a Ising Model Complete Detailed Course on Thermal and Statistical Physics Pe eee ee aL?Sahin Sorifi € 3 Plus Educator | Unacademy 4 Years+ Teaching Experience ’ CSIR-NET JRF | GATE | WBSET B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Physics 1 ar \ PLUS Class timings 1] Detailed Course on Electromagnetic Theory] 7:30 A.M. - 9:30 A.M. | Monday, Wednesday and Friday 2] Detailed Course on Thermal and Statistical Physics | 7:30 A.M. - 9:30 A.M. | Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday r ~—xFiwF> soe ‘The Ising Model is @ mathematical model fhat doesn't correspond to G3 system. ( Ftwo po ROD Ws a huge (square) ta sites, where each site can be in one of two states. We label each site with an index i,and we call the two state(-Dan To say that the i'th site is in 1 the stat€-l ve write 0 = -1. ; ° C*),. OOOO Y Now, this definition is woefully abstract” ‘and =O gd Qv Od v unphysical, so it's extremely helpful to have an actual system in mind, so that we can refer to something @ OOOO eeicenad physical intuition. Q QO oO oO QO ee —4F! @@O0O00Here are a few physical systems that the Ising model might represent: eich cinabel Each site represents a particular ‘spin’ in the material and it's -1 if the Spin points down or +1 if the spin points up. Each of the spins acts like a mini magnet with its own mini magnetic moment; if all the spins are aligned, then the whole lattice of _spins behaves like a_big magnet with a net macroscopic magnetic moment. Y¥ qv’ ———— @ * “1 (An alloy; say, brass. Each of the sites is an atom in the lattice; -1 represents a copper atom at that site; +1 represents zinc. cus —i Zn 3+! A Flattce gas). Each of the sites is the possible location of a particle; -1 means that site is empty and +1 means that site is occupied by a particle. Oo @ =-t #1, F 1 A eal any Pe eG) GHA Tsing wrodel we = i = ene Va karo ¢ tim ahwm ae Bis wansine Pv PO ead eae 7 ae tacerachen egy Ay oes ants a aa a “ie purge FTN Dea ae Has tase agp BS a yi eae al eae ee ee ae te ss eas saawe fix bn 2- Hak ned 4 ve abk tae g rae lca sch 02 magmele sunephlithy, nC a1 spe POM co er abel a a arte a ; aT mT a ate sana PUES toad aaa onan =) ih Oe ae ee aantaean fH He caste Ae ae eae ae ee ae See is fd y, Ta skevgih fF Tsiry interachonand Han penk’Ren od a eo a? een) Pea OULD, vr, cay on Ee Lica Eee Taha aor Beare ON Ora PY ee eC rer etn S Mp BAS OA hea Tadd re 2c artnet 7 ww) | it ee poe a) UrtA+TS . 1 ae eat) py, os 2 — (U4 To ae \ 7 Avene te oes Pesta (A AA eee e an wooe Consider a system een PTD f two Ising spins S, and S, taking values £1 Wwith interaction energy given b O58.) shen it is in thermal equilibrium at temperature 7’. For large 7’, the average energy of the system varies asC/k,T , with C given by (a) -2J? -J? (©) J? @) 47ene 6, e=9 , a = = sr 4 al a nr Fe 7 _ z= ae 7 i 7 de> 7 7 | 2 Ace . al i 7 <——— 2 ee ula 22h +2e-PF ee ae ia) eT e—et nsee 20) - a 7 ied = opy > ca = & : can eSThe Hamiltonian for three Ising spin: Sy. S, and S;. taking valuesED)is Y H=-JS,(S,+S) ~— J Sos +5057) If the system is in equilibrium a{ temperature 7 . thé averag energ’ of the system. in terms of 2 =(K,T) "is 1+eosh(2A/) 5 -—— b) -2| 1+cosh(287 2Bsinh(2BJ) (b) -2y[1+eosh(27)] (c) -2/8 we sinh (28/7) 7 1+cosh(2BJ)6am aed St) Gwe, ys TS (S 4H) wm ace SCTE) ea ES S, Sa 3 ers ma +i aa =_y) eT a 41 aaa 2 7 i = i 44 = i ia Sa =e +1 ° E, Carre ib aes 2 ib i Si a2 =i ° ap Zs ae =e 27 as =. =) =2y- ay y) rn ea OE epee ag(ame ae @ (oe aS areas Pr (Coa a area Te Sa ee PER een ex DDI aaa) ara am) ia} eer nGLe nea aNdConsider three Ising spins at the vertices of a triangle which interact with each other with a ferromagnetic Ising interaction of strengti{ J) The partition function of the system at temperature T is given by | B= oy (c) 2e”! +603"! +30"! + 30°F (@) (2cosh BJ) +3e" +3 v2 ———> Hine H=-T Lay nbn an = -J(0 T4044an om a [eae ee) +a] tL] +n =37 — tfoan fat vi aT —1 | A cl ca onl al vy -1 |-t =i) a el = +) cal ne vi ee le a kha Pere ee 4+ Cae 3 5 Ts 6eans alan ie lieHow does a spin at one site influence a spin at another site? This is not a question of thermodynamics, but it’s an interesting and useful question in statistical mechanics. The answer is given through correlation functions. Consider an Ising model with spins s;= +1 on lattice sites i The figure below shows part of a square lattice, although the discussion holds for any Bravais lattice in any dimension. ese tadChoose a site at the center of the lattice and call it the origin, site 0. Your choice is quite arbitrary, because the lattice is infinite so anysite is at the center, Now choose another site and call it site / The product of these two spins is ei it if the spins point in the same direction =1 ifthe spins point in opposite directions. ‘What is the average of this product over all the configurations in the ensemble? In general, this will be a difficult quantity to find, but in certain special cases we can hold reasonable expectations. For example if the system is ferromagnetic, then at low temperatures we expect that nearest neighbor spins will mostly be pointing in the same direction, whereas the opposite holds if the system is antiferromagnetic. Thus we expect that, if site /is adjacent to site 0 feo) «7 for ferromagnetic systems at low temperatures past —1 for antiferromagnetic systems at low temperatures.CSIR-NET December 2018 The Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional Ising model of N spins (V large) is ; HSE oe. s am : 1 where the spin o, =+1 and J is a positive constant. At inverse temperature # = kr’ B the correlation function between the nearest neighbor spins (o,¢,,,) is BS e ps @a——_ (b) (e +e%) (c) tanh( BJ) (d)coth( BJ)