PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 05 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each
and Section E contains three long questions of five marks each
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. A battery consists of a variable number ‘n’ of identical cells having internal resistances
connected in series. The terminals of battery are short circuited and the current i is measured.
Which of the graph below shows the relationship between i and n?

Ans: (d)
nE E
I  ⇒ current is independent of n
nr r

2. The correct arrangement of colours in the descending order of their wavelength is

(a) yellow, violet, green, orange.
(b) orange, yellow, green, violet.
(c) violet, green, yellow, orange.
(d) yellow, green, orange, violet.
Ans: (b) orange, yellow, green, violet.
The visible colors from shortest to longest wavelength are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange, and Red.

3. A positive charge enters in a magnetic field and travels parallel to but opposite the field. If
experiences

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 (a) an upward force. (b) a downward force.
(c) an accelerated force. (d) no force.
Ans: (d) no force
Since force F = qvB sin 180° = 0

4. If the net electric flux through a closed surface is zero, then we can infer
(a) no net charge is enclosed by the surface
(b) uniform electric field exists within the surface
(c) electric potential varies from point to point inside the surface
(d) charge is present inside the surface.
Ans: (a) no net charge is enclosed by the surface

5. If a ferromagnetic material is inserted in a current carrying solenoid, the magnetic field of

solenoid
(a) largely increases. (b) slightly increases.
(c) largely decreases. (d) slightly decreases.
Ans: (a) largely increases
Due to high permeability of the ferromagnetic material, magnetic field inside the solenoid is
largely increased.

6. A capacitor is charged by using a battery which is then disconnected. A dielectric slab is then
slipped between the plates, which results in
(a) reduction of charge on the plates and increase of potential difference across the plates.
(b) increase in the potential difference across the plate, reduction in stored energy, but no change
in the charge on the plates.
(c) decrease in the potential difference across the plates, reduction in the stored energy, but no
change in the charge on the plates.
(d) none of these
Ans: (c) decrease in the potential difference across the plates, reduction in the stored energy, but
no change in the charge on the plates.
Battery in disconnected so Q will be constant. As C ∝ K so with introduction of dielectric slab,
Q2
the capacitance will increase and using Q = CV, V will decrease. Using U = energy will
2C
decrease.

7. Two waves are said to be coherent if they have.

(a) same phase and different amplitude.
(b) different frequency phase and amplitude.
(c) same frequency but different amplitude.
(d) same frequency, phase and amplitude.
Ans: (d) same frequency, phase and amplitude.
Two waves are coherent if they have same frequency and constant phase difference but
amplitude may

8. An interference pattern is observed by Young’s double slit experiment. If now the separation
between coherent sources is halved and the distance of screen from coherent sources is doubled,
the new fringe width
(a) becomes double. (b) becomes one-fourth.
(c) remains the same. (d) becomes four times.
Ans: (d) becomes four times.
D 2  2 D
As   , '   4
d d
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9. An electric dipole
 of moment p is placed in the position of stable equilibrium in a uniform
electric field E . The couple required to rotate it through an angle θ the initial position is:
(a) –pE cos θ (b) pE tan θ (c) pE cos θ (d) pE sin θ
Ans: (a) –pE cos θ

10. If the ammeter in the given circuit shown in the diagram reads 2A, the resistance R is

(a) 1Ω (b) 2 Ω (c) 3 Ω (d) 4 Ω

Ans: (a) 1Ω
3 6
The equivalent resistance for resistors 3 and 6 is R 36   2Ω
36
and voltage across it = IR36 =2×2=4V.
Thus, voltage across R = 6 − 4 = 2V and as the current 2 A passes through R
So, R = V/I = 2/2 = 1 ohm.

11. A positive charge +Q is uniformly distributed along a circular ring of radius R. A small test
charge q is placed at the centre of ring, (see below Fig.). Then:

(a) If q > 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of ring, it will be pushed back
towards the centre.
(b) If q < 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of ring, it will never return to the
centre and will continue moving till it hits the ring.
(c) If q < 0, it will perform S.H.M. for small displacement along the axis.
(d) all the above
Ans: (d) all the above
At the centre of the ring, E = 0 when a positive charge q>0 is displaced away from the centre in
the plane of the ring, say to the right, force of repulsion on q, due to charge on right half

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 increases and due to charge on left half decreases. Therefore, charge q is pushed back towards
the centre. So, option (a) is correct. When charge q is negative (q < 0), force is of attraction.
Therefore, charge q displaced to the right continues moving to the right till it hits the ring. Along
the axis of the ring, at a distance r from the centre.
Qr
E
4 0 (r 2  a 2 )3/2
If charge q is negative (q<0), it will perform SHM for small displacement along the axis.

12. Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges –Q and +3Q respectively. They are
brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance d apart. The nature of the
Coulomb force between them is
(a) attractive (b) repulsive (c) both (a) and (b) (d) neutral
Ans: (b) repulsive
q  qB Q  3Q
Final charge on each ball =  A   Q
2 2
As both the balls have same nature of charges, hence nature of the Coulomb force is repulsive.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): Total flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface.
Reason (R): Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

14. Assertion (A): Coefficient of self induction of an inductor depends upon the rate of change of
current passing through it.
di
Reason (R): From e  L
dt
e 1
We can see that, L   L
 di   di 
   
 dt   dt 
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.
Self-inductance does not depend upon current flowing or change in current flowing but it
depends upon turns N, Area of cross-section (A), length of the coil and permeability of
medium(μ).
 N2 A
Coefficient of self induction is given by the relation: L  0
l

15. Assertion (A): The alternating current lags behind the emf by a phase angle of π/2, when AC
flows through an inductor.
Reason (R): The inductive reactance increases as the frequency of AC source decreases.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false because inductance reactance XL = 2πfL . So, higher the
frequency greater will be the inductive reactance.

16. Assertion (A): On heating ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic substances, they become

paramagnetic.
Reason (R): Both ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic are strongly attracted by the magnetic field.

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 Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.
On heating ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic substances, they become paramagnetic because the
electrons change their spin.
Ferrimagnetic substances are weakly attracted by the magnetic field.
Hence, the statement given in the reason is false.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Find the number of unique radiations that can be emitted for a sample of hydrogen atoms excited
to the nth level.
Ans: The first excited level is 2nd line.
From the 2nd level electron can go to level 1 ⇒ one radiation
3rd level electron can go to levels 1, 2 ⇒ three radiations
4th level electron can go to levels 1, 2, 3 ⇒ six radiations
nth level electron can go to levels 1, 2, 3, ...(n – 1)
n(n  1)
∴ Total number of radiations = 1 + 2 + ...... + (n – 1) =
2
OR
The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10–11 m. What are the radii
of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?
n 2 h 2 o
Ans: Radius of innermost electron, r 
 me2
h 2 o
For n = 1, r1  2
 5.3  1011 m
 me
For n = 2, r2  (2)2 r1  2.12  10 10 m
For n = 3, r3  (3)2 r1  4.77  10 10 m

18. How does one explain the emission of electrons from a photosensitive surface with the help of
Einstein’s photoelectric equation?
Ans: The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is given as K max  h  o
Since Kmax must be non-negative implies that photoelectric emission is possible only if h  o
o
or  f  o where, o 
h
This shows that the greater the work function o , higher the threshold frequency needed to emit

photoelectrons. Thus, there exists a threshold frequency o  o for the metal surface, below
h
which no photoelectric emission is possible.

19. A conducting rod of length 2 m is placed on a horizontal table in north-south direction. It carries
a current of 5 A from south to north. Find the direction and magnitude of the magnetic force
acting on the rod. Given that the Earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.6 × 10–4 T and angle of
dip is π/6
Ans:

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20. A parallel beam of light is incident on a thin lens as shown. The radius of curvature of both
surfaces is R. Determine the focal length of this system.

Ans:

21. Two slits are made one millimetre apart and the screen is placed one metre away. What is the
fringe separation when blue-green light of wavelength 500 nm is used?
Ans: Here, d = 1 mm = 1 × 10–3 m
D = 1 m,  = 500 nm = 5 × 10–7 m
 D 5 10 7 1
Fringe spacing,    3
 5 104 m  0.5mm
d 110

OR
What should be the width of each slit to obtain n maxima of double slit pattern within the central
maxima of single slit pattern?
n  2 2d
Ans:  n
d a a
where d is separation between slit and a width of slit.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. Explain giving reasons for the following:

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 (a) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases with the increase in the intensity of the incident
radiation.
(b) The stopping potential (V0) varies linearly with the frequency () of the incident radiation for
a given photosensitive surface with the slope remaining the same for different surfaces.
Ans: (a) The number of photoelectrons emitted, i.e., photoelectric current depends only upon its
intensity. The photo current is directly proportional to the number of photoelectrons emitted per
second. This implies that the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.

(b) The energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of the incident radiations. The
stopping potential is more negative for higher frequencies of incident radiation. From the figure,
stopping potentials are in order V03 > V02 > V01 if the frequencies are in the order of 3> 2 > 1.
This implies that greater the frequency of incident light, greater is the maximum kinetic energy
of the photoelectrons.

23. Draw ray diagrams to show how specially designed prisms make use of total internal reflection
to obtain inverted image of the object by deviating rays (i) through 90° and (ii) through 180°.
Ans: To deviate a ray of light through 180° : When the ray of light comes to meet the hypotenuse
face BC at right angles to it, it is refracted out of prism as such along the path RS. The path of
the ray of light has been turned through 180° due to two total internal reflections.

24. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto which
energy level the hydrogen atoms would be excited?
Ans: Here, ΔE = 12.5 eV

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 13.6
Energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is, En = eV
n2
In ground state, n = 1
E1 = –13.6 eV
Energy of an electron in the excited state after absorbing a photon of 12.5 eV energy will be
En = –13.6 + 12.5 = –1.1 eV
13.6 13.6
 n2    12.36  n  3.5
En 1.1
Here, state of electron cannot be in fraction.
So, n = 3 (2nd excited state).

25. How does an oscillating charge produce electromagnetic wave? Explain.

Draw a sketch showing the propagation of plane e.m. wave along the Z-direction, clearly
depicting the directions of oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors.
Ans: An oscillating or accelerated charge is supposed to be source of an electromagnetic wave.
An oscillating charge produces an oscillating electric field in space which further produces an
oscillating magnetic field which in turn is a source of electric field. These oscillating electric and
magnetic field hence, keep on regenerating each other and an electromagnetic wave is produced.
The e. m. wave propagates along z-axis.

For an e. m. wave propagating in Z-direction, electric field is directed along X-axis and magnetic
field is directed along Y-axis.
k  i  j

26. A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as shown in the figure. An electric field E exists in the
region such that the potential at a point is given by V = 10x + 5, where V is in volt and x is in m.

Find the (i) electric field E , and (ii) total electric flux through the cube.

 V  dV  d (10 x  5)
Ans: (i) Electric field, E     10i
r dx dx
(ii) Now the total electric flux through the cube,    E.ds
   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds
I II III IV V VI

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 = 0 + 0 + (+10)(20 × 10–2)2 + (–10)(20 × 10–2)2 + 0 + 0
=0
OR
The electric potential as a function of distance ‘x’ is shown in the figure. Draw a graph of the
electric field E as a function of x.

dV
Ans: Electric field, E   ...(i)
dx
For x = 0 to 1, V = kx
x = 1 to 2, V = k
x = 2 to 3, V = –kx
where k is some constant
So, using (i) the variation of electric field is shown in figure.

27. An inductor L of inductive reactance XL is connected in series with a bulb B and an ac source.
How would brightness of the bulb change when (i) number of turn in the inductor is reduced, (ii)
an iron rod is inserted in the inductor and (iii) a capacitor of reactance XC = XL is inserted in
series in the circuit. Justify your answer in each case.
Ans: Inductive reactance, XL = L

Impedance of the circuit, Z  X L 2  R 2   2 L2  R 2

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 (i) When the number of turns in an inductor coil decreases then its inductance L decreases. So,
the net impedance of the circuit decreases and current through the bulb (circuit) increases. Hence
brightness (I2R) of bulb increases.
(ii) When an iron rod is inserted in the inductor, then its inductance L increases. So, Z will
increase and current through the bulb will decrease. Hence, brightness of the bulb will decrease.
(iii) When a capacitor is connected in series in the circuit, so its impedance is is given by,
Z  ( X L  X C )2  R 2  Z  R ( X L  X C )
This is the case of resonance so maximum current will flow through the circuit. Hence brightness
of the bulb will increase.
OR
A source of ac voltage V = V0 sint is connected to a series combination of a resistor ‘R’ and a
capacitor ‘C’. Draw the phasor diagram and use it to obtain the expression for (i) impedance of
the circuit and (ii) phase angle.
Ans: (i) V =V0 sint ...(i)
  
From diagram, by parallelogram law of vector addition, VR  VC  V
Using pythagoras theorem, we get

Z = impedance.

(ii) The phase angle  between resultant voltage and current is given by

28. Explain briefly with the help of necessary diagrams, the forward and the reverse biasing of a p-n
junction diode. Also draw their characteristic curves in the two cases.
Ans: Forward biased characteristics: The circuit diagram for studying forward biased
characteristics is shown in the figure. Starting from a low value, forward bias voltage is
increased step by step (measured by voltmeter) and forward current is noted (by ammeter). A
graph is plotted between voltage and current. The curve so obtained is the forward characteristic
of the diode.
At the start when applied voltage is low, the current through the diode is almost zero. It is
because of the potential barrier, which opposes the applied voltage. Till the applied voltage
exceeds the potential barrier, the current increases very slowly with increase in applied voltage
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 (OA portion of the graph). With further increase in applied voltage, the current increases very
rapidly (AB portion of the graph), in this situation, the diode behaves like a conductor. The
forward voltage beyond which the current through the junction starts increasing rapidly with
voltage is called threshold or cut-in voltage. If line AB is extended back, it cuts the voltage axis
at potential barrier voltage.

Reverse biased characteristics: The circuit diagram for studying reverse biased characteristics
is shown in the figure.

In reverse biased, the applied voltage supports the flow of minority charge carriers across the
junction. So, a very small current flows across the junction due to minority charge carriers.
Motion of minority charge carriers is also supported by internal potential barrier, so all the
minority carriers cross over the junction. Therefore, the small reverse current remains almost
constant over a sufficiently long range of reverse bias, increasing very little with increasing
voltage (OC portion of the graph). This reverse current is voltage independent upto certain
voltage known as breakdown voltage and this voltage independent current is called reverse
saturation current.

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Induced Current: The steady current in the coil C2 as shown below produces a steady magnetic
field. As coil C2 is moved towards the coil C1, the galvanometer shows a deflection. This
indicates that electric current is induced in coil C1. When C2 is moved away, the galvanometer
shows a deflection again, but this time in the opposite direction. This deflection is based upon the
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
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 (i) On what factors does the magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux
depend? (1)
(ii) Suggest an alternative device to demonstrate the induced current in place of a galvanometer.
(1)
(iii) A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the centre of circular loop. If
the current through the wire increases, will there be an induced emf in the loop? Justify. (2)
OR
(iii) Write any two ways by which a large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer G. (2)
Ans: (i) The magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux depends on the rate
of change of magnetic flux with time through the circuit.
(ii) Galvanometer is replaced by a torch bulb. Now a relative motion between two coils or switch
on and off of the key glows the bulb and shows presence of induced current.
(iii) The magnetic lines of force due to current are parallel to the plane of the loop. So angle
between magnetic field and area vector is 90°. Hence, the flux linked with the loop is zero.
Hence, there will be no induced emf in the loop.
OR
(iii) To obtain large deflection in galvanometer we can take following steps:
 Connect the coil C2 to a powerful battery for large current.
 Switch on and off the key at a rapid rate.
 Develop a relative shift/motion between the two coils.
 Use a ferromagnetic material like iron inside the coil C2 to increase the magnetic flux.

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
 A
The capacity of a parallel plate air capacitor is C0  o . When air is replaced fully by an
d
A  A
insulating medium of dielectric constant K, its capacity becomes Cm   K 0  KC0 .
d d
0 A
When thickness of dielectric is t (< d), then the capacity is Cd  . For metals, K = ∞.
 1
d  t 1  
 k
 A
Therefore, when a metal plate of thickness t < d is introduced, the capacity becomes C '  0
d t

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 (i) When area of parallel plate air capacitor is halved and distance between the plates is doubled,
find value of n for which its capacity becomes n times. (1)
(ii) What is the Potential drop in a dielectric? (1)
(iii) A metal plate of thickness t = d/2 is introduced in between the plates of an air capacitor. Find
the increase in its capacity. (2)
OR
(iii) Find the new capacity, if very thin metal foil is introduced in between the plates of an air
capacitor of capacitance C. (2)

Ans:
0 A  A / 2 0 A 1 1
(i) As C0  , C0 '  0   C0  n 
d 2d 4d 4 4
(ii) When a dielectric is introduced between the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor, the
potential difference decreases by the value of the product of electric field strength × thickness,
which is the potential difference of the dielectric.
 A 0 A 2 A
(iii) C0 '  0   0  2C0
d t d  d / 2 d
Increase in capacity = C ' C0  2C0  C0  C0
Percentage increase in capacity = 100%
OR
(iii) When a thin metal foil is introduced in between the plates, we have two capacitors, each of
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
capacity 2 C joined in series. As        CS  C
CS C1 C1 2C 2C 2C C

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. State Huygen’s principle. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how this principle is used to
obtain the diffraction pattern by a single slit.
Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima become
weaker with increasing order (n) of the secondary maxima.
Ans: Principle: (i) Every point on a given wavefront may be regarded as a source of new
disturbance.
(ii) The new disturbances from each point spread out in all directions with the velocity of light
and are called the secondary wavelets.
(iii) The surface of tangency to the secondary wavelets in forward direction at any instant gives
the new position of the wavefront at that time.

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 Let us illustrate this principle by the following example:
Let AB shown in the fig. be the section of a wavefront in a homogeneous isotropic medium at t =
0. We have to find the position of the wavefront at time t using Huygens’ principle. Let v be the
velocity of light in the given medium.
(a) Take the number of points 1, 2, 3, … on the wavefront AB. These points are the sources of
secondary wavelets.
(b) At time t the radius of these secondary wavelets is vt. Taking each point as centre, draw
circles of radius vt.
(c) Draw a tangent A1B1 common to all these circles in the forward direction.
Propagation of wavefront from a point source:
When monochromatic light is made incident on a single slit, we get diffraction pattern on a
screen placed behind the slit. The diffraction pattern contains bright and dark bands, the intensity
of central band is maximum and goes on decreasing on both sides.

Let AB be a slit of width ‘a’ and a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on it.
According to Fresnel the diffraction pattern is the result of superposition of a large number of
waves, starting from different points of illuminated slit.
Let θ be the angle of diffraction for waves reaching at point P of screen and AN the
perpendicular dropped from A on wave diffracted from B.
The path difference between rays diffracted at points A and B,
D = BP – AP = BN
In ∆ANB , ∠ANB = 90° and ∆BAN = θ
∴ sin θ = BN/AB or BN = AB sin θ
As AB =width of slit = a
∴ Path difference, D = a sin θ ....(i)
To find the effect of all coherent waves at P, we have to sum up their contribution, each with a
different phase. This was done by Fresnel by rigorous calculations, but the main features may be
explained by simple arguments given below:
At the central point C of the screen, the angle θ is zero. Hence the waves starting from all points
of slit arrive in the same phase. This gives maximum intensity at the central point C. If point P
on screen is such that the path difference between rays starting from edges A and B is, then

path difference, a sin     sin  
a

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 
If angle θ is small, sin    
a

The intensity of secondary maxima decreases with increase of order n because with increasing n,
the contribution of slit decreases.
For n = 2, it is one-fifth, for n = 3, it is one-seventh and so on.
OR
Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an expression for
the total magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1×5 cm from the objective of
focal length 1× 25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at
the near point, estimate the magnifying power of the microscope.
Ans:

vo  D
Magnifying power of microscope, M   1  
uo  fe 

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32. Figure shows a plot of stopping potential (V0) with frequency () of incident radiation for two
photosensitive material M1 and M2.
Explain (i) why the slope of both the lines is same?
(ii) for which material emitted electrons have greater kinetic energy for the same frequency of
incident radiation?

V
Ans: (i) Slope of line = [ eV  h ]

h
Slope of line = ⇒ It is a constant quantity and does not depend on nature of metal surface.
e
(ii) Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron,
KE = eV0 = h – h0, ...(i)
For a given frequency V1 > V2 (from the graph)
So from equation (i), we get (KE)1 > (KE)2
Since the metal M1 has smaller threshold frequency i.e., smaller work function. It emits electrons
having a larger kinetic energy.
OR
(a) Using Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the
electron in the stationary states of the atom.
(b) If electron in the atom is replaced by a particle (muon) having the same charge but mass
about 200 times as that of the electron to form a muonic atom, how would (i) the radius and (ii)
the ground state energy of this be affected?
Ans: (a) According to Bohr’s postulates, in a hydrogen atom, as single electron revolves around
a nucleus of charge +e. For an electron moving with a uniform speed in a circular orbit of a given
radius, the centripetal force is provided by coulomb force of attraction between the electron and
the nucleus. The gravitational attraction may be neglected as the mass of electron and proton is
very small.
mv 2 ke 2  1  2 ke 2
So,  2  where, k    mv  ….. (i)
r r  4 o  r
Where, m = mass of electron, = radius of electronic orbit, v = velocity of electron
nh
Again, by Bohr’s second postulates, we have mvr 
2
nh
Where, n = 1, 2, 3...... or v 
2 mr

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 2
 nh  ke 2 n2h2
Putting the value of v in eq. (i), we get: m     r  ….. (ii)
 2 mr  r 4 2 kme 2
1 ke 2  mv 2 ke 2 
Kinetic energy of electron, Ek  mv 2    2 
2 2r  r r 
ke 2 4 2kme 2 2 2 k 2me 4
Using eq. (ii) we get Ek  . 
2 n2h2 n 2h 2
k (e )  (e ) ke 2
Potential energy of electron, E p   
e r
2 2
4 kme 4 k me 4
2 2
Using eq. (ii), we get E p  ke 2   
n2h2 n2h2
Hence, total energy of the electron in the nth orbit
4 2 k 2me 4 2 2 k 2 me 4 2 2 k 2 me4 13.6
E  E p  Ek   2 2
 2 2
 2 2
  2 eV
nh nh nh n
When the electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from higher energy level to the lower energy level,
the difference of energies of the two energy levels is emitted as a radiation of particular
wavelength. It is called a spectral line.
n 2 h 2 o 1
(b)  Radius, r  2
r
 me m
∴ when we increase the mass 200 times, the radius reduces to 200 times.
 me 4
(ii) Similarly, ground state energy for hydrogen, E  ⇒E∝m
8 o n 2 h 2
∴ when we increase the mass 200 times, the ground state energy also increases by a factor 200.

33. A small conducting sphere of radius ‘r’ carrying a charge +q is surrounded by a large concentric
conducting shell of radius R on which a charge +Q is placed. Using Gauss’s law derive the
expressions for the electric field at a point ‘x’
(a) between the sphere and the shell (r < x < R).
(b) outside the spherical shell.
Ans: (a) Consider a sphere of radius r with centre O surrounded by a large concentric conducting
shell of radius R.
To calculate the electric field intensity at any point P, where OP = x, imagine a Gaussian surface
with centre O and radius x, as shown in the figure.

The total electric flux through the Gaussian surface is given by   

 Eds  E  ds
 ds  E  4 x
2
Now,
  E  4 x 2 … (i)
Since the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is q, according to Gauss’s theorem,
q
 ...(ii)
o

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 q q
From (i) and (ii), we get E  4 x 2  E
o 4 o x 2
(b) (ii) To calculate the electric field intensity at any point P′, where point P′ lies outside the
spherical shell, imagine a Gaussian surface with centre O and radius x′, as shown in the figure

q Q qQ
According to Gauss’s theorem, E ' 4 x '2   E'
o 4 o x '2
As the charge always resides only on the outer surface of a conduction shell, the charge flows
essentially from the sphere to the shell when they are connected by a wire. It does not depend on
the magnitude and sign of charge Q.

OR
Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
Explain conditions for stable and unstable equilibrium.
Ans: Since net force on electric dipole in uniform electric field is zero, so no work is done in
moving the electric dipole in uniform electric field, however some work is done in rotating the
dipole against the torque acting on it. So, small work done in rotating the dipole by an angle dθ
in uniform electric field E is
dW = t dθ = pE sinθ dθ
Hence, net work done in rotating the dipole from angle θi to θf in uniform electric field is
f 
W   pE sin  d  pE[ cos  ] f
i i
or W = pE [–cosθf + cosθi] = pE [cosθi – cosθf]
If initially, the dipole is placed at an angle θi = 90° to the direction of electric field, and is then
rotated to the angle θf = θ, then net work done is
W = pE [cos90° – cosθ]
or W = – pE cosθ
This gives the work done in rotating the dipole through an angle q in uniform electric field,
which gets stored in it in the form of potential energy i.e.,
U = – pE cosθ
This gives potential energy stored in electric dipole of moment p when placed in uniform electric
field at an angle q with its direction.
(i) When θ = 0°, then Umin = –pE
So, potential energy of an electric dipole is minimum, when it is placed with its dipole moment p
parallel to the direction of electric field E and so it is called its most stable equilibrium position.
(ii) When θ = 180°, then Umax = + pE
So, potential energy of an electric dipole is maximum, when it is placed with its dipole moment p
anti parallel to the direction of electric field E and so it is called its most unstable equilibrium
position.

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