PT INTRODUCTION Orifiew is a small opening, af any crosdewcutiny (one ws eFCULAE, Mian, fect eelin ete, pon thee sidoor of the Hotton tank son wh ffl a Mowing, A monihpiec oa shin Seng of pipe whieh is two to thiew tines Hs lhamiotey fy feng, filed HH tank: OF vessel Containing He Hid Orifices well ww mouthpieces are vee For menwuring the se flow a fd i? CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORIFICES 12 The ovtcos ve lnlied nthe buss a dele siz, shape, nature: OF lscharge wid shape He © psieam edge, The following are the important cheaienians 1 i 1, The orifices ne elie an ym orf or large orifice depending upon the sizeof aifes Pfc of tigi fom te een ot ts once he he of liq fom he vente foie mine i sual orifice, And iF the hea ot liquid fs ess in Inyo, ) nslfied ns (2) Clreular orifice, (i) ‘THlangular orlfiee, (Hl) Rectangular orifice tnd (iv) Square orifice depending upon thelr cross-sectional aren, + | 3. The orificen are claalied ax () Shusp-edged onfes and (Hf) Bell-mouthed rifles depending on the shape oF upatrenn edge of the orifices, 44: The orifices are classified ws (2) Pres dlacharging orifices and (11) Drowned or sub-merged orle s depending upon the nature of discharge, ‘The submerged! orifices ave further elossifed ws (a) Fully suhsmerged orifices and (b) Partially b-merged orifices, 1.3 FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE Consider u nk ited with w elulnr orifice i one of its ses wn shown In Pig, 71. Let be te heal fe Hquid above the eentre of the orifiee, ‘hs iquld flowing through the entice forms Jet of Nquld ‘Move arcu of cross-section Isles than that of orifice, ‘he are of Jt of Ful yoes on deereaning an at tion C-C; the area is sninlnum, ‘Thi section I approximately aw distance pf half of diameter of the ice, AL this weetion, the streamlines ave stnlght and parle! to ench other and perpendicular to the[318_Fluid Mechanics plane of the orifice. This section is called VEMA-conte; tit, Besend this section, the jet diverpes and is MActed jy the downward diteetion by the gravity Fig. 7.1, Point 1 is Consider two points and 2 as shown in i inside the tank and point 2 at the vena-contracta He the flow is Steady and ata constant head #1. Applying Bemoull's equation at Points 1 and 2, Vig. 71 Tank with wn orifice But Now Pe. =0 (atmospheric pressure) igs Net Smal in comparison tov» as area of tank is very large as compared to the area of the jet of liquid. Pe 7.1) locity. Actual velocity will be less than this value. This is theoretical v > 7.4 HYDRAULIC CO-EFFICIENTS The hydraulic co-efficients are 1. Co-efficient of velocity, C, 2. Co-efficient of contraction, C, efficient of discharge, C, nt of Velocity (C,). Iti defined as the ratio be ‘contracta and the theoretical tween the actual velocity of a velocity of jet. Iis a lenoted by C, and mathemati cally, C, is given as C, = Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta . Theoretical velocity S Soa where V= actual velocity, gi = Theoretical velocity a itt value of C, varies from 0.95 100.99 for different orifices, office and on the head under which flow takes place’ Generall sharp-edged orifices. (7.2) » depending on the shape, size of the Y the value of C, = 0.98 is taken forand Mouthpicces 3 AE Co-efficient of Contraction (Cy, 4, is defined ss the ratio of the area of the Zena-contractt to the atea or the orifice, lis demoed by Ce VENA. * CONTRACTA 73) 1 orifice The value of C, varies from 0.61 10 0.69 depending on shape and size of the orifice and head of id under whlch flow takes place. In general, the value of C, may be taken as 0.64, L Co: ient of Discharge (Cy), 11 is defined as the ratio of the actual discharge from an Drfice to the theoretical discharge from the orifiee, It is denoted by Cy. If Q is actual discharge and Qy, the theoretical discharge then mathematically, C; is given as C= 2a A Q, Theoretical velocity x Theoretic: velocity x Actual area area Theoretical velocity» Theoretical area Cy= Cx Cy (14) Alue of], varies from 0.61 to 0.65. For general purpose the value of C, is taken as 0.62, Problem 7.1} The head of water over an orifice of diameter 40 mm is 10 m. Find the actual dis- charge and aglual velocity of the jet at vena-contracta. Take Cy = 0.6 and C, = 0.98. Olutio®. Given : rea of the jet of 0) Head, H= 100m Dia. of orifice, 40 mm = 0.04 m + Area, = C08)? = 001256 m? Cy=06 C,=0.98 al velocity of a a Actual discharge _ 9 ¢ ind mathemati- ‘Theoretical discharge” But Theoretical discharge = Vj, x Area of orifice Viq= Theoretical velocity, where Vy = J2gH = J2XOBTXIO =14 mis 2 14 x 001256 = 0.01758 ™ 5 0.6 x Theoretical discharge = 0.6 x .01758 = 0.01054 m/s. Ans. (7.2) ape, size of the 98 fs taken for(320 Hid Mecha ye he eg ‘eoretiea yeocity 7 Oni : ‘cal vel © 0 7 He i ce iW p iy, ge (987 4° 1870 mls, An, the an Ia og Problemy 7.2 Te hl of water ver he HP ofa ice of lamer 20h Hs Fm The tg i sche teen the acti 1 ONS Hives 1 the cw effciens of discharge. ee Solution, Given Thea Dis. of one 9 0 an © 1 aod venice al Ara, ve "00 = OOM nh 4 From equaty He, Mel Actual discharge, = (85 lives © 0,085 my, Substituting 1 velocity, ye Yagil © JPRDBT ZA 4.409 mls “+ Theoretical dschange, Qy = Vy Aveo of orice = 449 OKIE 5 00139 mils . Aca divchargs —— doqgas Co eiciem of dicharge » 5m SAG), Ans, oeficint of discharge Fen dicks dnray © Ans EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CO-EFFICIENTS Determination of Co-efficient of Discharge (C,), The water is allowed to floy ti sori a 7 lank under a consanhead, 5 sho Yig.72.he ateriscoleied | But there ‘measuring tank for a ‘own time, 1, The heig erin the i i Actual discharge through orifice, Salt vatrine ims arsed do, Then and 1.5.3. Deten is determined f Problem 7.3 10.0, ace 4s 200cmand Solution. ¢ Mig.12. Veheof, Heat, ‘dt Horizontal ¢ = —L_ ae ay Pelt Vertical dist ATS) Se+m, The actual INTS lowed to flow Jers collected ed down. Then aring tank eaT5) a Orifices and Mouthpieces 321 7.5.2 Determination of Co-efficient of velocity (C,). Let C-C represents the ven: contracia of a jet of water coming out from an gyfice under constant head H as shown in Fig, 7.2 Consider a liquid particle which is at vena-contracta at any time and takes the position at P along the jet in time“. Let__= horizontal distance travelled by the particle in time * y= vertical distance between P and C-C V= actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta Then horizontal distance, x= Vx “ and von das, yay 7 From ein Substituting this value of * (7.6) ). The co-efficient of contraction (7.7) fice under a constant head of ‘co-ordinates measured from the vena-contracta 45200 om and 10.5 em respectively, Find th vale of C, Also find the vale of C. C= 060, Solution. Given : Head, Horizontal distance, Vertical distance,{322 Fluid Mechanics = A The value of C, is ¢ eon by equation (7.608 = 0.9759 = 0,976. Ans, The value of C, is C, 06 C0976 Probiem 7.4 The head of water over an orifice of diameter 100 mm is 10m. The water coming out from orifice is collected in a circular tank of didtneter 1.5 m, The rise of water level in this tank ig % 1.0 m in 25 seconds. Also the co-ordinates of 4 Point on the jet, measured from vena-contracta are | 4.3.m horizontal and 0.5 m vertical. Find the co-elficients, Cy, C, and C.. Solution. Given : 0.6147 = 0.615, Ans. Head, H=10m Dia. of orifice, d= 100 mm = 0.1 m +. Area of orifice, a= Fur = 0.007853 m? Dia. of measuring tank, D= 1.5m *. Area, A= Fay = 1.767 m? Rise of water, helm Time, 1 =25 seconds Horizontal distance, m Vertical distance, ys05m Now theoretical velocity, V,, = J2gH = /2x981x10 = 14.0 ms Theoretical discharge, Q,, = V,, x Area of orifice = 14.0 x 0.007854 = 0.1099 m/s Actual discharge, = A&h 176710 _ 9 prggg 7 5 2 _ 0.07068 a GQ=— = 0.643, Ans. 2 Bap) 7 06. Ans ‘The value of C, is given by equation (7.6) as x 3 Vor J4x05sxi0 ~ a . Cy _ 0643 C; is given by equation (7.7) as C, = £4 = 98 _ 9.669, Ans. is given by equation 7-7) 18 C, = Cha Se Problem 7.5 Water discharge at the rate of 98.2 litres/s through a 120 mm diameter vertical sharp-edged orifice placed under a constant head of 10 metres. A point, on the jet, measured from the vena-contracta of the jet has co-ordinates 4.5 metres horizontal and 0.54 metres vertical. Find the co-efficient C,, C, and Cy of the orifice.“er coming out in this tank is ccontracta are mis meter vertical sured from the tical, Find the i Orifices and Mouthpieces 323] Solution. Given Discharg Dia. of orifice, 2 liUs = 0.9932 mis d= 120mm =0.12 m Area of orifi Rie oa @= 70.127 = 01131 Head, H=10m Horizontal distance of a point on the jet from vens-c and vertical distance, y = 0.54 m Ys Vy = V2exH = JFK ORTRIO ‘ ve4Sm Now theoretical veloci 4.0 mis Theoretical discharge, Qj, = Vj, x Area of orifice = 14.0 x 0.01131 = 0.1583 ms ee Actual discharge ___@ _ 00982 The value of Cy is given by, Gy= =o 2 0B 062. Ans, erie Therein [achacgel 0.8 (0583 The value of C, is given by equation (7.6), x 45 "Vay Jax054 x10 The value of C, is given by equation (7.7) as “ 1.968. Ans, - .64. Ans, Problem 7.6 A 25 mm diameter nozzle discharges 0.76 m? of water per minute when the head is 60m. The diameter ofthe jet is 22.5 mm, Determine : (i) the values of co-efficients C. C, and Cy and (ii) the loss of head due to fluid resistance Solution. Given Dia. of nozzle, - D=25 mm =0.025 m Actual discharge, Quer = 0.76 m*/rninut Head, Dia. of jet, ( Vahues of co-efficienss : Co-efficient of contraction (C,) is given by, Area of jet ‘Area of nozzle Co-efficient of discharge (C,) is Actual discharge Cy = — Actual discharge _ ‘Theoretical discharge0.01267 ; ~ Theoretical Velocity x Area of nozzle 0.01267 0.01267 = tp rt 2 7x" D JIXTRTROO x © (0.025) v 4 4 = 0.752. Ans. Co-elficient of velocity (C,1 is given by. Cr. 975? 0.928. ans, Cc. OST (ii) Loss of head due to fluid resistance : Applying Bernoulli's equation at the outlet of nozzle and to the jet of water, we get es y2 mM Pa a7, + UNS ot head pe ps 28 Bi fe tmospheric pressure head Peps V, = ¥2gH , V2 = Actual velocity of jet = C, (2g (eH) _ (cen) 2g S++ Loss of head 28 H=C?x H + Loss of head p\s of head =H-C?xH= H.-C?) 0(1 — 0.9287) = 60 x 0.1388 = 8.328 m. Ans, 7.7 A pipe, 100 mm in diameter, has a nozzle attached to it at the discharge end, the HMiandler of the nozzle is 50 mm. The rate of discharge of water through the nozzle is 20 litres/s and the Pressure at the base of the nozzle is 5.886 N/om?. Calculate the co-efficient of discharge. Assume that the base of the nozzle and outlet of the nozzle are at the same elevation. Solution, Given : Dia. of pipe, D=100mm=0.1m eS Z (0? = .007854 m? Dia. of nozzle, d= 50 mm = 0.05 m ” Ay = ~ (05)? = 001963 m? 4 BASE OF NOZZLE Actual discharge, Q = 20 liv/s = 0.02 m/s Py = 5.886 Nicm® Fig. 7. Pressure at the base, _p, = 5.886 Nlem? = 5.886 x 10 pat m From continuity equation, A,V = A,V> or 007854 V, = .001963 V,OO1963V, yy, “007854 > where V, and Vy are theoretical velocity at sections (1) and (2). Applying Bernoulli's equation at sections (1) anal (2), We gel But Py Me Ps 28 + (4) : 1 5886x10" 4) 9 Me { P2 = Atmospheric pressure =0 1000x981 2g 2¢ Pg J 2gx16 2g ; 1 We fis so [I-s] = 6.0 o 2 2] -60 o dl * 38 [E 16 Va= J60x2x981x—~ = 11.205 misee ++ Theoretical discharge = V, x Ay = 11.205 x .001963 = 0.022 m/s Actual discharge __0.02 c Theoretical discharge 0.022 = 0.909. Ans, Problem 7.8 A tank has two identical orifices on one ofits vertical sides. The upper orifice is 3 m below the water surface and lower one is 5'm below the water surface. If the value of C, for each orifice is 0.96, find the point of intersection of the two jets, Solution. Given : Height of water from orifice (1), Hy = 3m From orifice (2), H,=Sm C, for both = 0.96 Let P is the point of intersection of the two jets coming from orifices (1) and (2), such that x= horizontal distance of P ertical distance of P from orifice (2) Then M1 =Y2+(S-3)=y)4+2m The value of C, is given by equation (7.6) as[320 Vid Moctianten | \ thy Yaw vnnition OD). i, Vivi vai u u i) Van nities). \ vin V a0 Ax Hutte the onitiees ane ftentical Gy ee, ww ow My) Avy Yay SM fly S80) Hw Wey dad : Nyy 2 MOV ayy dye 0.0 yew y Yom (i. Gy® - vay S \ or 0.90 , VIS MONDO w\) Ve 090 X FIN MON SO S296 me Anse rablom 7.9 A closed vessel contains warer upto a height of 1.5 m and over the water suiface there XE att having pressure 2848 Neo" (OS kylie’) above cumospheriec pressure, At the bottom of the reasel there is an orifice ef diameter 100 mm, Bind the rate ef flow af water from orifice. Take Cy = 06, “Solution, Given : Dia, of orifice, d= 100mm Ot m +206 er, Hels P= TS8A8 Néom? © 7.848 & 10" Nan? N at sections (1) (water surfince) and Height of w: Air pressure, Applying Bemoulli's equi (2), we get PM a eB Ps 28 Ps 28 ‘Taking datum line passing through (2) which is ver bottom surface of the tank. Then 2; = 0, ry close to the spe 1S m Also 22 20 (atmosph py ie pressure) PL 2848 x 10" and ae ea = 8 mof water vi : 840415 204 ag (Vis negligibte) ve , 9.5 2 “ 2y‘ SOBIXOS = of flow of water = C, x ay x Vy = 06x $ (ap? x 13.652 ms = 0.0643 ms, Ans. probiem 7.10 A closed tank partially filled with water upto @ height of 0.9 m having an orifice of diameter 15 mm at the bottom of the tank. The air is pumped into the upper part of the tank. Determine e required for a discharge of 1.5 litres/s through the orifice. Take Cy = 0.62. 0. Given : Height of water above orifice, H = 0.9 m Dia. of orifice, d= 15 mm=0015 m 1.001767 m? Area, Discharge, Q = 1.5 litres/s = 0015 m/s Cy = 0.62 Let p is intensity of pressure required above water surface in N/em” “ ‘Then pressure head of airs 2. = —2%10"__ 10p pg 1000x981 If Vp is the velocity at outlet of orifice, then V,=,[2e{ #+2] = px sei( 9+ 10P) be 981 Discharge Q=C,xax 2e(H* pips) .0015 = 0.6 x .0001767 x J2*9.81(0.9+ p/pa) ) 0015 0:6 x.0001767 = 14.148 x 14.148, 931 m of water. = 14.148 or : Op _ 14148x14148 99 _ : : OP oe Te -09 = 10202-09 =9.302 s e Se 8 = 9.125 N/em?, Ans. capa ow THROUGH LARGE ORIFICES Ete head of Liquid is les than 5 times the depth of thearifice, the orifice is called large orifice. In cae of small orifice, the velocity in the entire cross;se@Tion of the jet is considered to be constant and28 _ Plaid Mechanien 2 | ee srectanit"lMe Orifieg, Consider a hinge relink tg 6.1 isetoge Theo bane cy a altoyphere ander eanstant heal shove inv oe side et stan ige Taga HY a eto edge of oritive “he Faye igh gl abowe OP ne a on Holgi of guid above balm edge of orifice = veal. of oritice dl depth of orifice & HE cveticiem of ise — ee Maal aepIh “dint a depth of “H° below the free surface of the Ny ligt nthe tank as stn Fs 7.7) ae ‘ 4 Ifthe water lev orice Tae Solution. ¢ Wiath of Depth af i | i i J » eexrererecansazal (0) Pig. 7.7 Large rectangular or Discharge, Area of strip =D x dt and theoreti yy of water through strip = yeh Discharge through elementary strip is given dQ = C, x Area of strip x Velocity Cuxbx dh x sf2gh = Cyb x Fgh dh By integrating the above equation between the limits H, and H,, the total discharge through the whole orifice is obtained | » 7-7 DISCHARGE THROUGH FULLY SUB-MERGED ORIFICE Fully sub-merged orifice is ane which has 8 Whole of the outlet 8 side sub-merged under liquid so that it discharges Jet of Hiquid into the + the i Tiquid ofthe same kind. Wis also called totally drowned oifiee, Fig, 7.8 the ft shows the fully sub-merged orifice. Consider (Wo points (1) and (2), Dy ay point 1 being in the reservoir on the upst n side of the orifice and i point 2 being at the vena-contracta as shown in Fig. 7.8. __. bcerecerern 4 Bf Lot Hy = Height of water above the top of the orifice on ye 78 Filly snbomerged orifice, the upstream side, H, = Height of water above the bottom of the orifice, H = Ditference in water level, b = Width of orifice, Co-etticient of discharge. Height of water above the centre of orifice on upstream side, eye tact Ms 2 2 Height of water above the centre of orifice on downstream side Hy +H, stn Bernoulli's equation at (1) and (2), we get Puy Mm ME pe 28” oe 2g (asad nee = +H “i and V; is nogligible ae z V; is negligibi * Va= Jet ‘Area of orifice =Dx(Hy- Hy) Discharge through orifice = C,x Area x Velocity = C)xb (thy) x (iat Q=Cyxb (Hy - Hx Je. (7.9) Weigh Hsin Y Discharge or Problem 7.1 diference of Solution. Width of ¢ Depth of o Difference Discharge > 7.8 DISCI Partially su partially sub-r known asp sub-merged as an orifice d parially sub free and the s Discharge equation (7.9rerged orifice, 7.9) a a ex ——$—$—— Orifices and Mouthpieces 331 problem 7.44 Find rhe discharge throngh a fis sub-mersed orifice of widih 2." if the difference af water levels on both sides of the artice be 50 em. The hetght af water from tap and bottom ofthe 5m aund 2.75 m respectively. Take C6 orifice are Solution. Given Width of orifice. Kean Difference of water level, He soem 205m Height of water from top of orifice. 4, Height of water from bottom of orifice, #1, C)= 06 Discharge through fully sub-merged orifice is given by equation (7.9) O= Cx bx (Hy Hy) x N28 0.6 x 2.0 x (2.75 = 2.5) x y2XOBTXOS ms 0.9396 mis, Ans. Problem 7.15 Find she discharge through a totaly drowned orifice 2.0 m wide and I m deep, ifthe difference of water levels on both the sides of the orifice be 3 m. Take Cy = 0.62. Solution. Given : 25m or Width of orifice, b=20m Depth of orifice, d=im Difference of water level on both the sides H=3m y= 0.62 Discharge through orifice is Q = C, x Area x /2¢H = 0.62x bx dx 2g = 0.62 x 2.0 10x J2X9BIXS mis SHARGE THROUGH PARTIALLY SUB-MERGED ORIFICE .513 m/s, Ans. sub-merged orifice is one which has its outlet side werged under liquid as shown in Fig. 7.9. tis also fwn as partially drowned orifice. Thus the partially b-merged orifice has two portions. The upper portion behaves As an orifice discharging free while the Jower portion behaves as a sub-merged-orifice. Only a large orifice can behave as a, partialiy-sub-merged orifice. The total discharge Q through partially Sub-merged orifice is equal to the discharges through free and the sub-merged pot Fig. 7.9 Partially sub-merged Discharge through the sub-merged portion is given by orifice. equation (7.9) Q, = C) Xb (Hy ~ Hx JF—H2_ Fluid Mechani on by equation (7.8) as Discharge throw ash the free portion f Qe ZGUPNN = 0,40 Cee ae -1)x Sigil +2 Cx bx P28 (Hg? = PP}. 7105 Problem 7.18 A rectangular orifice of 2 width and 13m deep is fitted in one side of a large ice iv 3 : sdye of the orifice, while on the ute of the ovifice i 3 m above the top edge of t 1 ae 5 m below is top edge. Calculate the discharge through wis? — HI Vota discharge tank, The water leve other side of the orifice, the water le the orifice if Cy = 0.64 Solution. Given : Width of orifice, b= 2m Depth of orifice, d= 1.2 m Hele fof water from top edge of orifice, My = 3m Difference of water level on both sides, H = 3+ 0.5 = 3.5 m Height of water from the bottom edge of orifice, Hy =H, +d=3+1.2=4.2m wartially sub-merged. The discharge through sub-merged portion, Q) = CyX bX (Hy- H) x [23H 164 x 2.0 x (4.2-3.5) x J2XIBIXSS ‘The discharge through free portion is Cy x bx JFg HE? — HE") The orifice is p 7.4249 m'/s 0.64 x 2.0.x Y2XOBI [3.5% - 3.0°7] 779 [6.5479 — 5.1961] = 5.108 m/s <-~Total discharge through the orifice is a - Q=Q, +, = 7.4249 + 5.108 = 12.5329 m/s, Ans. z Va a Vink containing some liquid upto a height of H. Let an orifice is fitted at the bottom of ‘he tank, AL is required to find the time for the liquid surface to fall from the height H, to a height Hy. Let A = Area of the tank Area of the orifice Hy = Initial height of the liquid Hy = Final height of the liquid T = Time in seconds for the liquid to fall from H, to Hy. Let at any time, the height of liquid from orifice is h and let the | OF EMPTYING A TANK THROUGH AN ORIFICE AT ITS BOTTOM liquid surface fall by a small height dh in time d7. Then Volume of liquid leaving the tank in time, d7 = A x dh Also the theoretical velocity through orifice, V= /2gh Noemie ig. 23.)BE] TA lite of a large ‘while on the through OM the bottom of >a height H. dQ =C, x Area of oritice x Theoretical velocity =C;.a through orifice in time intervat Cra. gh aT the tank tw the volume of liqui As the volume of liquid dd flowing through ori time dT. we have equal av increase of time. head or 2h dT ord = 7 igh AG dh = Cy.a. gh in orifice decreases — ve sign is inserted because with = Adh =C,.@ By integrating the above equation between the Tims Hand Ha, the coral Gms. Tis obtained 2s or For emptying the tank completely. ff 2am Problem 7.17. a circular tank of diameter 4 m contains water upto a height of 3 m. The ranks provided with an orifice of diameter 0.5 m a the bottom. Find the time taken by water (i) to fll from Sm to 2 m (i) for completely emptying the tank. Take Cz = 0.6. Solution. Given : Dia. of tank, D=4m asi = 12.566 m? d=05m z 2 = © (5)°=0.1963 m? aay Initial height of water, Hy =Sm Final height of water, () First Case. When Hy Using equation (7.11). we haveNSS a 334 Fluid Mechanics econds Second Case. When H, = 0 2A 212.566 x V5 , 1963 x J2x 981 Gy.a = 107.7 seconds. Ans, Problem 7.18 A circular tank of diameter 1.25 m contains Water upto a height of 5m. An orifice of 50 min diameter is provided at its bottom. If Cy = 0.62, find the height of water above the orifice after 1.5 minutes, Solution. Given : Dia. of tank, D=125m Area, As fa 25)? = 1.227 m? Dia. of orifice, d=50mm=.05 m Area, a= fi (05)? = .001963 m2 Cz = 0.62 Initial height of water, Hy = 5m Time in seconds, T=1.5 x 60 = 90 seconds Let the height of water after 90 seconds = H,, 24[ Ji, - JH, Using equation (7.11), we have T= zal - Jie] Cy.a. 2g or oo = —2*1227|V5- Ji] = 455.215 [2.236- J, ] 0.62 x 0.001963 x 2x 981 90 VA, = 2.236 - = 236 - 0.1977 = 2.0383 7 S~ S518 H, = 2.0383 x 2.0383 = 4.154 m. Ans.cc of (ii) Internal mouthpiece depen: ¢ classified as (i) Extemal mouthpice’ sition with respect (0 the tank pr vowel to WHICTT they are Tite SouIpIece OF THT CONVE pes. full or (ii) Mouthpieces running free. uthpiece. This classification is only for fe ups th eae FROUTTpiece are CTassiTied as (iy CylmmgnCaT (iy Convergentdivergent mouthpiece depending upon thet ha se The mouthpieces are classified as (i) Mouthpieces runt pending upon the nature of discharge at the outlet of the m0" er gids which ane known Boras Re etn moutpiess, A mouthpiece ss be aa Hage i the jet of liquid after contraction does uot touch the sides of the mouthpiece. But if the re contraction expands and fills the whole mouthpiece itis known as running full ent mouthpiece or run K mouthpiece is a short length of a pipe which is two or three ‘mes its diameter in length. If this pipe is fitted externally to the ace, the mouthpiece is called external cylindrical mouthpiece and the discharge through orifice increases. : » ‘Consider a tank having an external cylindrical mouthpiece of re cross-sectional area aj, altached to one of its sides as shown in oflength 8 m Fig. 7.13. The jet of liquid entering the mouthpiece contracts to form Gea rund the ‘a vena-contracta at a section C-C. Beyond this section, the jet again expands and fill the mouthpiece completely : : Let. H= Height of liquid above the centre of mouthpiece Fie: 79 External cylindrical vy, = Velocity of liquid at C-C section mouthpieces. 2, = Area of flow at vena-contracta y= Velocity of liquid at outlet a, = Area of mouthpiece at outlet C. = Covefficient of contraction. Applying continuity equation at C-C and (1)-(1), we get But 4. = ¢, = Co-efficient of contraction Taking C_= 0.62, we get £<. = 0.62 - : eae 24) “The jet of quid from section C-C suddenly enlarges at section (1)-(1). Due to sudden enlargement, there will be 4 toss of head, hy* which is given as hy = C= ¥~ 2g + Please refer An. 11.4.1 for loss of head due to sudden enlargement,062 ] hence hy, = 5 ay pe 2e 18 negligible, almospheric pressure = (0 +0204 2g 2g * He 1375 Theoretical velocity of liquid at outlet is vy = giT Co-efficient of velocity for mouthpiece Actual velocity _ 0.855 Jef _ ay ‘Theoretical velocity fagey = 9855. C fh matt of Ca for mouthpiece is more than the value of a for orifice, and so discharge mouthpiece will be more, Nem 7.24. Find the discharge from a 100 mm diameter external mouthpiece, futed 10 a side of Selena! ifthe head over the mouthpiece is 4 menren Solution. Given Dia. of mouthpiece = 100 m= 0.1 m + Area, F00.1) = 0.007854 m? Head, H=40m Ce for mouthpiece 855 * Discharge = CyX Area x Velocity = 0.855 x a x 2g 855 x 007854 x J2X9BIX40 = .05948 ms. Ans. Problem 7.25 An extemal {lindrical mouthpiece of diameter 150 mm is discharging water under a Constant head of 6 m. Determine the discharge and absolute pressure head of water at vena-contracta, Take C, = 0.855 and C, for *ena-contracta = 0,62. Atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m of waterOritices and Mouthpieens 94% golution. Given Jia, oF mouthpiece, de 180 m= O15 em ve Area we 115)! = OorT67 a Head, He o.0m Cy 0855 C,al_venieeontracta = 0,02 Aumospheric pressure head, Hh, © 10.4 m Cy 4a % faqll OBS OL1GT x JZADBI ZOD = WS039 m0"Ihs Av Pressure Head at Vena-contracta Applying Bernoulli's equation at A and C-C, we get fae oh + e 2 pe 28 But Pb thy ey = 0, 7 mF % yt Uy W402 Pog Mee I, 4 pa 2g ag Vig. TM4 y M2 Wy Ho But 2 xhenjtH-tex J aggeteen Baca rr But He 1375 8.3 DISCHARGE OV a rectangular NOtch OF weir is the same charge over a recta © expression for discharg. NAPPE NAPPE — “oy 7A (©) SECTION ar CREST: St SECTION (2) RECTANGULAR NOTCH (©) RECTANGULAR WEIR Fig. 81 Rectangular notch and weir, Consider a rectangular notch or weir provided in a chan: nel carrying water as shown in Fig. 8.1, Let 11 = Head of water over the crest Length of the notch or weir For finding the discharge of water owing over the weir or notch, pousider an elementary horizontal REP Of water of thickness dh and Tength L at a depth h from the Free surface of water as shown in Fig. 8.1(0), The area of stri =Lx dh and theoretical velo, city of water flowing through strip = Fgh The discharge do, through strip is 4Q= Cex Area of stip x Theoretical vel locity =Cyx Lxdhx \2gh ~~) where C, = Co-efficient of discharge, ae discharg + 2, forthe whole hotch or weir is determined by integrating equation @ between 4 = _ 12 TIE ays Veh .dh=c XLx 3g [" 1? ay “ 1 W261 ne Carex fig] MO ax x fe pt lo (8.1) Proble . éoneians head over the notch Water flowing over a rectangular notch of 2 m length when the Solution, Given 1 "Hi 300 mm Take Cy = 0.60. Length of the Notch, L=20m eeHeal over note! x i otch, 300 m = 0.30 m Discharge, 06 x20 JTRIAT x 10.301"% m8 SHAS 0.1643 = 0.582 MVS. MTS. Tengilt 6m t0 be crermine the height of a rectangular weit ef upstream sie af the weir is 1 Iuilt across a rectan- 8 mand discharge is Rannel. The maximum depth of water on th 00 litres/s. Take Cy = 0.6 and neglect end contractions. Solution. Given : Length of weir, Depth of water, Discharge. Cy = 06 Let His height of water above the erest of weir, and Ifa 5 height of Wé The icchange over the weir is given by the equation (81) 38 2 eux? we 0.6 x6.0x Y2R98I XH? or =. Height of weir, Depth of water on upstream side — 8 — 328 = 1.472 m. Ans. ser a rectangular notch is 900 mm, The discharge is 300 litres/s. wm 8.3. The head of water ov Probie: re notch, when Cy = 0.62. Find the length of the Solution. Given > Head over notch, Discharge, Let length of notch Using equation (8.1), we have Q 3 x Cy xb xofg x HEPOST x (0.9)? g3 x Lx 0.8538 03 = ag 7192 m= 192 mm. ins 183x 8538 OVER A TRIANGULAR NOTCH on wep os n for the discharge over a triangula + head of water above the V- notch aL angle of notch Consider a horizontal as shown in Fi From Fig. a we have @_ac__ AC yn aTa (H=h) Ao — 8 | at AC=(H~H) tan es 2 oe (e) Width of suip TABS 24C=2 CH — i tan S Area of strip = 2M an x dh The theoretical velocin Y of water through strip = gh Discharge, through the strip, 40 = Cyx Area of strip x Velocity (theoretical) = 2 Ht tan S sah =2Cy(H— hy) tan 3 x \2gh x dh + Total discharge, # a= 2a ~ 1) an Sx gh x dh - 8 Bt =Car tan x 186 | (H—h? ah =2x Cy x tan Sx ve [" (Hn — 13%) an lo 32 sn yt “2% Cat 55] | 3/2572], AE Notch oF Weir is the same. It is di Fig. 83 The triangular lerived as = stip of water of thickness “dl ata depth off from the free surface of water Rotch, 4 {E Notches andl Viens 9% 2 yt =H 4 a”) 0 wn 8 di iL dea| ; ax Cum By fo X Cran x fon For rightangled V-noteh, if Cy = 0.6 0 0290" tm al ns ec 8 xp a4 Discharge, Qe 7g 06% 1x nF IE , = 14i7n”, Problem 8.4 rarge over a triangular notch of angle ou’ when the head over the Venotch is 0.3 m. Assume Cy = 0.6. Solution. Given : Angle of V-notch, 0 200" Head over notch, H 203m Cy = 06 Discharge. Q over a V-notch is given by equation (6,2) o Bxcyxun 3% ag x - 0" a x06 un Da PATH % 03)? = 0,8182 x 0.0493 = 0.040 m¥/s. Ans. /#roblem 8.5 Water flows over a rectangular weir | m wide at a depth of 150 mm and afterwards passes through a triangular right-angled weir. Takings Cu for the rectangular and triangular weir as pe and 0.59 respectively, find the depth over she triangular weir. Solution. Given: For rectangular weir, length, L =1m Hf 2150 mm =0.15 m Cy = 0.62 0 =90" Depth of water, For triangular weiry360 Fluid Mechanics ~ x CX EX BG x pp 2 x 0.62% 1.0 x JaxoRT x (15)? ms = 0.10635 m/s 3 through the tiangtl2r Tightangtod wei Bur discharge, Qi given 7 The same discharge passes 8. jangular weir as equation (8.2) for a triangu o= 2 xc,xtan 2x Jie x yar 1S 90' 0.10635 = = SIRI XP HL ge 90° and H = H,) X5OX1 4.429 x 17,52 = 1 3036 A? 15 1,52 = 910635 _ 9.97631 13936 5 Ay = (07631)* = 0.3572 m, Ans, Problem 8.5A Water flows through a triangular right-angled weir first and then over a rectangy. lar weir of ! m width. The discharge co-efficients of the triangular and rectangular weirs are 0.6 and 8.7 respectively. If the depth of water over the triangular weir is 360 mm, find the depth of water over the rectangular weir Solution. Given For triangular weir 0°, Cy= 0.6, = 360 mm = 0.36 m For rectangular weir: =1m,C,=07,H=9 ‘The discharge fora triangular weir 'S given by equation (8.2) as Q= = * Cartan Sx fig x 12 1102 ms _ he same discharge ig Passing through the rectangular weir, Nut discharge for a rectangular weir is Bven by equation (8.1) ae *CyxLx J2g x HB? an °r Outo2 = 3 X07 x1 x J2KORT x HP? = 2.067 or Ht. 01102 9 595 2.067 4 (0.0533)? = 0.1415 m= 141.5 mm. Ans. eex rectangu- are 0.6 and “water over v2 m/s gular weir is ses_361] 0 lives per second, which Jaen 8 A rectangular channel 20m wige nana discerse of 2 wide has a m pasured by right-angled V-notch weir, Bind ec regen of te pee te mote JOM the be of i te posite! te pannel if muaxinuan depth of water is no jn. Take Seo ee ee . Width of rectangular channel, Z. = 20m Discharge. Q = 250 livs = 0,25. ms Depth of water in channel = 13m Let the height of water over Venoteh = 17 The rate of low through V-notch is given by equation (8 0 g xan Dyas xt where Cy = 0.62, 0 = 90° 90" ie x oa YET 8 or - 62x 4a29 x LP 25x15 Bx. x449 fe H = (17078 = (1707) = 0.493 m Position of apex of the note from the bed of ehannel depth of water in channel-height of water over V-notch A triangular notch or weir is preferred toa rectangular weir or notch de (¢ following reasons : crn expression for discharge fora right-angled V-notch or weit is very simple. oe eepruring low discharge, a triangular notch gives more accurate results chan & rectangular 0.1707 or OVER RECTANGULAR notch. ch case of tiangular notch, only one reading, ke His required forthe computation of discharge. 9 ofa tjangular notch is not necessary. aGé OVER A TRAPEZOIDAL NOTCH OR WEIR ‘As shown in Fig. 8.4, a trapezoidal notch or weit is @ combination of a rectangular and triangular notch or weir. Thus the total discharge will be equal to the sum of discharge through a rectangular weir or notch and discharge through a triangular notch or weit. Let H = Height of water over the notch L = Length of the crest of the notch Brace Fig. 84 The trapezoidal notch.ar portion ABCD of hat portion [EAD and BCE] rae poston HCD is given by (8.1) arp y y = Covetfcien of dies weed G,, = Govetticient of disekaes dough Ft x Cy EX We xe ar notclt’S FDA and BCE is equal to the diseh: avo triangle nd BC ro ait 2008 DY Cation (8.2 through a gle triangular notch of ang! ; ye Ayq, sums x fig cH? Ons 2 Jal notch oF Weit FDCE, =Q40: Abrough trapezoid 8 Cbs SPP ES Cy xctan 02 Fg x HE? Find the discharge tno @ rapezoidal notch which is 1 m wide at the top and marti om ands 30cm in ght The head of water onthe notch i 20cm. Assume Cs for Nrangular portion = 0.62 while for triangular portion = 0.60, Solution. Given : Top width, AE= 1m Base width, @=L=04m Head of water, H=020m For rectangular portion, Cy For tiangular portion, From AABC. we have tan 03 Dischi fn a 'scharge through, trapezoidal notch is given by equation (8.4) 2 a, Q=5 Cy xLx Be xi Caoctan Sx Bg x He? 2 54X02 X04 x PERDST x 2)" + S x 60% 1x (RTA x0" = 0.06549 + 0.02535 = 0.09084 m'/s = 90.84 litres/s, Ans. j > 87 DISCHARGE OVER A STEPPED NOTCH | A stepped eaual othe a isa Combination Of rectangular notches, The discharge through stepped notch is Im of the discharges through the different rectangular notches, (eam UT IteConsider a stepped noth as shown in 7 B86, iy \ Let = Height of water above the ere ofnowh th | i) rm Ly = Length of noteh 1, | a ee Ly and Hy Ly are eorresponding Values for notches Tew... \ ively. pipet ae Cy = Co-elficient of discharge for all notches It : : Total discharge @ = Q, +0, +0, I ‘ 7 : ae iy, 6 ‘The epped nuted on QS XC XU, x JIE [nH uy”) a ex HM, (8,5) #5 CoN la x BHU! In 2 Cys x vn x Ih Problem 8.8. Fj section = 0.62. Solution. Given : om 1, = 40cm, Ly = 80 em, Soy te gam habig f Ly = 120m E I | em H, = 50+ 30+ 15 = 95cm, IOs le Hy = 80 cm, H, = 50 cm, ito ee Cy = 0.62 — 120 cm — Total discharge, Q = Q; + Q, + Q, where O)= 2 x Cyr x Je (HP? Hy) X 0.62 x40 x J2xOBT x (9532 _ 80°?) = 732.26[925.94 — 715.54] = 154067 ems 154.067 livs Q= 2 % Cy Ly x JOR * (i — 11,3 = 1464.52[715.54 — 353.55] cm/s = 530141 om’, and 25-2 x Cry x Jig 92 530.144 livs 0.62 x 120 x 2K ORT X50"? = 77677) cm/s = 776, TI i = 776.771 tits *530.144 4 776,771