amplifier
Generator
GPIB
77
Coupling devices
78
Coupling devices
• Coupling and decoupling devices shall be used for
appropriate coupling of the disturbing signal to the various
cables connected to the EUT and for preventing applied
test signals from affecting other devices, equipment and
systems that are not under test.
• The coupling and decoupling devices can be combined
into one box (a coupling/ decoupling network, CDN) or can
consist of several parts.
• The preferred coupling and decoupling devices are the C
DNs, for reasons of test reproducibility and protection of
the AE.
• However, if they are not suitable or available, other
injection methods can be used.
79
Rules for
selecting the
injection
method
80
Types of CDNs
81
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
83
Standards calls
84
Calibrating the injected level
• substitution method
85
Immunity to magnetic fields
IEC 61000-4-8
86
Magnetic field immunity –
IEC 61000-4-8
50 Hz
87
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
89
Immunity to voltage dips
and short interruptions
IEC 61000-4-11
90
Voltage dips and short interruptions –
IEC 61000-4-11
EUT
Variac
91
Performance Criteria
for Immunity Tests
93
Emission tests
94
Emission
CISPR 22 / EN 55022
95
ITE functionnality
96
Equipements Classes (1)
97
Equipements Classes(2)
98
Conducted emissions
CISPR22/EN 55022
99
Required equipments
• Transient limiter
• EMI receiver or spectrum analyser
• EMI software
Conducted emission – CISPR22/
EN 55022
GPIB
dBµV
80
70
40
30
EMI receiver or
20
spectrum analyser
Transient
10 limiter
101
LISN 0
0.15
0.5 1
Frequency (MHz)
5 10
30
Conducted emission test setup
102
Conducted emissions
Measurement of conducted electromagnetic
disturbances must be made:
• by means of a measuring receiver
• with a peak detector
• in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz.
Conducted limits
104
Decision tree
Emissison thresholds
Measure
dBµV
80
70
40
30
20
10
0 0.5 1 5 10
0.15 30
Frequency (MHz)
Radiated emissions
CISPR22/EN 55022
Required equipments
• Receiving antennas
• EMI software
Radiated emission -
CISPR22/EN 55022
dBµV/m
60
EMI receiver or
50
spectrum analy
Limite Classe B 55022
≥ 0.4 m 40 ser
30
GPIB
0.8 m 20
10
110
0 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800
30 1000
Frequency (MHz)
Test setup for radiated emission
Radiated emission
112
Radiated EM field measure
• Peak measure to determine the most perturbing condition
113
Radiated field measurement
Measurement antenna
1 to 4 m
EUT
Reflecting ground
114
Open area test site
dBµV/m
60
40
30
20
10
Link to the standard EN 55022
0 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800
30 1000
Frequency (MHz)
Harmonics emission
IEC 61000-3-2
117
Harmonics emission
Causes
• They are generated by devices that consume non-
sinusoidal current, such as fluorescent lighting or power
supplies (equipment components nonlinear diodes,
thyristors ...)
Effects
• Heating cables (neutral wire three-phase)
• Premature aging of electronic components
118
Harmonics emission – IEC 61000-3-2
EUT
Stable Harmonics
source analyser
119
DPA connection
120
Spectral effects
Temporal
Spectral
121
Time vs frequency representation
122
Test classes
There are 4 different classes in the EN 61000-3-2 that
have different limit values:
• Class A: Balanced 3-phase equipment,
household appliances excluding equipment identified
as class D, tools, excluding portable tools, dimmers
for incandescent lamps, audio equipment, and all
other equipment, except that stated in one of the
following classes.
• Class B: Portable tools, arc welding equipment which is not
professional equipment
• Class C: Lighting equipment.
• Class D: PC, PC monitors, radio, or TV receivers.
Input power P ≤ 600 W.
123
124
Test procedure
1. Select the correct test observation period ( Table 6.1) of the
EUT ( min. 10s)
2. Enter the following data (only Class C and D ), if available
Class D : Max. Power or Class C : Maximum Fund. current
and Max Power Factor
1. Start the measuring
2. Upload the data to the computer
3. Select the Class A...D
4. Start the evaluation
5. Print the report
125
Data flow
• The DPA measures simultaneeusly on all 2 or 6 input
channels, carries out the Fourier transformation in real
time
• stores all data on the internal hard disk.
• When measuring fluctuations the system generates approx
. 1 Mbyte data per minute on the hard disk. The upload of a
2.5 minute measurement needs less than 20 seconds. An
internal timer in the DPA stops automatically the
measurement.
• The data are ready for upload on the internal hard disk.
• The DPA will overwrite the measurement by starting the
next measurement.
126
Test parameters
127
Test result
Limit values are indicated
and harmonics exceeding
the specified limit are
marked in red colour.
128
Flickers emission
IEC 61000-3-3
129
Flicker
130
Flickers emission – IEC 61000-3-3
EUT
131
132
Flickers test
134
Limits
• The limits shall be applicable to voltage fluctuations and
flicker at the supply terminals of the equipment under test:
• The following limits apply:
• the value of Pst shall not be greater than 1,0;
• the value of Plt shall not be greater than 0,65;
• the value of d(t) during a voltage change shall not exceed 3,
3 % for more than 500 ms;
• the relative steady-state voltage change, dc, shall not excee
d 3,3 %;
135
Limits
• the maximum relative voltage change dmax, shall not exceed
a) 4 % without additional conditions;
b) 6 % for equipment which is:
• switched manually, or
• switched automatically more frequently than twice
per day
c) 7 % for equipment which is
• attended whilst in use
• switched on automatically, or is intended to be
switched on manually, no more than twice per day
, and also has either a delayed restart
136
Test results
137
Example of a product standard
EN 55024
138
Example of a generic standard
EN 61000-6-1
139
Example of a test report
Link
140
ITU Training on Conformance and Interoperability
for Africain Region
EMC standards
Karim.wakil@cert.mincom.tn
Kais.siala@cert.mincom.tn
141