The Construction of Radio Amplifier using Zener diode
An investigatory project
As partial fulfilment of the requirements in the subjects
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion & Work Immersion
Kurt Castle Castillo
Charisse Adalla
Jhoanna Garcia
Marlon Mendoza
Yvette Navarro
Maybelyn Riambon
Sudais Sainoden
Kristine Faye Soriano
Marissa Villamar
Sarahlyn Viorge
Researchers
2022
Table of Contents
Preliminaries
Abstract
CHAPTER
I. The Problem
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Scope and Delimitation
Definition of Key Terms
Review Related Literature
II. Methodology
Research Design
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment
III. Presentation Analysis and Interpretations of Data
Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion
Recommendation
IV. Bibliography
Curriculum Vitae
Documentations
Abstract
This study entitled “THE CONSTRUCTION OF RADIO AMPLIFIER USING
ZENER DIODE”, this study seeks to test the combining radio amplifier and zener diode 11-
12 voltz to find out what proportion of zener diode 11-12 volts best loud.
The researchers were found out that the zener diode works in radio amplifier and 11-
12 volts zener diode becomes very loud sound. Since the loud sound is made out of the
combining radio amplifier and 11-12 volts zener diode can be loud sound.
The following recommendation are suggested by the researchers, everyone especially
students to use this of the combining radio amplifier and 11-12 volts zener diode make sure
that the zener diode 11-12 volts are fix in the radio amplifier. A zener diode 11-12 volts
works better on the small radio amplifier. The researcher also recommends another study to
be conducted using different radio amplifier and different types of zener diode with different
volts.
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
An amplifier is an electronic device or circuit which is used to increase the magnitude
of the signal applied to its input.
Amplifier is the generic term used to describe a circuit which produces and increased version
of its input signal. However, not all amplifier circuits are the same as they are classified
according to their circuit configurations and modes of operation.
In “Electronics”, small signal amplifiers are commonly used devices as they can
amplify a relatively small input signal, for example from a Sensor such as a photo-device,
into a much larger output signal to drive a relay, lamp or loudspeaker for example.
There are many forms of electronic circuits classed as amplifiers, from Operational
Amplifiers and Small Signal Amplifiers up to Large Signal and Power Amplifiers. The
classification of an amplifier depends upon the size of the signal, large or small, its physical
configuration and how it processes the input signal that is the relationship between input
signal and current flowing in the load.
Transistor amplifiers amplify an AC input signals that alternates between some
positive value and a corresponding negative value. Then some way of “presenting” the
amplifier’s circuit configuration is required so that the transistor can operate between these
two maximum or peak values. This can be achieved using a process known as Biasing.
Biasing is very important in amplifier design as it establishes the correct operating point of
the transistor amplifier ready to receive signals, thereby reducing any distortion to the output
signal.
Also, the use of a static or DC load line drawn onto the output characteristics curves
of an amplifier allows us to see all the possible operating points of the transistor from fully
“ON” to fully “OFF”, and to which the quiescent operating point or Q-point of the amplifier
can be found.
The aim of any small signal amplifier is to amplify all the input signal with the
minimum amount of distortion possible to the output signal, in other words, the output signal
must be an exact reproduction of the input signal but only bigger (amplified).
To obtain low distortion when used as an amplifier the operating quiescent point needs to be
correctly selected. This is in fact the DC operating point of the amplifier and its position may
be established at any point along the load line by a suitable biasing arrangement.
The Zener diode has a well-defined reverse-breakdown voltage, at which it starts
conducting current, and continues operating continuously in the reverse-bias mode without
getting damaged. Additionally, the voltage drop across the diode remains constant over a
wide range of voltages, a feature that makes Zener diodes suitable for use in voltage
regulation.
Zener diodes are used for voltage regulation, as reference elements, surge suppressors, and in
switching applications and clipper circuits.
Statement of the problem
The investigatory project aims to develop on how to construct radio amplifier using
Zener diode voltage regulation.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the quality of the amplifier in terms of:
a. Sound quality
b. Sound volume
c. Accessibility
2. How much Zener diode be needed to make the amplifier?
3. Is the Zener diode amplifier as efficient as the radio bought from store?
Hypothesis
1. The Zener diode amplifier don’t have a good quality because it is made from cheapest
material, and it also have smaller range of volume but can be accessible by any
devices.
2. Only one Zener diode be needed to make a amplifier but it can be made with many
Zener diode for it to have a louder volume.
3. The Zener diode amplifier is less efficient than the one bought from store, but it can
cost less.
Significance of the Study
An audio amplifier is a device used to increase the volume of sound with power so
that it can be used in a loudspeaker. It is generally the final step in an audio feedback chain,
or the movement of the sound from an audio input to audio output. There are applications to
this technology which include their use in public address system and concerts. Audio
amplifiers can also be significance for individuals as they are used in sound system in homes.
In fact, the sound cards of personal computers are likely to have audio amplifier.
Scope and Delimitation
An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that implies low-
power electronic audio signal such as the signal from audio receiver or electric guitar pickup
to a level that is high enough for driving loudspeaker or headphones. Audio power amplifier
are found in all manner of sound system including sound reinforcement, public address and
home audio systems and musical instrument amplifier like guitar amplifier.
Definition of Key Terms
To make this investigatory project more understandable to those who might come
across it, the researcher includes the definition of sone term which will enable to have us
clearer understanding of the problem they seek to answer. The following are some of the
words with their corresponding meanings and explain.
Construction -the act or process of building something
Regulator -a device for controlling the level or amount of something (such as speed
or temperature); an official who works for the part of the government that controls a public
activity (such as banking or insurance) by making enforcing rule
Circuit -a series of performances, sports events, lectures, etc., that are held or done at
many different places. The complete path that an electric current travel along
Radio - the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves of radio frequency,
especially those carrying sound messages.
Amplifier – a device consisting of an amplifier combined with a loudspeaker, used to
amplify electric guitars and other musical instruments.
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents Definition and Terms, Theoretical/Conceptual Framework and
related literatures which the researchers review to gain more knowledge and insights in
conducting their study. This research aims to investigate The Construction of Radio
Amplifier using Zener Diode Voltage. Review Related Literature reveals that one of the
major concerns among the researchers all over the world.
The ideas presented herein amplify the concepts and variables included. Radio is still
the most popular source of news and entertainment in the Philippines, despite stiff
competition from television and the increasing popularity of the internet. The most powerful
radio networks blanket the entire country with the help of relay transmitters in provincial
cities and affiliate stations that relay much of their programming.
Amplifier
An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp as an electronic device that can
increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is a two-port electronic
circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a signal
applied to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its input.
The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier as measured by its gain: the ratio of
output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is a circuit that has a power gain
greater than а one. An amplifier can be either be a separate piece of equipment or an
electrical circuit contained within another device. Amplification is fundamental to modern
electronics, and amplifiers are widely used in almost all electronic equipment. Amplifiers can
be categorized in different ways. One is by the frequency of the electronic signal being
amplified. Amplifiers can also categorize in their physical placement in the signal chain; a
preamplifier may precede other signal processing stages.
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal.
Amplifiers are used in wireless communications and broadcasting, and in audio equipment of
all kinds. They can be categorized as either weak-signal amplifiers or power amplifiers.
Two important considerations in power amplification are power output and efficiency. Power
output is measured in watts or kilowatts. Efficiency is the ratio of signal power output to total
power input (wattage demanded of the power supply or battery). This value is always less
than 1. It is typically expressed as a percentage. In audio applications, power amplifiers are
30 to 50 percent efficient. In wireless communications and broadcasting transmitters,
efficiency ranges from about 50 to 70 percent. In hi-fi audio power amplifiers, distortion is
also an important factor. This is a measure of the extent to which the output waveform is a
faithful replication of the input waveform. The lower the distortion, in general, the better the
fidelity of the output sound.
n real amplifiers the ideal impedances are not possible to achieve, but these ideal elements
can be used to construct equivalent circuits of real amplifiers by adding impedances
(resistance, capacitance and inductance) to the input and output. For any particular circuit, a
small-signal analysis is often used to find the actual impedance. A small-signal AC test
current Ix is applied to the input or output node, all external sources are set to AC zero, and
the corresponding alternating voltage Vx across the test current source determines the
impedance seen at that node as R = Vx / Ix
Amplifiers designed to attach to a transmission line at input and output, especially RF
amplifiers, do not fit into this classification approach. Rather than dealing with voltage or
current individually, they ideally couple with an input or output impedance matched to the
transmission line impedance, that is, match ratios of voltage to current. Many real RF
amplifiers come close to this ideal. Although, for a given appropriate source and load
impedance, RF amplifiers can be characterized as amplifying voltage or current, they
fundamentally are amplifying power.
Zener diode
A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow
"backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.
Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even
variable. Some Zener diodes have a sharp, highly doped p–n junction with a low Zener
voltage, in which case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron quantum tunnelling in
the short space between p and n regions − this is known as the Zener effect, after Clarence
Zener. Diodes with a higher Zener voltage have a more gradual junction and their mode of
operation also involves avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types are present in Zener
diodes with the Zener effect predominating at lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at
higher voltages.
A Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor device that permits current to flow in either
a forward or reverse direction. The diode consists of a special, heavily doped p-n junction,
designed to conduct in the reverse direction when a certain specified voltage is reached.
The Zener diode has a well-defined reverse-breakdown voltage, at which it starts
conducting current, and continues operating continuously in the reverse-bias mode without
getting damaged. Additionally, the voltage drop across the diode remains constant over a
wide range of voltages, a feature that makes Zener diodes suitable for use in voltage
regulation.
Zener diodes are widely used in electronic equipment of all kinds and are one of the
basic building blocks of electronic circuits. They are used to generate low-power stabilized
supply rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially
stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from overvoltage,
especially electrostatic discharge (ESD).
The device is named after American physicist Clarence Zener who first described
the Zener effect in 1934 in his primarily theoretical studies of breakdown of electrical
insulator properties. Later, his work led to the Bell Labs implementation of the effect in form
of an electronic device, the Zener diode. Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references
and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in
parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts
when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown voltage. From that point on, the low
impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value.
The Zener diode's operation depends on the heavy doping of its p–n junction. The
depletion region formed in the diode is very thin (<1 µm) and the electric field is
consequently very high (about 500 kV/m) even for a small reverse bias voltage of about 5 V,
allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction
band of the n-type material.
At the atomic scale, this tunneling corresponds to the transport of valence band
electrons into the empty conduction band states; as a result of the reduced barrier between
these bands and high electric fields that are induced due to the high levels of doping on both
sides.[3] The breakdown voltage can be controlled quite accurately in the doping process.
While tolerances within 0.07% are available, the most widely used tolerances are 5% and
10%. Breakdown voltage for commonly available Zener diodes can vary widely from 1.2 V
to 200 V. For diodes that are lightly doped the breakdown is dominated by the avalanche
effect rather than the Zener effect. Consequently, the breakdown voltage is higher (over 5.6
V) for these devices.
William Shockley, Nobel-Prize winning co-inventor of the transistor (a revolutionary
electronic amplifier dating from the 1940s) had a vivid way of explaining it. “If you take a
bale of hay tie it to the tail of a mule and then strike a match and set the bale of hay on fire,
and if you then compare the energy, expended shortly here after by the mule with the energy
expended by yourself in the striking of the match, you will understand the concept of
amplification”.
Amplifiers are the tiny components in hearing aids that make voices sound louder.
They're also the gadgets in radios that boost far away signals and the devices in stereo
equipment that drive your loudspeakers and the huge black boxes you plug into electric
guitars to make them raise the roof.
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researcher design used in the study was an experimental research design more
specifically a factorial design because the researchers manipulated two independent variables,
which includes the amount of radio amplifier and Zener diode.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers gathered by conducting an experiment. This part of the study shows
how did the researchers gathered the data needed of this research.
In combining the radio amplifier and Zener diode (11-12 volts) in putting the Zener diode
into the radio amplifier. If the Zener diode has 11-12 volts is good. In combining the radio
amplifier and Zener diode 6.2 volts the sounds are very beautiful. The parts of radio amplifier
were put the Zener diode until came up to field. This step was repeat and change the Zener
diode to 11-12 volts and came up to very beautiful sound and loud.
Statistical Treatment
The researcher used the following statistical treatment:
1. Voltage of Zener diode was used to interpret the proportion of the combining radio
amplifier and Zener diode 11-12 volts that gives the best result of loud sound of radio
amplifier
2. Observation was used to describe the efficiency of the combining radio amplifier and
Zener diode in terms of loud sound and very beautiful sound.
Flowchart
Gathering the Materials
Radio Amplifier Zener Diode
Constructing the Radio
Amplifier using Zener Diode
Evaluate of Data
Fig. 1: Flowchart
The figure above shows the flowchart of the study, it shows that the first gathered the
materials needed and these are the radio amplifier and Zener diode, and then the researchers
proceeded by contrasting the materials and for the last part the researchers evaluate the
gathered data.
CHAPETER III
Presentation Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Result and Discussion
Trial Radio Zener Description
Number Amplifier Diode
1 1 1 zener diode 6.2 In the first trial
volts combined the radio
amplifier and Zener
diode (6.2 volts).
Still did not work
2 1 1 zener diode The second trial we
11-12 volts combined again the
radio amplifier and
Zener diode (11-12
volts) is produced
sound.
Chapter IV
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
A. Summary
This study conducted to find out if the sound is loud and beautiful, combining radio amplifier
and zener diode 11-12 volts until it become the sound was loud.
In this study, it was found out that the combining radio amplifier and zener diode 11-12 volts
is making very loud sound
B. Conclusion
Based on the result of the study the following conclusions were formulate:
1. The combining radio amplifier and zener diode 11-12 volts is effective in making loud
sound
C. Recommendation
From this study considering the results of the following recommendations were formulate:
1. Further studies should be conducted by the radio amplifier and zener diode to discover and
make very loud sound
2. The researcher recommended that they should find another zener diode and big radio
amplifier not just the small radio amplifier but some parts of the small radio amplifier that
may produce the loud sound.
Chapter V
Bibliography
Outline References:
https://www.scibd.com.>document
https:electronics.costhelper.com
Favors,Paul Updated August 07,2017
https://www.coursehero.com>file
