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GCSE
CHEMISTRY
Higher Tier Paper 1
H
Monday 22 May 2023 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
• a scientific calculator Question Mark
• the periodic table (enclosed). 1
2
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
5
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside
the box around each page or on blank pages. 6
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 7
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
8
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked. 9
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 10

Information TOTAL
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.

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0 1 Discoveries in chemistry led to a better understanding of atomic structure. box

0 1 . 1 Atoms were originally thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided.

The plum pudding model of the atom was then developed.

Figure 1 represents the plum pudding model of the atom.

Figure 1

Describe the plum pudding model of the atom.

[2 marks]

0 1 . 2 Atoms contain electrons, neutrons and protons.

Write these three particles in order of their discovery.

[1 mark]

Earliest

Latest

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Very few atoms of the element tennessine (Ts) have ever been identified. box

The atomic number of tennessine is 117

0 1 . 3 Predict the number of outer shell electrons in an atom of tennessine.

Give one reason for your answer.

Use the periodic table.

[2 marks]

Number of outer shell electrons

Reason

0 1 . 4 Tennessine was first identified by a small group of scientists in 2010.

Suggest one reason why tennessine was not accepted as a new element by other
scientists until 2015.
[1 mark]

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 5 The discovery of isotopes explained why some relative atomic masses are not box

whole numbers.

Element R has two isotopes.

Table 1 shows the mass numbers and percentage abundances of the isotopes of
element R.

Table 1

Mass number Percentage abundance (%)

6 7.6

7 92.4

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of element R.

Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

[3 marks]

Relative atomic mass (1 decimal place) = 9

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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0 2 This question is about temperature changes. box

A student investigated the change in temperature of a solution when different masses

of ammonium nitrate were dissolved in water.

This is the method used.

1. Measure 200 cm3 of water into a polystyrene cup.

2. Measure the temperature of the water.

3. Add 4.0 g of ammonium nitrate to the water.

4. Stir the solution until all the ammonium nitrate has dissolved.

5. Measure the lowest temperature reached by the solution.

6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 with different masses of ammonium nitrate.

0 2 . 1 Give the independent variable and the dependent variable in the investigation.
[2 marks]

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2

Mass of ammonium nitrate Lowest temperature of solution

added in grams in ºC

4.0 18.2

8.0 16.2

12.0 15.2

16.0 13.6

20.0 12.4

24.0 10.6

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0 2 . 2 Plot the data from Table 2 on Figure 2. box

Draw a line of best fit.

[3 marks]

Figure 2

0 2 . 3 Determine the initial temperature of the water.

You should extend your line of best fit on Figure 2.

[2 marks]

Initial temperature of the water = °C

0 2 . 4 How do the results show that dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is endothermic?
[1 mark]

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The student repeated the experiment three more times. box

Table 3 shows the results for 8.0 g of ammonium nitrate.

Table 3

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Mean

Lowest temperature
16.2 16.6 16.8 16.4 16.5
of solution in ºC

0 2 . 5 The student recorded the mean lowest temperature of the solution for 8.0 g of
ammonium nitrate as 16.5 ± 0.3 ºC.

Explain why the student included ± 0.3 ºC after the mean lowest temperature.
[2 marks]

0 2 . 6 What type of error is shown by the results in Table 3?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Random error

Systematic error

Zero error 11

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0 3 This question is about making a soluble salt. box

0 3 . 1 Plan a method to make pure, dry crystals of zinc chloride from zinc carbonate and a
dilute acid.
[6 marks]

0 3 . 2 Name two other substances that can each be reacted with a dilute acid to make
zinc chloride.

Do not refer to zinc carbonate in your answer.

[2 marks]

2 8

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0 4 This question is about hydrogen and compounds of hydrogen. box

Figure 3 shows the displayed formulae for the reaction between hydrogen and
chlorine.

Figure 3

Table 4 shows the bond energies.

Table 4

Bond

Bond energy in
436 346 432
kJ/mol

0 4 . 1 Which expression shows how to calculate the overall energy change for the reaction
in Figure 3?

Use Table 4.
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

436 + 346 + 432 kJ/mol

436 + 346 + (2 × 432) kJ/mol

436 + 346 − 432 kJ/mol

436 + 346 − (2 × 432) kJ/mol

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The reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is exothermic. box

0 4 . 2 Explain why this reaction releases energy to the surroundings.

[2 marks]

0 4 . 3 Figure 4 shows part of a reaction profile for the reaction between hydrogen
and chlorine.

Complete the reaction profile in Figure 4.

You should:
• label the activation energy
• label the overall energy change.
[3 marks]

Figure 4

Question 4 continues on the next page

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0 4 . 4 Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of hydrogen chloride (HCl). box

Show the outer shell electrons only.

[2 marks]

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0 4 . 5 Figure 5 represents molecules of methane and of poly(ethene). box

Figure 5

Methane is a gas at room temperature but poly(ethene) is a solid at room

temperature.

Explain why methane and poly(ethene) exist in different states at room temperature.
[4 marks]

12

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0 5 This question is about acids and alkalis. box

0 5 . 1 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

What is meant by ‘weak acid’?

Answer in terms of ionisation.

[1 mark]

0 5 . 2 The concentration of an acid can be measured in mol/dm3.

Which combination of changes increases the concentration of an acid?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The mass of acid dissolved is halved and the volume of the

solution is halved.

The mass of acid dissolved is halved and the volume of the

solution is doubled.

The mass of acid dissolved is doubled and the volume of the solution
is halved.

The mass of acid dissolved is doubled and the volume of the solution
is doubled.

0 5 . 3 The concentration of an acid can be determined by titration.

An indicator is added to an alkali in a flask.

Name an indicator that can be used in this titration.

Give the colour change of the indicator when acid from a burette is added to the alkali
in the flask.
[2 marks]

Name of indicator

Colour change from to

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0 5 . 4 Sodium carbonate dissolves in water to produce an alkaline solution. box

Give the formula of the ion that makes a solution alkaline.

[1 mark]

0 5 . 5 A student does a titration using sodium carbonate solution and nitric acid.

The equation for the reaction is:

Na2CO3 + 2 HNO3 → 2 NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O

25.0 cm3 of 0.124 mol/dm3 sodium carbonate solution is neutralised by

23.6 cm3 of nitric acid.

Calculate the concentration of the nitric acid.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

You should calculate:

• the number of moles of sodium carbonate in 25.0 cm3 of the solution
• the number of moles of nitric acid in 23.6 cm3 of the nitric acid
• the concentration of the nitric acid in mol/dm3.
[5 marks]

Concentration (3 significant figures) = mol/dm3

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When hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl−) box

are produced.

0 5 . 6 A solution of hydrochloric acid with pH 4.5 has a concentration of H+ ions of

3.16 × 10−5 mol/dm3.

What is the concentration of H+ ions in a solution of hydrochloric acid with pH 2.5?

[1 mark]

Concentration of H+ ions = mol/dm3

0 5 . 7 Which element has atoms that have the same electronic structure as the chloride ion?

Use the periodic table.

[1 mark]
12

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0 6 This question is about uses of metals in electrical wires. box

Electrical wires can be made from:

• aluminium
• copper
• silver.

Figure 6 shows three uses of electrical wires.

Figure 6

Table 5 shows information about the metals.

The higher the value for electrical conductivity, the better the metal is at
conducting electricity.

Table 5

Aluminium Copper Silver

Electrical conductivity in arbitrary units 37.7 59.6 63.0

Density in g/cm3 2.7 9.0 10.5

Cost of metal per kg in £ 1.50 7.00 640.00

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0 6 . 1 Evaluate the use of aluminium, copper and silver for the types of electrical wires box

shown in Figure 6.

Use Table 5.
[4 marks]

0 6 . 2 Describe how metals conduct electricity.

[3 marks]

Question 6 continues on the next page

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0 6 . 3 Electrical wires are usually made of pure metals and not alloys. This is because pure box

metals are better electrical conductors.

Suggest why alloys do not conduct electricity as well as pure metals.

Answer in terms of structure and bonding.

[2 marks]

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0 7 This question is about electrolysis. box

Aluminium is manufactured by electrolysing a molten mixture of aluminium oxide

(Al2O3) and cryolite (Na3AlF6).

0 7 . 1 Complete the half equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.
[1 mark]

Al3+ + e− → Al

0 7 . 2 Cryolite contains Na+ ions as well as Al3+ ions.

Suggest one reason why sodium is not a product of the electrolysis.

[1 mark]

Question 7 continues on the next page

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A student investigated the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of a different compound. box

Figure 7 shows the apparatus.

Figure 7

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Hydrogen was produced at the negative electrode and oxygen was produced at the box

positive electrode.

0 7 . 3 Explain how oxygen was produced from water during the electrolysis of this
aqueous solution.
[4 marks]

0 7 . 4 The student compared the volumes of the two gases collected.

How can the student change the apparatus in Figure 7 to compare the volumes of the
two gases produced more accurately?

Give one reason for your answer.

[2 marks]

Change

Reason

0 7 . 5 The overall equation for the reaction is:

2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

What is the volume of oxygen produced when 20 cm3 of hydrogen has been
produced?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

10 cm3 20 cm3 30 cm3 40 cm3 9

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0 8 This question is about elements in the periodic table. box

0 8 . 1 Argon has the atomic number 18

Explain why argon does not form compounds.

Answer in terms of electrons.

[2 marks]

0 8 . 2 Phosphorus (P) is the element below nitrogen in the periodic table.

Predict the formula of the compound formed between phosphorus and hydrogen.
[1 mark]

Formula =

0 8 . 3 Tellurium is the element with atomic number 52

Predict whether tellurium reacts with metals.

Explain your answer.

Answer in terms of the position of tellurium in the periodic table.

[2 marks]

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Barium (Ba) is an element in Group 2 of the periodic table. box

Barium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

0 8 . 4 Suggest two observations that could be made when barium reacts with
hydrochloric acid.
[2 marks]

0 8 . 5 Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between barium and
hydrochloric acid.
[3 marks]

+ → + 10

Turn over for the next question

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0 9 This question is about displacement reactions. box

Iron is extracted from iron oxide by a displacement reaction with carbon.

The equation for the reaction is:

Fe2O3 + 3 C → 2 Fe + 3 CO

0 9 . 1 Which substance in the equation is reduced?

Give one reason for your answer.

Answer in terms of oxygen.

[2 marks]

Substance reduced

Reason

0 9 . 2 Which expression shows how to calculate the mass of carbon needed to produce
1 mole of iron from iron oxide?

Relative atomic mass (Ar): C = 12

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

1
× 12 g
3

3
× 12 g
2

1 × 12 g

3 × 12 g

Question 9 continues on the next page

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A student investigated displacement reactions of four different metals represented by box

A, B, C and D.

A, B, C and D are not the actual chemical symbols for the metals.

The student:
• added each metal to aqueous solutions of the metal nitrates
• observed whether a reaction took place.

Table 6 shows information about three of the reaction mixtures.

Table 6

Reaction Metal Metal nitrate solution Equation

1 A BNO3 A + 2 BNO3 → 2 B + A(NO3)2

2 C A(NO3)2 2 C + 3 A(NO3)2 → 3 A + 2 C(NO3)3

3 C D(NO3)2 no reaction

0 9 . 3 The ionic equation for Reaction 1 is:

A + 2 B+ → 2 B + A2+

Why is this a redox reaction?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

A gains electrons and B+ loses electrons.

A loses electrons and B+ gains electrons.

Both A and B+ gain electrons.

Both A and B+ lose electrons.

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0 9 . 4 Which of the four metals has the greatest tendency to form positive ions? box

Use Table 6.
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

A B C D

0 9 . 5 The nitrate ion has the formula NO3

–

Which of the four metals could be aluminium?

Explain your answer.

Use Table 6.
[3 marks]

Metal

Explanation

Question 9 continues on the next page

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0 9 . 6 Metal X is extracted from an oxide of metal X by reaction with hydrogen. box

The equation for the reaction is:

XO3 + 3 H2 → X + 3 H2O

The percentage atom economy for obtaining metal X by this method is 77.3%.

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of metal X.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H=1 O = 16

[4 marks]

12
Relative atomic mass (Ar) =

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1 0 This question is about titanium dioxide (TiO2). box

1 0 . 1 Self-cleaning windows are coated with a layer of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide.

Titanium dioxide:
• helps sunlight break down dirt particles
• attracts water, so dirt is washed away by rain.

Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide are used instead of fine particles of titanium dioxide
for coating self-cleaning windows.

Suggest two reasons why.

[2 marks]

Question 10 continues on the next page

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1 0 . 2 Titanium is extracted from titanium dioxide in a two-stage process. box

The equation for the first stage in the process is:

TiO2 + 2 Cl2 + 2 C → TiCl4 + 2 CO

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas needed to react completely with

100 kg of titanium dioxide.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16 Ti = 48

The volume of one mole of gas = 24 dm3

[6 marks]

Volume = dm3

END OF QUESTIONS

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
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