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Lecture 10 - XI - Motion in A Stright Line

The document discusses motion in a straight line, defining speed and velocity, explaining that velocity is a vector quantity while speed is a scalar. It also covers acceleration, describing it as the rate of change of velocity with time, and derives the three kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion using graphs and calculus methods. Concepts covered include instantaneous and average velocity/speed, positive and negative acceleration, and displacement-time graphs.

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Rahul Joseph Thomas
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36 views5 pages

Lecture 10 - XI - Motion in A Stright Line

The document discusses motion in a straight line, defining speed and velocity, explaining that velocity is a vector quantity while speed is a scalar. It also covers acceleration, describing it as the rate of change of velocity with time, and derives the three kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion using graphs and calculus methods. Concepts covered include instantaneous and average velocity/speed, positive and negative acceleration, and displacement-time graphs.

Uploaded by

Rahul Joseph Thomas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3- Motion in a straight line

Class: XI Subject: Physics

Lecture: 10
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Introduction

Speed:

 It is rate of change of distance covered by the body with respect to time.


 Speed = Distance travelled /time taken
 Speed is a scalar quantity.
Its unit is meter /sec
Dimensional formula of speed is [M0L1 T -1 ]
It is positive or zero but never negative.

Velocity:

 The rate of change of position of an object in a particular direction with respect to time is
called velocity. It is equal to the displacement covered by an object per unit time.
 Velocity =Displacement /Time
 Velocity is a vector quantity
SI unit is meter per sec.
Its dimensional formula is [M0L1 T -1 ].
It may be negative, positive or zero.
When a body moves in a straight line then the average speed and average velocity are equal.

Concept map
Content overview

 Instantaneous velocity and speed


 Acceleration
 Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion

Content description:

Link : https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/instantaneous-velocity-
and-speed/v/instantaneous-speed-and-velocity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QddL_pwEaiw

Instantaneous Velocity and Instantaneous Speed


Instantaneous velocity describes how fast an object is moving at different instants of time in a given
time interval. It is also defined as average velocity for an infinitely small time interval.

Here lim is taking operation of taking limit with time tending towards 0 or infinitely small.
dx/dt is differential coefficient – Rate of change of position with respect to time at an instant.

Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of velocity. Instantaneous speed at an instant is equal to the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at that instant.

Acceleration:
Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3SdZwMcWhA
Acceleration is rate of change of velocity with time. It is denoted by ‘a’ and the SI unit is m/s2.
Average acceleration is change of velocity over a time interval.

Here v1 and v2 are instantaneous velocities at time t1 and t2.


o Acceleration can be positive (increasing velocity) or negative (decreasing velocity).
o Instantaneous acceleration is acceleration at different instants of time. Acceleration at an instant
is slope of tangent to the v-t curve at that instant.
Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated Motion:
Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-Po0oIoveE

Let an object is moving with uniform acceleration


u = initial velocity of the object
v = final velocity of object
a = uniform acceleration
Let object reach point B after time (t) Now, from the graph

Slope= Acceleration(a)= change in velocity/time


Change in velocity = AB= v −u
Time = AD = t

a = v −u/ t
Solving this we get the first equation of motion:

v =u +a t
Consider an object starting with an initial velocity u and moving with uniform acceleration a.
Distance covered by the object at the given time t is given by the area of the trapezium ABDOE. Let
in the given time ‘t’, the displacement covered by the moving object ‘s’ is given by the area of a
trapezium, ABDOE

Displacement (s) = Area of ABD + Area of ADOE

=1/2 × AB× AD+ AE ×OE, AB= dc= at


= 1/2 at× t+ ut
Hence, the second equation of motion is:
s = u t + a t²
Third equation:
s = v+ u /2 x t
We want to eliminate time t from this equation.
To do this solve the first equation.
v = u + at
And get t = v-u/ a
s= x
2as = v2 – u2

Calculus method:
Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnFykw00HvE
Rate of change of velocity = acceleration.

Let v be the velocity and a is acceleration. Then mathematically

------------------------------------------------------

(2) Rate of displacement = velocity

Mathematically

----------------------------------------------------
To get third equation of motion
Assignment:
1. A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back by hitting it with a bat for a very short time
interval. Show the variation of its acceleration with time.
2. Can a body have a constant velocity and still have a varying speed?
3. Is it possible for a body to be accelerated without speeding up or slowing down? If so, give
an example.
4. Derive the equations of motion by calculus method.
5. The average velocity of a particle is equal to its instantaneous velocity. What is the nature of
its displacement-time graph?

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