CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Reproduction
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

REPRODUCTION
The term for creating new life from existing life is Reproduction. Its
significance lies in:
- Replacing deceased organisms.
- Ensuring the continuity of life on Earth.
There are mainly two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):

The resemblance among individuals in reproduction arises from the
shared DNA with their parents, resulting in a similarity between
the offspring and their progenitors.

Significance of DNA Replication:

→ Preserves body structure.
→ Facilitates the inheritance of traits.
→ Introduces diversity during the DNA replication process.

Significance of variation:
→ Essential for evolutionary processes.
→ Enables adaptation to changing environments.
→ Contributes to the resilience and survival of populations.

Asexual Reproduction:
Offspring produced by a single parent, with or without the
involvement of gamete formation, represent a reproductive
process wherein a lone parent gives rise to progeny. This
mode of reproduction may or may not include the formation
of specialized reproductive cells called gametes.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Fission:
A unicellular organism, such as bacteria, undergoes division into two or
more organisms. Generally categorized into two types, this process
involves binary fission and multiple fission.

Binary fission: Involves the splitting of an organism into two new

organisms under specific conditions.

Binary fission in Amoeba:

Initially, the nucleus undergoes
division into two, followed by the
division of cytoplasm. Ultimately,
the parent cell splits into two
daughter cells.

Multiple fission:
Multiple fission involves the parent
organism dividing into numerous
identical daughter organisms
simultaneously. This reproductive
mechanism is observed in certain
organisms, including Plasmodium, the
malarial parasite.

Fragmentation:
Fragmentation is the process wherein the body of a simple multicellular
organism breaks into two or more pieces as it matures. Each fragment then
develops into a new organism.

Example: Algae (Spirogyra) undergo maturation

and subsequently break into two or more small
fragments. Each of these fragments then grows
independently, eventually developing into a
completely new organism.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Budding:
In the process of budding, small outgrowths called "buds" emerge from
the body of the parent organism. These buds eventually detach and give
rise to new organisms. Examples include Hydra and yeast.
# Hydra:
● Hydra, a simple multicellular organism, reproduces asexually
through budding utilizing regenerative cells.
● Initiation involves a small bud forming on one
side through simple mitotic division.
● The bud matures, developing a mouth and
tentacles.
● Ultimately, the new Hydra detaches from the
parent's body to live independently as a singular
organism.

Vegetative Propagation:
Vegetative propagation involves obtaining new plants from portions of an
old plant without the involvement of reproductive structures. Typically,
this process centers on the growth
and development of a single bud on
an existing plant part to give rise to
a new plant. Examples include potato
buds, onion bulbs, leaf buds of
Bougainvillea, and Dahlia roots. This
method is a form of natural
propagation.

# Artificial propagation involves growing multiple plants from a single

plant using man-made methods.
- Common methods include:
1. Cutting: Removal of a small plant part using a sharp knife, e.g.,
sugarcane, bananas, cactus.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2. Layering: Bending a part, typically a branch, toward the ground,

allowing the tip to remain exposed while the rest is covered by soil, e.g.,
Jasmine, or lemon.
3. Grafting: Joining the stems of two plants (one with roots and the
other without) to grow as a single plant, e.g., apple, or pear.

- These techniques are employed for efficient and controlled plant

reproduction.
Advantages of Artificial Plant Propagation:
● Ensures that new plants inherit precisely the desired
characteristics of the parent.
● Requires less attention for the growth of plants propagated through
this process.
● Allows the generation of multiple plants from the same parent,
increasing efficiency and productivity.
Tissue Culture:
Tissue culture generates new plants from a small piece of plant tissue or
cells taken from a growing plant. This tissue is then cultivated under
suitable conditions.

Advantages:
● Rapid plant growth characterizes tissue culture, making it a quick
technique.
● Plants produced through tissue culture are free from diseases.
● It results in many plants in a short period, typically weeks, and
requires minimal space for growth.
Regeneration:
Regeneration is the reconstruction of a complete organism from a specific
body part.

Challenges in Complex Multicellular Organisms:

● Regeneration is viable in organisms with simpler
body structures than cellular organization.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

● In complex multicellular organisms, cells assemble into tissues,

tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and ultimately,
organ systems constitute the entire organism.
● The intricate hierarchy of organization in complex multicellular
organisms hinders the formation of a complete individual from a
cultured body part.

Spore formation:
In spore formation, a parent plant
generates numerous microscopic
reproductive units known as spores. Upon
bursting the plant's spore case, these
spores disperse into the air. Subsequently,
airborne spores settle on the soil, and
under favorable conditions, they initiate
germination, giving rise to new plants.

# Secret Questions:
1) Give an advantage of vegetative propagation.
Solution: Vegetative propagation can be practiced for growing such plants
which usually do not produce seeds or produce non-viable seeds.

2) Give reasons as to why the following processes are different from each
other: a. Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium. b. Binary fission and
Fragmentation
Solution:
a. Amoeba undergoes binary fission, resulting in two daughter cells, while
Plasmodium undergoes multiple fission, producing many daughter cells.

b. Binary fission yields two daughter cells, while fragmentation in

multicellular organisms leads to the division of the body into two or more
parts.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Sexual Reproduction:
Sexual reproduction involves the union of two specialized reproductive
cells known as "sex cells," alternatively referred to as "gametes" or "germ
cells." There are two types: male gametes (sperm) and female gametes
(egg). The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete results in the
formation of a "zygote" cell, which subsequently develops into a new
organism.

The union of a male gamete and a female gamete leads to the formation of
a "zygote" cell, which subsequently develops into a new organism.

Sexual Reproduction in flowering plant:

Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are characterized by sex organs in their
flowers, with seeds enclosed within
fruits. These plants exhibit a variety
of reproductive structures. Bisexual
flowers contain both male and female
reproductive organs within the same
flower. In contrast, unisexual flowers
have either male or female
reproductive parts within a single
flower.

● Stamen: The stamen is the male part of the flower responsible for
reproduction. A single flower can have several stamens.

● Anther: The anther is a two-lobed structure located at the tip of the

stamen. It contains two pollen sacs, producing yellowish pollen grains.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

● Carpel: The carpel is the female reproductive part located at the

center of the flower.
It consists mainly of three parts:
➔

➔ Stigma: The stigma is the terminal part of the carpel and may be
sticky. It plays a role in receiving pollen grains during pollination.
➔ Style: The style is the elongated middle part of the carpel. It
aids in connecting the stigma to the ovary.
➔ Ovary: The ovary is the swollen bottom part of the carpel. It
contains ovules that house the egg cell, the female gamete.
●

● Pollination: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther

of the stamen to the stigma of a flower.

➔ Self-pollination: In self-pollination, pollen from the stamen of a

flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.
➔ Cross-pollination: Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen
from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of a different flower.

Fertilization:
● Following pollination, fertilization occurs in plants, involving the fusion of
male germ cells with female gametes, forming a zygote.
● Upon landing on a suitable stigma, pollen reaches the female germ cells in
the ovary through a pollen tube, growing from the pollen grains, traveling
through the style, and reaching the ovary.
● After fertilization, the zygote undergoes multiple divisions, forming an
embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops a sturdy coat and transforms
into a seed.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

● The ovary enlarges and matures into a fruit. The seed contains a future
embryo, which, under favorable conditions, grows into a seedling in a
process called germination.

Sexual Reproduction in Human Beings:

Puberty: Puberty is the stage when "sex hormones" are produced, marking
the sexual maturity of a boy or girl.
Age of Puberty:
- Boys: 13-14 years
- Girls: 10-12 years
Sex Hormones:
➔ Testis produces the male sex hormone testosterone.
➔ Ovaries produce two female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
Common Changes in Both Genders:
➔ Growth of thick, darker hair in new body parts like armpits and the
genital area.
➔ Thinning of hair on arms, legs, and face.
➔ Skin becomes oily with the development of pimples.

Changes in Girls:
➔ Increase in breast size.
➔ Darkening of the nipple tips.
➔ Onset of menstruation.

Male Reproductive System:

Testis:
The testis is responsible for the production of
germ cells or sperm. It is situated outside the
abdominal cavity within the scrotum, a positioning
essential for sperm formation as it necessitates a
lower temperature than the body's normal
operating temperature.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

➔ Sperm are small entities comprising a lengthy tail,

facilitating their movement toward the female germ cell.

Vas Deferens:
The vas deferens transports the formed sperm, which combines with a
tube originating from the urinary bladder.

Urethra:
The urethra is a duct that conveys urine from the bladder and serves as
a passage for semen in males.

Prostate Gland and seminal Vesicle:

Secretes fluid to make transport easier for the sperm. This fluid also
provides nutrition.

Scrotum:
The scrotum is a small pouch housing the testes, located outside the
abdominal cavity. Because sperm formation occurs here, a lower
temperature than the body's norm is necessary for this process.

Penis:
The penis is the external male reproductive organ that transfers sperm
into the female vagina during copulation.

Female Reproductive System:

Ovaries:
Paired, oval-shaped organs are located in
the abdominal cavity near the kidney. It
produces thousands of Ora or egg cells.
and secrete female sex hormones like
estrogen and progesterone.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Oviduct ( fallopian tube):

The oviduct, also known as the fallopian tube, transports eggs from the
ovary to the uterus. It serves as the site for fertilization and features
a funnel-shaped opening near the ovary, with additional openings
connecting to the uterus on both sides.

Uterus (womb):
A Hollow, pear-shaped bag-like structure where the growth and
development of the fetus take place.

Vagina:
It relieves stems from the male partner, and serves as a birth canal.

Cervix:
lower and the narrower portion of the uterus which opens into the
vagina
Fertilization or Sexual Reproduction in Animals:
1. Sperm and Ovum Production:
● Male parent produces sperm.
● Female parent produces ovum.
2. Fertilization Process:
● During copulation, sperm enters the ovum.
● Fertilization occurs, resulting in the formation of the first cell,
known as a zygote.
3. Embryo Formation:
● The zygote undergoes various divisions to form an embryo.
4. Implantation:
● The embryo embeds itself into the soft and thick lining of the
uterus.
● This process is known as implantation.
5. Placenta Development:
● During pregnancy, the placenta grows into a disc between the
uterine wall and the embryo.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

● The placenta forms finger-like projections called villi towards the

embryo.
6. Child Development:
● The development of the child inside the mother's body takes
approximately nine months in humans.
7. Childbirth Process:
● Strong rhythmic muscular contractions in the uterus cause
childbirth if the egg is not fertilized.
8. Unfertilized Egg Outcome:
● If the egg is not fertilized, menstruation occurs.

Menstruation:
Each month, the ovary releases a single egg, prompting the uterus to
prepare itself for the potential arrival of a fertilized egg. This
preparation involves the thickening and spongy transformation of the
uterine lining. If the released egg remains unfertilized, its lifespan is
approximately one day. In the absence of fertilization, the thickened
uterine lining is deemed unnecessary. Consequently, the lining gradually
breaks down and is expelled through the vagina as a combination of blood
and mucous. This natural process, known as menstruation, recurs roughly
every month and typically spans a duration of about two to eight days.

Birth Control:
Health Consequences of Unprepared Pregnancy:
● If a woman is not ready for pregnancy, it can negatively
impact her health.
Contraception or Birth Control:
● Methods to prevent pregnancy are collectively known as
contraception or birth control.
Mechanical Barrier Method:
● Condoms on the penis or similar coverings in the vagina act as
a mechanical barrier, preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Chemical Methods:
● Oral pills alter the hormonal balance, inhibiting the release of
eggs and preventing fertilization.
● However, they may cause side effects.
Intrauterine Devices:
● Loops or Copper T devices placed in the uterus help prevent
pregnancy.
● They may cause side effects due to irritation.
Surgical Methods:
● Blocking the vas deferens in males prevents sperm transfer
while blocking the fallopian tube in females prevents egg
movement.
● Surgical methods are more permanent and involve creating
blocks.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs):
● Diseases transmitted through sexual contact are known as
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
● Examples include AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome) and genital warts, often caused by infections like
gonorrhea.
Importance of Safe Practices:
● Raising awareness about safe practices and preventive
measures is crucial for safeguarding sexual health.

# Top Seven Question:

1) What is the main difference between sperm and eggs of humans?
Solution:
Sperms are motile, and produced in large numbers by males. Eggs are
non-motile, produced one at a time by females. Sperms travel to the egg
for fertilization, forming a zygote. The zygote develops into a fetus and
eventually a baby, protected inside the female's body.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2) List any two differences between pollination and fertilization.

Solution:

3) Define reproduction. How does it help in providing stability to the

population of species? [CBSE 2015 C]
Solution:
a. Reproduction is the vital process ensuring the continuity of a species by
generating individuals of its own kind.
b. The sustained stability of a population necessitates the replacement of
members lost to factors like old age, disease, and accidents, ensuring a
balanced and functioning community.
c. Through reproduction, genetic variation is introduced, facilitating better
adaptation and the evolutionary progression of species, ultimately leading to
the emergence of new ones.
d. While individual survival may not hinge on reproduction, it is indispensable
for the survival and perpetuation of a species.

4) What is vegetative propagation? List two advantages and two

disadvantages of vegetative propagation.
Solution: Vegetative propagation is a method of generating new plants from
vegetative parts such as roots, stems, and leaves.
Advantages:
a. Plants produced through vegetative propagation exhibit earlier
flowering and fruiting compared to sexually propagated ones.
b. In cases where plants have lost the ability to produce seeds,
vegetative propagation becomes essential for their reproduction.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Disadvantages:
a. Genetically, plants derived from vegetative propagation closely
resemble parent plants, making them susceptible to infections and
diseases.
b. The lack of genetic variation in such plants hinders their adaptability
to changing environments, impeding the evolutionary development of the
plant species.

5) List three techniques to prevent pregnancy. Which of them is not meant

for males? How does the use of such techniques have an impact on the
health and prosperity of a family?
Solution:
Three pregnancy prevention techniques include:
a. Mechanical barriers for both males and females.
b. Hormonal methods such as oral pills, alter the hormonal balance,
preventing egg release.
c. The use of intrauterine devices like the loop or Copper-T.
d. Surgical methods like tubectomy for females or vasectomy for males.
Hormonal preparations are not designed for males.
Effects on Health and Prosperity:
a. Women's health is preserved.
b. Parents can devote more attention to their children.
c. Additional resources become available.
6) Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity? Mention the
endocrine and exocrine function of the testes.
Solution:
Sperm formation necessitates a temperature of 1-3°C lower than the body's
normal temperature. The testes are positioned outside the body, allowing
the scrotum to maintain an optimal temperature for sperm development.
Endocrine function:
The production of the male hormone (testosterone).
Exocrine function:
The generation of male gametes (sperms).
 PRASHANT KIRAD

7) What is placenta? Explain its function in human females.

Solution: Placenta is a specialized tissue embedded in the uterine wall. It
contains villi on the embryo’s side and blood spaces on the mother’s side.
Function:
a. Helps in passing of nutrients from mother to fetus.
b. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.
c. Passing of waste materials from the embryo to the mother.

# Competency-Based Question:
1) The reproductive
1. In an experiment, parts of
a scientist removed angiosperms
some cells from theare located
growing inathe
point of plantflower. You
and placed it a
suitable medium containing nutrients and plant hormones leading to the formation of shapeless lump
havecalled
or mass already
X. X isstudied the different
then transferred parts which
to another medium of alead
flower – sepals,
to development petals,
of roots. X
with developed and
stamens, rootspistils.
is then transferred
The stamens into another medium
and pistil that
are induced
the the development
reproductive partsof of
shoots. X in this way differentiated into tiny plantlets which were transplanted into pots where
theya grew
flower whichplants.
into mature contain the germ cells. The flower may be unisexual
(papaya,
(i) What is X inwatermelon) when it contains
the given paragraph? either stamens or pistil or bisexual
(a) Plantlet (b) Callus (c) Embryoid (d) Tissue
(Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains both stamens and pistil.
(ii) Which technique has the scientist used for the propagation of plant?
(a) Layering (b) Grafting (c) Tissue culture (d) Cutting
1. Where are the reproductive parts of angiosperms located?
(iii) What2.is What are the
the advantage two
of the main reproductive
technique mentioned in theparts of a flower mentioned in
paragraph?
(a) It helps in production of disease free plants.
(b) It is athe
verypassage?
fast technique as thousand of plantlets can be produced in a few weeks time.
(c) It is also known as micropropagation due to extremely small amount of plant material used for
3. How does the flower's sexuality differ between unisexual and
propagation.
(d) All ofbisexual
these flowers?
4.the
(iv) Select Name two statement
incorrect examples of unisexual
regarding flowers
the propagation provided
technique in theinpassage.
mentioned the paragraph.
(a) It is used in the production of ornamental plants like orchids, carnation, Chrysanthemum, etc.
Solution:
(b) It is a modern method of artificial propagation of plants.
(c) Plants produced by this methods are genetically different from the parent plant.
1. The reproductive parts of angiosperms are located in the flower.
(d) Very little space is needed for developing new plants by this technique.
2. The two main reproductive parts of a flower are the stamens and
(v) Which of the following statements is incorrect?
pistil.
(a) Virus free plants cannot be produced by tissue culture technique.
b) Tissue culture technique is useful in obtaining homozygous diploid.
3. A
(c) Tissue flower
culture is considered
is useful unisexual
in quick propagation when it contains either stamens or
of Gladiolus.
(d) Tissue culture
pistils. Iniscontrast,
artificial method
it is of vegetative
termed propagation.
bisexual when it contains both stamens
and pistils.
4. Examples of unisexual flowers mentioned in the passage are papaya
and watermelon.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2)
2. P and QChromosomes
are two monoeciousin plants.
the Pnucleus of aflowers
bears bisexual cell contain
whereas Qinformation
bears unisexual for theP
flowers.
does not need a pollinating agent whereas pollinating agent is required in case of Q.
inheritance of features from parents to the next generation in the form of
(i) Select the option that correctly identifies plant P and Q.
(a) PDNA
Papaya,(Deoxyribose
Q - Marigold Nucleic Acid) molecules. The DNA in the cell nucleus is
(b) P-Pea, Q - Cucurbit source for making proteins. If the information is changed,
the information
(c) P-Sunflower, Q - Orchids
different
(d) P-Tulip, proteins will be made. Different proteins will eventually lead to
Q - Daffodil
altered
(ii) Select body designs.
the correct Therefore,
option regarding plants P and a Q.basic event in reproduction is the
(a) Seed settingof
creation is aassured
DNA incopy.
plant Cells
P even use
if all chemical
its flowers reactions
are emasculated.
to build copies of their
(b) Male flowers of plant Q always open only after the female flowers of the plant are pollinated.
DNA. flowers of plant Q can reproduce by cross pollens or self pollens depending upon the genus to
(c) Female
which plant Q belongs to.
(d) P is1.a cross
Where is theplant
pollinated information
whereas Q isfora selfthe inheritance
pollinated plant. of features stored in a
cell?
(iii) How can self pollination be avoided in plant P?
2. In what
(a) By removing form of
all the flowers is plant
theP information for inheritance encoded in the
(b) By removing all the anthers of all the flowers
chromosomes?
(c) By removing all the carpels of all the flowers
(d) None of these
3. What is the role of DNA in the cell nucleus, according to the passage?
4. How
(iv) Which of the does the
following alteration
holds of Q?
true for plant information in DNA impact the body's
(a) Plant Q bears complete flowers.
design
(b) Plant and
Q bears features?
either male flowers or female flowers but never both.
(c) Sexual reproduction in plant Q may or may not give rise to genetic variations.
Solution:
(d) All of these

1. The information for the inheritance of features is stored in the

chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell.
2. The information for inheritance is encoded in the form of DNA
(Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules.
3. DNA in the cell nucleus serves as the information source for the
synthesis of proteins.
4. Changing the information in DNA leads to the production of different
proteins, ultimately resulting in altered body designs and features.