SILANGA, NANAPETH & ARUMBAKKAM

The case studies have been selected to investigate the sustainability of their slum grading approach, delivery model and
impact. They are selected to demonstrate alternate approaches to slum upgrading, projects and programmes of different
ages, in different cultures, implemented via delivery models.
1. Nanapeth, Pune India – Demonstrating slum housing resettlement
2. Silanga, Kibera Kenya - Demonstrating in-situ water and sanitation infrastructure upgrading

Settlement Context Approach Delivery Partnership

model
Nanapeth Pune, Housing Top-down PPP
India Resettlement approach

Silanga Kibera, In-situ Bottom- Internation

Kenya Infrastructure up al NGO,
and CBO
Arumbakkam Chennai Site & service Bottom- MUDP
scheme up Phase-I
Nanapeth, Pune, India Silanga, Kibera, Kenya
• The intended beneficiaries of the
• Illegal squatters residing on privately • Water and sanitation infrastructure
project belong to the lower income
owned land were rehabilitated in a high implemented within the existing
group of Arumbakkam - squatters who
rise building in-situ at Nanapeth. settlement via a bottom-up delivery
have been relocated from their
• Project was implemented by the private model.
original illegal settlement.
property developers ipramar group under • Toilet shower and water kiosks have
• Madras Urban Development Project
Govt’s Slum Rehabilitation Authority been constructed within 8 building
I (MUDP I) was taken up by the Tamil
(SRA) Scheme. blocks located around the settlement.
Nadu Govt. from 1977- 78 with the
• The project was funded by the developers • The development were co-ordinated
basic objective to help in developing
who will recoup their costs via by the local Nairobi office of the
and promoting low cost solutions in
Transferable Development Rights. International NGO. The project
shelter and infrastructure services, to
• The project has been completed in 2010. implementers partnered with local
suit the needs of the urban poor in the
CBO’s in Silanga
Madras city.
 SILANGA,KIBERA

Water and sanitation in Kibera Kibera community water and

• There are no separate kitchens and bathrooms sanitation project
• Barely any infrastructure in place for sewers, water connection and • The Kibera community water and sanitation project
waste management is a partnership between the Intrnational NGO
• Illegal tapped in connections to main water lines provide main source practical action and Rotary club to improving lives in
of water to the settlement. local communities in close colloboration with Nairobi
• The water utility companies are not connected to kibera houses so a water and sewerage company, World bank water
thriving industry of individual private vendors who sell water at prices and sanitation programme(WSP)
more than suburbs of the city. • The Kibera community water and sanitation project
• Locked taps and ‘water kiosks’ are a common sight in kibera. involved the construction of blocks providing water
• There is no formal sewer network either. Household toilets are vending, toilet, shower and laundry facilities in
exceptionally rare. Options available to residents are pay per use silanga, all managed by local CBO’s.
communal toilet and ablution facilities, pit latrine toilets or ‘flying toilets’. • Silanga is a community with 145,000 people over an
• Individual pit latrine toilets are owned by structure owners and area of 52 hectares with 44,449 houses with density
unlocked for fee. of 856 tenements per structure. Before
• ‘Flying toilets’ is a method where one defactes into paper or plastic implementation of project one pit latrine served 272
bags which is sealed and thrown away which is often seen on the people or 12 households. Each toilet block is
rooftops in piles of rubbish. seperated into a male and female half providing
• This has led to significant environmental degradation and open toilet, shower and sink facilities. Low level and
trenches with stagnant polluted water have led to high incidence of accesible cubicles have also been provided for
disease. children and disabled.
 SILANGA,KIBERA
LIFE TODAY IN SILANGA
Key Points after development
Water facility
• Residents were happy with quality of water and cost and
significant health benefits since changing water supply.
Water distance
• Residents are benefiting greatly from having new water
supply facilities around the village and therefore closer to
more people’s homes. The burden on women and children
who might normally be tasked with the job of collecting
water is both reduced now.
Sewerage, Environment and Cleanliness
• Residents reported the improvement in their surroundings
now that connected sewers dispose of sewerage properly
rather than being left lying around the neighbourhood.
Physical Issues (Water & shower) • Residents also commended on the cleanliness,
• The new watsan blocks include showering facilities but attractiveness and modernity of the facilties.
many take shower in their home or compound where • Also it was noted that a considerable decrease in use of
they carry water to use. flying toilets , no longer stepping in human waste.
Toilets and Flying toilets Meeting place and pride
• Some residents revealed that the cost of purchasing • The blocks are also provided with meeting place for the
bags for defacation is costly than using using the faciltiy local society. Some blocks are used as a meeting place for
available., despite these responses flying toilets are used youths at weekends which prevents boredom.
prolificaly as part of culture in Kibera, security • Also it has also been counted as an asset.
consequences at night for women and children,
availability of latrines and cleanliness of latrines. CONCLUSION
• The common cost for latrine usage in silanga is 5Ksh but The bottom –up delivery approach has successfully achieved
at the new facilties the cost is just 2Ksh which is a a strong sense of community ownership and pride in the
considerable saving for residents. facilities by engaging CBO’s at every stage of the process.
 NANPETH,PUNE

• The redevelopment of Nanapeth was the first SRA project to be built in

Pune and demenstrates the most established SRA scheme in the city
• The plot at Nanapeth (Patryachi Chawl) is formed from mostly one-
storey dwellings which spread over a large area.
• Once the slum is cleared valuable land will become available
• High rise buildings have been designed to re-house the slum dwellers
consuming the minimal foot print along with plans for the commercial
units to be in 4-5 storeys with an additional FSI of 2.5 ie for every 1
sq.ft for slum rehabilitation will be allocated with 2.5 sq.ft in form of
Transferable Development Rights on a different site.
• The construction started in 2004 and inhabitants moved in 2005.
Key points after resettlement
• Water supply is poor and does not meet the residents expectations
and is worse since rehabilitation
• Emergency escape routes and safe circulation throughout the high
rise building is a serious problem.
• Size of rooms, areas for household functions and outside space for
children do not meet the expectation of residents
• Waste management and uncleanliness and disease caused by
overflowing bins are problems to residents.
• Residents are concerned about the related impacts that the new
buildings and environment are having upon their health.
 NANPETH,PUNE
LIFE TODAY IN NANEPATH

Waste dumped in front Poorly lit corridors in the late

as no proper usage of nights causes insecurity and
lifts and also stopped the electricity charges are the
Conclusion paying for waste same as they paid when they
• Residents of Nanepath have benifited greatly from the physical collection for Rs.10 p.m were in slums.
changes in their built environment brought out by rehabilitation.
• The safety of stairs and circulation within the high rise building and also
have a worse water supply.
• The repeated coplaints from the residents were water supply, tenement
sizeand health and safety concerns due to staircase.
• Lack of basic literacy, education levels and empowerment of the
community affected the residents capabiltities and mentality to operate
and maintain the building as the designers expected.
• The respondents indicated an awareness of the need for education for
their children to better themselved so perhaps with each future
generation the slum dwelling communities will incrementally improve
their living situation and aspire to reside in places other than slums.
• The developer’s engineers have however been implementing water
management tactics to try and encourage the residents to better use Escape routes and
the water available. circulation were not
• The formation and layout of the former slum at Nanepath allowed open properly planned for the
space within and between houses and lanes. These spaces are used G+8 floors. Only one lift
and one staircase were
as open air living spaces, clothes drying areas, socilaising areas and Dirty communal areas which
constructed being the
play areas for children. Now residents are re-housed in high rise first project of SRA were not maintained by the
building without balconies or courtyard spaces and residents have residents.
found a detrimental impact on social cohesion.
 ARUMBAKKAM
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF HOUSE-HOLDS
Religion
Hindus – 85%
Muslims – 9%
Christians – 4%
Drainage and sewerage
• All plots were provided with closed drainage
with one service connection per 4 EWS and
LIG plots. MIG plots were provided individual
connections.

PLOT TYPES
Type EWS - B
The Arumbakam project offers six types of
• A plot of 46.5 sq m (10' x 50').
plots, ranging in area from 40 sq m to 220
• The superstructure includes a sanitary core, two 22 cm thick brick walls
sq m, which is a deliberate differentiation
along the boundary line of the plot and a roof. The covered area is 21 sq
in size to attract a mix of income groups.
m.
Type EWS - A • The first step to improve the house will be to build front and back walls.
• Plot of 40 sq m (13' x 33') with a sanitary Several further development options are available, including horizontal and
core. Each core contains a water closet vertical extensions.
and a tap. The purchaser will first set up a • The monthly payment for the plot and the superstructure is Rs 33 per
shelter he can manage. month.
• Later, this can be gradually improved and Type EWS - C
eventually become a house built of • A plot of 46.5 sq m with a sanitary core and a superstructure including two
durable materials. rooms of 10.5 sq m each.
• Plots are arranged in cluster form and the walls are 22 cm thick
• The monthly payment required for the
constructed of bricks.
plot and the superstructure is Rs 22 per
• The roof is in concrete and the floor consists of rammed earth. The walls
month including maintenance charges.
and foundation are designed for a second floor. The monthly payment is
Rs 70 per month.
 ARUMBAKKAM
Cost of Recovery/
Cross Subsidy
• Recovery system is one of
the basic aspects of the
project, 66% of the
component cost is directly
chargeable cost which would
be fully recovered through
plot sales and loan
repayments. Prices of EWS
Incremental development on a Sites and Experimental core units showing different
would be set at affordable
Services plot and the slow and gradual levels of initial provision
levels, lower be sold at
consolidation of a home.
market price.
• Residential plots would be
sold with freehold titles with a
minimum 10% down
payment, the balance
payable in monthly
installments by beneficiaries
at 12% interest per year over
15 years. Maintenance
charges of Rs. 3 per month
per plot would be added to
Completed EWS house A facade reflects the dweller's self expression
the monthly payment.
as evident from examples of dwellings
completed on Sites and Services plots. Beneficiaries may not sell
their plots for a period of five
• Basic shelter loans at 12% interest per annum for 15 years would be provided for purchase
years without giving the Tamil
of the seven EWS options to construct or expand house.
Nadu Housing Board first
• All revenues from plot and housing sales would be deposited in the Sites and Services
option to purchase.
Revolving fund established under MUDP