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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
NIKO N. ROSALES BSME-2C
MEMBER, PSME ENHANCEMENT GUILD

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MEET THE STUDENT-INSTRUCTOR

CREDENTIALS
✓ Member, Philippine Society of Mechanical
Engineers - CSPC SU
✓ Member, PSME Enhancement Guild
✓ Scholar, DOST - SEI Undergraduate
Scholarship Program (RA 7687)
✓ Participant, BrainMEsh Inter-University Quiz
Bee (UP – Diliman)
✓ Quizzer, School-based Quiz Bee

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COURSE DESCRIPTION
An introductory course covering the core concepts of limit,
continuity, and differentiability of functions involving one or
more variables. This also includes the application of differential
calculations in solving problems on optimization, rates of
change, related rates, tangents and normal, and approximations;
partial differentiation and transcendental curve tracing.

https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/CMO-97-s.-2017-BS-Mechanical-Engineering-program.pdf

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BASIC DERIVATIVE FORMULAS

1. DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT
EXAMPLE:
Given the function,
𝒚 = 𝒄, where 𝒄 is a constant 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟒
𝒅𝒚
𝒄=𝟎 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏𝟒) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
The derivative of any constant is
zero.
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2. GENERAL POWER FORMULA

Given the function,

EXAMPLE:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏
𝐲 = 𝟓𝒙𝟔
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝐲ʹ = 𝟔 (𝟓𝒙𝟔−𝟏 )
𝒅𝒙
The derivative of a function raised to 𝐲ʹ = 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟓
an integer is equal to the integer times
the function raised to the integer
minus one.
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3. DERIVATIVE OF A SUM
Given 𝒖 and 𝒗 as a function 𝒙,
the derivative of a sum is: EXAMPLE:

𝒚= 𝒖+𝒗 𝐲 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒖+𝒗 = + 𝐲ʹ = 𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐−𝟏 ) + (𝟓𝒙𝟏−𝟏 ) + 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐲ʹ = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓
The derivative of the sum of two
function is equal to the sum of their
derivatives.
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4. DERIVATIVE OF A PRODUCT
EXAMPLE:
Given 𝒖 and 𝒗 as a function 𝒙, the 𝒖 𝒗
derivative of a product is: 𝐲 = (𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒙 + 𝟒)
𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
=𝟏
= −𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
𝒖𝒗 = 𝒖 +𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝐲ʹ = (𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏) + (𝒙 + 𝟒)(−𝟐𝒙)
𝐲ʹ = 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + [ −𝟐𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟒 −𝟐𝒙 ]
The derivative of the product of two
functions is equal to the first function times 𝐲ʹ = 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙
the derivative of the second function plus the 𝐲ʹ = 𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙
second function times the derivative of the
first function. 𝐲ʹ = −𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟑
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5. DERIVATIVE OF A QUOTIENT
EXAMPLE:
Given 𝒖 and 𝒗 as a function 𝒙, the derivative 𝒅𝒖
=𝟓
of a quotient is: 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒖 𝐲= 𝟐 𝒅𝒗
𝒚= 𝒙 +𝟏 𝒗 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙
𝒗

𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟓 − [ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 ]
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖 𝐲ʹ =
= 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗
(𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) − (𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙)
The derivative of the quotient of two functions 𝐲ʹ =
is equal to the denominator times the derivative 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐
of the numerator minus the numerator times
the derivative of the denominator all over the
−𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓
𝐲ʹ =
square of the denominator. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐
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OTHER FORMULAS: EXAMPLES:

𝟑 𝒄 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒗 𝐲= 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙
𝒅 𝒄 𝒄 𝒙 +𝟓 𝒗
= − 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝟔𝒙
𝐲ʹ = − = −
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟓)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟓)𝟐

𝒅𝒖 𝐲 = 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒖
=𝟑
𝒅
( 𝒖) = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒖 𝟑
𝐲ʹ =
𝟐 𝟑𝒙
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L’HOPITAL’S RULE
- a mathematical theorem that allows
evaluating limits of indeterminate forms (𝟎Τ𝟎, ∞Τ∞)
using derivatives.

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EXAMPLE:
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔
Evaluate the limit, 𝐥𝐢𝐦( 𝟐 ).
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 −𝟒
Long Method
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 L’Hopital’s Rule
𝐥𝐢𝐦( 𝟐 )
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 −𝟒
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 (𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐 − 𝟔 𝟎
(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟎
𝒙→𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙→𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝒙→𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)

(𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟐(𝟐) + 𝟏
(𝟐 + 𝟐) (𝟐)(𝟐)

𝟓 𝟓
𝟒 PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
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EXAMPLES:
Solve the for the derivative and limits following:
a. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 e. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙𝟔 −𝟏
b. 𝒚 = f. 𝐥𝐢𝐦( 𝟒 )
𝒙𝟑 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟏
c. 𝒚 = + g. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟒𝒙𝟐+𝒙)
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙→∞

𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
d. 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟑) h. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙)
𝒙→𝟑
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THE CHAIN RULE

For a given function such as 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟔 , 𝒚 = ( 𝒙 + 𝒙)𝟓 and
𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎)𝟏𝟎 , there is no possible method discussed in the
previous topics to find the derivative of those functions.

For a function 𝒇(𝒙)𝒏 , the derivative can be obtained by using the

general power formula, but in case a function such as [𝒇(𝒙)𝒏 ]𝒓 a
Chain Rule can be used.

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THE CHAIN RULE

𝒅
[𝒇(𝒙)𝒏 ]𝒓 = 𝒓[𝒇(𝒙)𝒏 ]𝒓−𝟏 · 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒏
𝒅𝒙
Derivative of Derivative of
outside function inside function

The chain rule is basically used to solve for the derivatives of

composite functions.
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EXAMPLES:
Differentiate the following functions using Chain Rule:
a. 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟔 e. 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎)𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝟒 𝒙+𝟐
b. 𝒚 = (𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙) f. 𝒚 =
(𝒙−𝟏)𝟑
𝟒
c. 𝒚 = (𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟑 g. 𝒚 =
(𝟏+𝟔𝒙)𝟑

d. 𝒚 = (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 h. 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟑

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HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

The derivative of 𝒚 with respect to 𝒙, or simply 𝒚ʹ, is at
first derivative. The derivative of the first derivative is called
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
the second derivative and is written in the form , 𝒚ʹʹ,
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟒 𝒚 𝒅𝒏 𝒚
or 𝒇ʹʹ(𝒙). Further differentiation, , , ,… , etc.
𝒅𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙𝒏

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EXAMPLES:
Find the first four derivative of the following:
a. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏
b. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 + 𝟑𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
c. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙𝟕 + 𝟖𝒙𝟓 + 𝟗𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑

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DERIVATIVES OF IMPLICIT
FUNCTIONS
For functions such as 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚, 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙 + 𝒚,
and (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚, the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 are connected
together in an equation. Finding for the derivative of 𝒚 with
respect to 𝒙, implicit differentiation can be applied. The 𝒚 is
called the implicit function of 𝒙.
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DERIVATIVES OF IMPLICIT
FUNCTIONS
For functions such as 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚, 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙 + 𝒚,
and (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚, the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 are connected
together in an equation. Finding for the derivative of 𝒚 with
respect to 𝒙, implicit differentiation can be applied. The 𝒚 is
called the implicit function of 𝒙.
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STEPS IN IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION:

1. Differentiate each term of the equation.
2. Combine the terms containing the same differential making
the terms of 𝒅𝒚 on the left side and the terms of 𝒅𝒙 on the
other side on the equation, then factor out the terms.
3. Divide both sides of the equation by the terms that will
𝒅𝒚
remain only on the left side and all other terms on the other
𝒅𝒙
side.
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EXAMPLES:
Find the first derivative of the following:
a. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚
b. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚

Find the second derivative of the function:

a. 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐

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 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. SLOPE OF A CURVE
2. MAXIMA AND MINIMA
3. OPTIMIZATION: APPLICATION OF MAXIMA & MINIMA
5. TIME RATES

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SLOPE OF A CURVE

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SLOPE OF A CURVE
The slope of the curve at point 𝒙, 𝒚 and the slope of
the line at point 𝒙, 𝒚 is likely the same. The equation of
the line of slope 𝒎 is, 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃.

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 The derivative of 𝒚 with respect

to 𝒙, of the equation of a line is its
𝒚ʹ = 𝒎 slope, 𝒎.

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EXAMPLES:
a. Find the slope of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟕 at point
(2,1).
𝟏
b. Find the slope of the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 at point
𝟐
(2,-1).
c. Find the points x and y if the slope of the curve
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟕 is -3.

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MAXIMA AND MINIMA

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TEST FOR MAXIMA & MINIMA

There is a test for maxima and minima called
the Second Derivative Test.
The second derivative is the rate of change of
the first derivative. When 𝒚ʹʹ is positive, 𝒚 ʹ is
increasing, the curve will concave upward and
when 𝒚ʹʹ is negative, 𝒚ʹ is decreasing, the curve
will concave downward.
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TEST FOR MAXIMA & MINIMA

STEPS:
1. First, solve for the first derivative, 𝒚ʹ, and equate it to zero.
2. Solve for the values of 𝒙 to obtain the critical values.
3. Substitute the critical values to the original equation to solve
for the 𝒚 values. The ordered pairs are the critical points.
4. Perform the Second Derivative Test.
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EXAMPLES:
Locate the critical points and determine the
maxima and minima of the following curves:

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
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APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA & MINIMA

The idea of maxima and minima can put into
practical problems. Any problem in engineering,
business, medicine and other sciences that can
put into functional form, derivatives can be used
to find the maximum and minimum values of that
function.
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STEPS:
1. Analyze the problem and determine what is to
be maximized or minimized, say area.
2. Draw the diagram, if appropriate.
3. Formulate a function from their common
relationships.
4. Locate the critical points.
5. Test the critical points.
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EXAMPLES:
1. What are the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be
inscribed in a right triangle?

2. The sum of two numbers is 10. Find the minimum values of the
sum of their square.
3. A cylinder has a volume of 100 cu. ft . The cost of the metal sheets
to make a cylinder should be minimized. What should be its
diameter?
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TIME RATES

A man whose height is

5.5 ft is walking away from
a 12 ft lamp post at a
constant rate of 3 ft/sec.
Find the rate at which his
shadow is lengthening.

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TIME RATES

A car starting at 9:00 AM,

travels north at a rate of 45
kph. Another car starting
from the same point at 10:30
AM, travels at 50 kph. Find
how fast the two cars are
separating at 12:00 noon.

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DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
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EXAMPLES:
Find the first derivative of the following:
a. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
b. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙

Find the second derivative of the function:

a. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)

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DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒖 = − 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒖 = − 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒄𝒔𝒄−𝟏 𝒖 = −
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
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EXAMPLES:
Find the first derivative of the following:
a. 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
b. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟒𝒙)

Find the second derivative of the function:

a. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙)

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DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
𝒅 𝒅𝒖ൗ DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC
𝒅𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒖 = FUNCTION TO ANY BASE A.
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒍𝒏 𝒂

𝒅 𝒅𝒖ൗ DERIVATIVE OF COMMON

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒆 𝒅𝒙
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION.
𝒅𝒙 𝒖

𝒅 𝒅𝒖ൗ DERIVATIVE OF NATURAL

𝒍𝒏 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒙
LOGARITHMIC.
𝒅𝒙 𝒖
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DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
𝒅 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒖 𝒍𝒏 𝒂
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝒖 𝒖
𝒅𝒖
𝒆 =𝒆
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒖𝒗 = 𝒗𝒖𝒗−𝟏 + 𝒖𝒗 𝒍𝒏 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

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EXAMPLES:
Find the first derivative of the following:
a. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏)
b. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
c. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝟐
d. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
e. 𝒚 = 𝒆 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙
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 REFERENCE
Terano, H. J. R. (2015). CALCULUS 1: A Simplified Text in
Differential Calculus. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
THANK YOU!