ENGG 401 – INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING nature for the benefit of [hu]mankind”.

MODULE 1: ENGINEERING CAREERS AND PROFESSIONS

 How is engineering different from science?

Introduction to Engineering
 An excellent answer was provided by astronaut Neil Armstrong in the
 is a course designed to teach students about the different engineering fields
foreword of A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering
and expose them to research opportunities, career possibilities, and
coursework that will challenge and engage them. Achievements That Changed Our Lives .
 Engineers must be problem solvers, creative thinkers, and leaders to be
successful in the profession. Engineering is often associated with science and understandably so.
Both make extensive use of mathematics, and engineering requires a solid
scientific basis. Yet as any scientist or engineer will tell you, they are quite
The Engineering Profession
different. Science is a quest for “truth for its own sake,” for an ever more
ENGINEERING exact understanding of the natural world. It explains the change in the
viscosity of a liquid as its temperature is varied, the release of heat when
 is considered to be one of the most challenging and exciting career. water vapor condenses, and the reproductive process of plants. It determines
 It is the application of the principles of science and mathematics to develop the speed of light. Engineering turns those explanations and understandings
economical solutions to technical problems. It is the task of an engineer to into new or improved machines, technologies, and processes – to bring
link the scientific discoveries and the commercial applications that meet societal reality to ideas and to provide solutions to societal need.
and consumer needs.

A good starting point for answering this question is the theme of National Qualities Of Engineers
Engineers Week, held each February in honor of George Washington, considered to
be the first engineer in the United States. That theme depicts engineering according to
its function: There are several qualities that most engineers share: among them are
curiosity, critical thinking, creativity, effective communication, and a collaborative
“Engineers turn dreams into reality.” spirit.

Over the years, many variations of this theme have been put forth, from that of
1. Curiosity
the famous scientist Count Rumford over 200 years ago:
Engineers are curious because they want to know how and why things work
as they do. For many engineers, once they have this understanding, their thinking
“Engineering is the application of science to the common purpose of life”
morphs into how they can make it better, faster, and more efficient for less money!
to the current standard definition of engineering provided by the Accreditation
2. Critical Thinking
Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET): Engineers need to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to make
objective judgments and recommendations. They rely on these critical thinking skills
“Engineering is the application of science to the common purpose of life. in every stage of their work, particularly when it comes to decision-making. Engineers
Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and who can think critically, are able to effectively handle the wide variety of technical,
natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with administrative, policy, and interpersonal communication challenges that arise
judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of within a day’s work or a project’s timeline.
3. Creativity knowledge that can be applied in other related fields.
When one looks more deeply, the creative engineer is changing the way we
live and work as creativity often spurs innovation! It was a creative engineer who IN SUMMARY,
converted another glue-based project into Sticky Notes.
 successful engineers are problem solvers.
4. Effective Communication  They have a good grasp of fundamental physical and chemical laws and
principles to design, develop, test and supervise the manufacture of millions
Effective engineers understand that clear, concise, written and verbal of products and services.
communication is the key to giving their ideas life and their team a competitive edge.  Engineers, regardless of their background, follow scientific procedure when
While it is true that many graduate programs in engineering place little focus on teaching designing the products and services we use in our everyday lives.
students these skills, there are plenty of resources such as books, podcasts, and
webinars of which engineers may avail themselves in order to improve their ability to Areas Of Engineering Specialization
effectively communicate.
There are over 20 major disciplines or specializations that are recognized by
5. A Collaborative Spirit
the professional engineering societies. Moreover, within each discipline there exist a
Engineers do not work in a vacuum. Engineers are tasked with contributing number of branches. The following are just the common engineering fields:
to collaborative and cross-functional teams to ensure integrated development. The
1. Civil Engineering
more easily an engineer can collaborate with a team, the more likely the project or
product will be successful.
 Civil Engineering is one of the oldest of the engineering fields.
 It emphasizes mathematical knowledge in geometry, calculus and
Engineers who remain curious throughout their lives, while employing sharp
physical sciences.
critical thinking skills, combined with the ability to clearly communicate their ideas in a
 Civil engineers oversee the construction of transportation systems,
creative and collaborative way, are those who will continue to ease the way in which
roads, architecture, construction sites.
people navigate their world.
2. Chemical Engineering
Aside from the above-mentioned qualities of engineers, the ff. are some  Chemical engineering is the field of applied science that employs
additional personality traits and work habits that typify most of today’s successful physical, chemical, and biochemical rate processes for the
engineers betterment of humanity.
 Chemical engineers apply their skills to fundamental problems in
 Engineers are adept at using computers in many different ways to model and pharmaceuticals, medical devices and drug-delivery system,
analyze various practical problems. semiconductor manufacturing, and more
 Good engineers have time management skills that enable them to work
productively and efficiently. 3. Electrical Engineering
 Good engineers have a desire to be lifelong learners. They have to take  Electrical engineering involves the conception, design, development,
and production of the electrical or electronic products and systems.
continuing education classes, seminars and workshops to stay abreast of
 It involves the application of electricity, needed by our technological
innovation and new technologies .
society.
 Good engineers have people skills that allow them to interact and
 Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the
communicate effectively with various people in their organization.
manufacturing of electrical equipment such as electric motors, radar,
 Well-trained engineers regardless of their area of specialization, have a core
and navigation systems
4. Electronics Engineering 9. Petroleum Engineering

 Electronics Engineering integrates available and emerging technologies  Petroleum Engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the
with knowledge of mathematics, natural, social and applied activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be
sciences to conceptualize, design, and implement new, improved, either crude oil or natural gas.
or innovative electronic, computer and communication systems,  Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector
devices, goods, services and processes. of the oil and gas industry.
 Petroleum engineers specialize in the discovery and production of oil
5. Mechanical Engineering and natural gas.
 Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, manufacture and
test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices.
10. Mechatronics Engineering
 They work on power-producing machines such as electricity-
 Mechatronics engineering is a multidisciplinary branch of engineering
producing generators, internal combustion engines, steam and gas
that focuses on the engineering of both electrical and mechanical
turbines, and jet and rocket engines.
systems, and also includes a combination of robotics, electronics,
6. Industrial Engineering computer, telecommunications, systems, control, and product
engineering.
 Industrial engineering focuses on the entrepreneurial and business
aspect of engineering projects. 11. Instrumentation and Control Engineering
 Whether it is research and development or group projects, industrial  Instrumentation and control engineering (ICE) is a branch of engineering
engineers desire to create the most efficient plans for that studies the measurement and control of process variables, and
employee ,scheduling, factory schedules, and a multitude of other the design and implementation of systems that incorporate them.
factors.  IC engineers focus on the implementation of control systems, mainly
derived from mathematical modeling.
7. Computer Engineering
12. Food Engineering
 This discipline is referred to in a multitude of terms including computer  Food engineering is a multidisciplinary field which combines
hardware engineering, computer software engineering, and microbiology, applied physical sciences, chemistry and engineering
computer science., for food and related industries.
 This field encompasses the development of the programming and the  Food engineers provide the technological knowledge transfer essential
physical components of a computer system. Computer engineers to the cost-effective production and commercialization of food products
work on computer hardware chips, circuit boards and keyboards. and services.

8. Sanitary Engineering Other Engineering Disciplines:

 Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or ● Aerospace engineering

wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to ● Automotive engineering
improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the ● Ceramics engineering
removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply ● Environmental engineering
of safe potable water. ● Materials engineering
 ● Manufacturing engineering other team members to develop innovations in technology. Their work
● Mining engineering environment is rarely stagnant.
● Nuclear engineering
● Transportation engineering Role Of Engineers In Daily Lives, Community And Nation Building
● and many others
Engineers play a key role in ensuring the growth and development of a
Engineering Career Opportunities country's economy as well as in improving the quality of life for citizens within the
country. Their main focus is on making things work efficiently and effectively by
The focus of your engineering degree will affect the types of engineering jobs applying the theories and principles of sciences and mathematics to research and
you are suited to. You can work as engineers in your specific field. Other job roles and develop economic solutions. Engineers make products and provide services that
career areas you could work in follows: make our lives better.

● Engineering consultancy ❖ To see how engineers contribute to the comfort and betterment of our everyday
● Process engineering lives, just look around more carefully. During the night, your bedroom was kept at
● Technical sales engineering the right temperature- thanks to the mechanical engineers who designed the
● Construction, civil engineering and surveying heating, air-conditioning and ventilating systems in your home.
● Engineering, design and manufacture ❖ When you get up in the morning, and turn on the lights, thousands of electrical
● Logistics, transport and supply chain engineers and technicians in the power plants and power stations around the
 Scientific research and development country are making sure that the flow of electricity remains uninterrupted. The
● Design and installation TV you are using to watch your TV and morning news are designed by electrical
● Engineering and building professionals and electronics engineers.
● Information technology professionals  Manufacturing and industrial engineers are involved in creating final
● Academicians products,
● Engineering Supervisors/Managers  The water could be heated by natural gas that is brought to your home was
● Health and Safety Engineers made possible through the effort of chemical, mechanical civil and petroleum
● Pollution Control officers engineers. (CMCP)
● Surveying and Mapping Technicians  The cotton towel that we use daily was made with the help of agricultural,
industrial manufacturing, chemical, petroleum, civil and mechanical
● Cadet engineers
engineers (AIMCPCM)
 Most engineers focus on a specific field but no matter what your ❖ The foods that we eat daily were made through the collaborative effort of various
specialization is, qualified engineers are in demand in a variety of fields. engineering disciplines-from agricultural to mechanical, to food engineers. (AMF)
 Engineering positions typically require a bachelor’s degree in
❖ The transport vehicles that we use are made with the effort of automotive,
engineering or relevant field. Some engineering jobs, especially in
mechanical, electrical, electronics, industrial, chemical and petroleum engineers.
management, require a master’s degree. An engineering degree in a
(AMEEICP)
specialty area may qualify engineers for a career in a related field.
Whatever your area of focus, an engineering degree will require a heavy  There is an important link between a country's engineering capacity and
dose of math and science courses. its economic development. Engineers play an important role in the
 With this advanced technology, the engineering field is ever-evolving development of society and the nation.
and innovative. Engineers typically enjoy working in collaboration with
 How exactly does Engineering impact society? There are no aspects of the world we live in today that aren't affected by the
work of engineers. The great thing is that engineering is continuing to affect society in a
 In fact, engineers have completely changed the world we live in, from great and beneficial way.
modern homes, bridges, space travel, cars and the latest mobile
technology. Innovative ideas are at the heart of what engineers do,
and they use their knowledge to create new and exciting prospects and Define very briefly what is Engineering. What specialized area within this
solve any problems that may arise.
discipline interests you the most? Explain why.
Health Engineering is the application of scientific, mathematical, and technical
knowledge, as well as raw materials and particular technologies, to produce
Advances in medical technology is solely down to engineers, and without it, solutions such as structures, equipment, services, machines, etc. that meets the
doctors would not be able to treat patients the way they do today; with fantastic desired goals. The fact that I'm enrolled in this degree for geodetic engineering
shows how much I find it interesting. It's because I've always wanted to be an
success rates. Engineering has essentially allowed us to understand the medical issues
engineer and this field fits my personality and level of commitment to hard work. In
in today’s society.
addition, I wanted to test my limits and look into something.
Technology  Distinguish between knowledge, experience, and intuition. Discuss
briefly why taking courses outside of math/science/engineering is
Engineers are the reason for the phenomenal growth in technology of every important to your education. Give an example of a non-technical
generation. Engineers have also allowed us to build satellites and machines that help course you have already taken, or one you plan to take, that you think
us to understand the world we live in and shape our lives on a daily basis. will be especially relevant and useful to you as an engineer.
• Knowledge is a highly regarded state in which a person is mindful of reality,
Communication
facts and skills gained via experience or education. It appears in someone's
We can now get in touch with people at any time of the day in any part of mind as a result of their interactions with the world. However, experience is the
the world. This has greatly improved the way we do business and how we talk to our ability or knowledge acquired through actual practice. It is something that
friends, family and strangers on a daily basis.
someone has truly done or lived through. On the other hand, intuition is a
Development decision-making approach used intuitively by experienced practitioners that the
beginner cannot access. It is the use of information and making decisions based
Steam engines, jet engines and aeroplanes are all down to hard work from
engineers, and it has allowed businesses to work smarter and faster than ever before. on abilities, rules, and/or knowledge without conscious awareness.
Improvements to travel have changed the way humans connect with one another, • As an engineering student, it's crucial that we take courses that aren't in line
opening trades for business and allowing us to literally travel to the other side of the with math, science, or engineering-related areas in order to broaden knowledge
planet in a mere 24 hours. and continue to explore concepts that are unrelated to what we must learn. It is
Space helpful because we can gain a variety of skills that will enable to adapt to new
problems over the course of a lifetime of learning.
The International Space Station is the largest and most complex science
• Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a non-technical course that I'd like
undertaking ever. It allows scientists, analysts and engineers from all over the
planet to come together and conduct research that cannot be done elsewhere, to pursue. Taking this course would help me to have knowledge about business
finding answers to queries that have been unquestioned for years. and management-related topics more thoroughly than an engineering program
does. It will also enhance my analytical skills with strategic and qualitative 4. Define a problem statement
knowledge and will help me to manage core work.
 IDEATE
brainstorming

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN THINKING What is project launch?

 DESIGN THINKING  Project launch is the beginning of a project where one can develop their
 Empathize
critical thinking abilities and creativity to come up with solutions to
 Define
 Ideate particular issues or situations. To successfully launch a project, certain
 Prototype procedures and processes must be taken. It comprises conceptualization,
 Test utilization of design thinking process, definition, planning, and other
essential management activities to come up with an effective solution.
 CREATIVE CONFIDENCE
 DESIGN THE WALLET – Draw, Design a better wallet and the ideal wallet

 EMPATHY
Empathize: how?
Designers approach empathy….
Without judgement
With a beginner’s eye
With curiosity
Optimistically
Respectfully

Empathy: When you feel what the other person is feeling. When you can MIRROR their
expression, their opinions, their hopes

 DEFINE
Needs
 are human physical and emotional necessities
 Capture the goals and motivation for whom you are designing
 Are verbs, not nouns (opportunities, not solutions; ladder vs. reach)
Insights MODULE 2 - DESIGN THINKING
The “why” response to the need
Apply your expertise and make inferences
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN THINKING
2. Articulate your current point of view
3. Inventory possible NEEDS
  is one of the more recent buzz words in the design community. The There are various ways of teaching and practicing Design Thinking, and
overall goal of this design thinking course module is to help you definitions and descriptions vary accordingly.
design better products, services, processes, strategies, spaces,
architecture, and experiences. A DESIGN METHODOLOGY
 It will help you and your team develop practical and innovative  Design Thinking is a design methodology.
solutions for your problems.  It differs from traditional design approaches in specific ways. For
 It is a human-focused, prototype-driven, innovative design example, some authors characterize Design Thinking as more creative and
process. user-centered than traditional design approaches.

LECTURES A PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH OR PROCESS

What Is Design Thinking, And Why Is It So Popular?  Design Thinking can be regarded as a problem-solving method or, by
some definitions, a process for the resolution of problems.
DESIGN THINKING  As a solution-based approach to solving problems, DESIGN THINKING is
 is being taught at leading universities around the world. particularly useful for addressing so-called “wicked” problems.
 Example of the world’s leading brands that adopted the design  Wicked means that they are ill-defined or tricky.
thinking approach are Apple, Google, Samsung, and General Electric  For ill-defined problems, both the problem and the solution are unknown at
 It is a design methodology and iterative process that provides a the outset of the problem-solving process (as opposed to “tame” or “well-
solution-based approach to solving problems. defined” problems, where the problem is evident, and the solution is possible
 It’s extremely useful in tackling complex problems that are ill- with some technical knowledge.) Even when the general direction of the
defined or unknown problem may be clear, considerable time and effort is spent on clarifying the
 by understanding the human needs involved requirements.
 by re-framing the problem in human-centric ways  Thus, in Design Thinking, a large part of the problem-solving activity
 by creating many ideas in brainstorming sessions consists of defining and shaping the problem.
 by adopting a hands-on approach in prototyping and
testing. A CREATIVITY APPROACH
 Unlike analytical thinking, which is associated with the “breaking down” of
It is not an exclusive property of designers—all great innovators in ideas,
literature, art, music, science, engineering, and business have practiced it. So, why  Design Thinking is a creative process based on the “building up” of
call it ‘design thinking’? ideas.
 What’s special about design thinking is that:  Analytical approaches focus on narrowing the design choices, while
o designers’ work processes can help us Design Thinking focuses on going broad, at least during the early stages of
systematically extract, teach, learn and apply these the process.
human-centered techniques to solve problems in a A USER – CENTERED APPROACH THAT BRINGS DESIGN INTO THE
creative and innovative way — in our designs, in our BUSINESS WORLD
businesses, in our countries, in our lives.  Design Thinking is a more creative and user-centered approach to
problem solving than traditional design methods. They point out that “Design
DESIGN THINKING: VARIED DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
 Thinking defies the obvious and instead embraces a more experimental
approach.” 1. EMPATHIZE
 The heart of the method is in understanding the customer: All ideas and  The first stage of the Design Thinking process is to gain an empathic
subsequent work stem from knowing the customer. understanding of the problem you are trying to solve.
 The Design Thinking methodology is not just applied to design problems.  This involves consulting experts to find out more about the area of concern
Design Thinking is seen as a way to apply design methodologies to any of through observing, engaging and empathizing with people to understand
life’s situations. their experiences and motivations, as well as immersing yourself in the
 It is often used to explore and define business problems and to define physical environment so you can gain a deeper personal understanding of
products and services. the issues involved.
 In other words, DESIGN THINKING brings the design approach into the  Empathy is crucial to a human-centered design process such as Design
business world. In this vein, Design Thinking has been characterized as a Thinking, and empathy allows design thinkers to set aside their own
discipline in which the designer’s sensibility and methods match assumptions about the world in order to gain insight into users and their
people’s needs, by applying what is technically feasible and by needs.
contemplating what a viable business strategy can convert into customer
value and market opportunity. 2. DEFINE THE PROBLEM
 As a methodology or style of thinking, it combines empathy for the  During the Define stage, you put together the information you have
context of a problem, creativity in the generation of insights and solutions, created and gathered during the Empathise stage.
and rationality and feedback to analyze and fit solutions to the context – All  This is where you will analyze your observations and synthesize them in
this helps derive a solution that meets user needs and at the same time order to define the core problems that you and your team have identified up to this
generates revenue, that is, drives business success. point.
 You should seek to define the problem as a problem statement in a
PHASES/STAGES OF DESIGN THINKING human-centered manner.
 Hasso-Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford (d.school) - five-stage  Instead of defining the problem as your own wish or a need of the company.
Design Thinking model proposed by him/them  The Define stage will help the designers in your team gather great ideas to
 d.school is the leading university when it comes to teaching establish features, functions, and any other elements that will allow them to
Design Thinking. solve the problems or, at the very least, allow users to resolve issues
 The five stages of Design Thinking, according to d.school, are as follows: themselves with the minimum of difficulty. In the Define stage you will start to
 Empathize progress to the third stage.
 Define (the problem)  Ideate, by asking questions which can help you look for ideas for solutions by
 Ideate asking: “How might we... encourage teenage girls to perform an action that
 Prototype benefits them and also involves your company’s food-product or service?”
 Test

 Understanding these five stages of Design Thinking will empower anyone to 3. IDEATE
apply the Design Thinking methods in order to solve complex problems  During the third stage of the Design Thinking process, designers are
that occur around us - in our companies, in our countries, and even on ready to start generating ideas.
the scale of our planet.
  EMPATHIZE STAGE - You’ve grown to understand your users and their  This is the final stage of the 5 stage-model, but in an iterative process.
needs  The results generated during the testing phase are often used to redefine
 DEFINE STAGE - you’ve analyzed and synthesized your observations and one or more problems and inform the understanding of the users, the
ended up with a human-centered problem statement. conditions of use, how people think, behave, and feel, and to empathize.
 start to "think outside the box" to identify new solutions to the problem
statement you’ve created, and you can start to look for alternative ways of
viewing the problem. THE NON – LINEAR NATURE OF DESIGN THINKING
 There are hundreds of Ideation techniques such as  Direct and Linear Design - thinking process in which one stage seemingly
 Brainstorm leads to the next with a logical conclusion at user testing.
 Worst Possible Idea  However, in practice, the process is carried out in a more flexible and non-
 Brainwrite linear fashion.
 SCAMPER.  Results from the testing phase may reveal some insights about users,
which in turn may lead to another brainstorming session (Ideate) or the
 Brainstorm and Worst Possible Idea sessions - are typically used to development of new prototypes (Prototype).
stimulate free thinking and to expand the problem space.  It is important to note that the five stages are not always sequential — they
 It is important to get as many ideas or problem solutions as possible at the do not have to follow any specific order and they can often occur in
beginning of the Ideation phase. parallel and be repeated iteratively.
 As such, the stages should be understood as different modes that contribute
to a project, rather than sequential steps.
4. PROTOTYPE  The five-stage Design Thinking model is systematizing and identifies the 5
 Prototypes may be shared and tested within the team itself, in other stages/modes you would expect to carry out in a design project – and in any
departments, or on a small group of people outside the design team. innovative problem-solving project.
 This is an experimental phase, and the aim is to identify the best
possible solution for each of the problems identified during the first three DESIGN THINKING: A NON-LINEAR PROCESS
stages. EMPATHISE – empathize to help define the problem; to define
 The solutions are implemented within the prototypes, and, one by one, DEFINE – to ideate
they are investigated and either accepted, improved and re-examined, or IDEATE – to prototype
rejected on the basis of the users’ experiences. PROTOTYPE – to learn from prototypes to spark new ideas (to ideate ang arrow)
 By the end of this stage, the design team will have a better idea of the TEST – Tests create new ideas for the project (to ideate)
constraints inherent to the product and the problems that are present and Learn about users through testing (to empathize ang arrow)
have a clearer view of how real users would behave, think, and feel when Tests reveal insights that redefine the problem ( to define ang arrow)
interacting with the end product.

5. TEST ATTRIBUTES OF DESIGN THINKING

 Designers or evaluators rigorously test the complete product using the best
solutions identified during the prototyping phase. TABLE 1:
ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION COMMENT idea creator or the idea there are no early
Ambiguity Being comfortable when Design Thinking judgements.
things are unclear or addresses wicked , Open Mindset Embracing design The method
when you don’t know ill-defined and tricky thinking as an approach encourages “outside the
the answer problems. for any problem box thinking” (wild
Collaborative Working together People design in regardless of industry or ideas) ; it defies the
across interdisciplinary scope. obvious and embraces
disciplines teams. a more experimental
Constructive Creating new ideas Design Thinking is a approach.
based on old ideas, solution-based
which can also be the approach that looks for
most successful ideas an improved CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGN THINKERS:
future result.
Curiosity Being interested in Considerable time and There is a certain overlap between the attributes of Design Thinking and the
things you don’t effort is spent characteristics of Design Thinkers, because the latter perform the former. Following
understand or on clarifying the are the characteristics of design thinkers:
perceiving things with requirements. A large  Focus on human values and needs. Have empathy for the people, solicit
fresh eyes. part of the problem user feedback, and use it in their designs
solving activity, then,  Make experimentation an integral part of the design process, are active
consists of problem “doers”, communicate through meaningful artifacts
definition  Collaborate with people from various backgrounds and respects their
and problem shaping. viewpoints; enable “breakthrough insights and solutions to emerge from the
Empathy Seeing and The focus is on user diversity”.
understanding things needs (problem context)  Can deal with wicked problems, are curious and optimistic, are integrative
from your customer's (holistic) thinkers who look at the bigger context for the customer.
point of view  Are mindful of the overall Design Thinking process with respect to goals and
Holistic Looking at the bigger Design thinking method
context for the customer attempts to meet user
needs and also drive
business success. SUMMING UP
Iterative A cyclical process The design thinking  Design thinking is essentially a problem-solving approach specific to
where improvements process is typically non- design, which involves assessing known aspects of a problem and identifying
are made to a solution sequential and may the more ambiguous or peripheral factors that contribute to the conditions of
or idea regardless of the include feedback loops a problem. This contrasts with a more scientific approach where the
phase and cycles concrete and known aspects are tested in order to arrive at a solution.
Nonjudgmental Creating ideas with no Particularly in the  Design thinking is an iterative process in which knowledge is constantly
judgement toward the brainstorming phase, being questioned and acquired so it can help us redefine a problem in an
 attempt to identify alternative strategies and solutions that might not be
instantly apparent with our initial level of understanding.
 Design thinking is often referred to as ‘outside the box thinking’, as
designers are attempting to develop new ways of thinking that do not abide
by the dominant or more common problem-solving methods – just like artists
do.
 At the heart of design thinking is the intention to improve products by
analyzing how users interact with products and investigating the conditions in
which they operate.
 Design thinking offers us a means of digging that bit deeper to uncover ways
of improving user experiences. Companies are facing ill-defined and complex
problems every day—and bringing design.