Bulacan State University

Hagonoy Campus
Iba - Carillo, Hagonoy Bulacan

Rationalism, Empiricism, and Pragmatism

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism

Individual and Group Reports

in

Values Education
(EDUC 206 EC)

Reporters: Galang, Khristine Mae P.

Lopez, Eric Daniel R.
Sanchez, Iris Jean P.

Instructor: Aretha Joanne C. Yniguez, LPT

LOPEZ, Eric Daniel R.
Rationalism

Rationalism is a philosophy or a way of life that is concerned with reasoning. It is believed

that knowledge is ultimately learned from logic and reasoning rather than experience.
Rationalism emphasizes the use of the mind as the primary source of knowledge and
justification. In the philosophy of Rationalism, it is stated that certain truths are able to be
learned independently of experience or observation through reason and logical deduction.

Main proponent

Rene Descartes

- Rene Descartes is the leading figure of the

philosophy of Rationalism and the father of
modern philosophy.

- The rationalists that stated that knowledge is

able to be grasp through reasoning alone.

Components of Rationalism

Reasoning

Reasoning refers to a state of controlled thinking that can be used in mainly finding evidence
for a phenomenon, critically thinking for a solution to resolve a problem, or thinking of
reasons to give explanation for a phenomenon.

Logic

Logic refers to the systematic and formal study of reasoning. It is mainly concerned with the
principles of correct reasoning. Logic has the aim to evaluate the given information to test the
validity of knowledge by applying principles that will draw out the correct outcome

Example: The weather in the Philippines can only be rainy or sunny; It is not raining today;
therefore, it is sunny.
Deduction

It is concerned with logic. Deduction refers to the process of validating arguments to

come up with an explanation in logical valid premises. In logic, if the argument is valid, then
the conclusion must be true. But if the argument is impossible to be true, then the conclusion
must be false.

Ex: if all human beings are mortal; and all men are human beings; therefore, all men are
mortal.

In addition to deduction, rationalists state that

intellect alone, is able to understand and grasp
knowledge. This is the process of reasoning and
using logic. Observing evidence can validate
information therefore making a valid conclusion.

Intuition

Refers to the ability to acquire knowledge without conscious reasoning. It is

concerned with innate knowledge that explains that all of us are differently good at something
because of our past life. In addition, it counters the belief of “Tabula rasa” which explains
that we are a blank slate when we were born. The two are complex in their own in a way that
each of them constantly counters each other. For example, Rationalists say that one cannot be
a blank slate since we are different in so many ways even if we are present in so many similar
if not the same situations.

In addition to the definition of intuition, Innate knowledge can also be in the form of
instinctive knowledge. This knowledge is present from the start of the life cycle which
explains the reason behind the fear of heights just for an example. Children will have their
knees constantly shaking when they realize that they are too high up. Their brain sends a
signal to the nervous system that in return letting them know that it is dangerous to be in that
situation that can trigger fear.

Key characteristics of Rationalism

1. Concerned with Priori knowledge

 - These refers to knowledge that are independent from experience. This
characteristic state that truths can be known through pure reason, without the use
of empirical observation or the use of senses.

Ex: The mathematical truth that 7 multiplied by 3 is 21 can be considered a priori knowledge
because mathematical truths are universally true based on number definition and equations
that can be reasoned in the mind even without tangible objects to make examples of.

2. Emphasizes the use of Mind and Consciousness

- This characteristic of Rationalism state that the mind has the capacity to know
universal truths and use the mind for cognitive process that helps the person to
think, analyze and make decisions.

Ex: Critically thinking of possible solutions to a problem and deciding on the best one is a
form of reasoning.

3. Uses logical deduction as a tool for learning

- Rationalists frequently, if not always, come up with explanations to phenomena by
logical deduction. It refers to applying certain principles to draw out conclusions.

Ex: All of the college graduates have taken the course of MMW; Tito Sotto is a college
graduate; therefore, Tito Sotto have taken the course of MMW.

Rationalism in the means of morality

- Rationalists state that over other philosophies, it is a better approach when talking
about ethical truths.

Ethical Reasoning

Ethical reasoning is concerned with the

philosophy of rationalism in moral values. It refers to
our instinctive ability to differentiate what is morally
good and bad. According to rationalists, although
people might struggle to define morality, as rational
beings, humans can recognize morality even though
there are unwritten rules about it. The reason behind
ethical reasoning is the intuition. This is because
intuition guides a person in being aware of larger unwritten concepts such as justice and
loyalty since our senses cannot explain what those are.

Rationalism in the means of education

Rationalism in an educational setting can be a staple way of learning. Although

rationalism itself can be strict and linear when it comes to its philosophy only being limited
reasoning and excluding experience. Rationalism when used in harmony with other
philosophies of learning, can be very beneficial for students and even teachers for coming up
with ways to make creative activities. In using rationalism in a classroom environment, can
foster the following benefits for teachers and their students:

1. Rationalism encourages questioning

- Incorporating Rationalism in the classroom will allow the students to critically think
about the reasoning behind lessons at hand in which it fosters curiosity that in return
will have the students practice the art of inquiry.

2. Problem solving activities

- Incorporating real-world scenarios will allow the students to apply their critical and
rational thinking to find solutions to the problems at hand

3. Logical sequencing
- By using reasoning to interconnect the sequence of events, students will easily form
an understanding. For example, the GomBurZa priests’ death fueled the Filipinos to
have independence of the colonizers that started the revolution.
References:

Element 99. (2014, January 21). Rationalism vs empiricism [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1g8wjsEQyw
Logic | Definition, Types & Uses. (2023, December 23). Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic/Logical-systems#ref283522
Philosophy of mind | Definition, Summary, Examples, Philosophers, & Facts. (1998, July
20). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-
mind/Rationality
Philosophy Vibe. (2020, October 7). Rationalism vs Empiricism Debate [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30IQK0bdmDQ
Rationalism | Definition, Types, History, Examples, & Descartes. (1998, September 28).
Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/rationalism/Epistemological-rationalism-in-
modern-philosophies
S, R. (2016, August 17). Reasoning: meaning, definition and types. Psychology Discussion -
Discuss Anything About Psychology.
https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/thinking/reasoning-meaning-definition-and-
types/2060
GALANG, Khristine Mae P.

Empiricism

The term empiricism has a double etymology. It comes from the ancient Greek word
εμπειρισμός, whose Latin translation is experientia, from which we derive the word
experience. It also comes from a more specific classical Greek and Roman empiric usage,
referring to a physician whose skills are based on practical experience rather than theoretical
teaching.

The category of experience can include the entire content of consciousness or be

limited only to sensory information.

Empiricism differs from rationalist philosophical positions that emphasize the role of
innate ideas or a priori knowledge. Kant and others sought to combine empiricism with
rationalism, understanding that knowledge is formed by combining concepts within the mind
and information obtained through the senses.

In the philosophy of science, empiricism refers to an emphasis on those aspects of

scientific knowledge that are closely related to experience, especially because they result
from the purposeful design of experiments. It is generally considered a basic requirement of
the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be verified by observations of the
natural world, rather than relying on intuition or revelation. That is why science is considered
methodologically empirical..

Also, so-called common sense might appear to be inarticulately empiricist.

John Locke the founder of British Empiricism

The doctrine of empiricism was first explicitly

formulated by British philosopher John Locke in the 17th
century. Locke argued that the mind is a tabula
rasa ("clean slate" or "blank tablet") on which
experiences leave their marks. Such empiricism denies that
humans have innate ideas or that anything is knowable
without reference to experience.
Responding to René Descartes' "continental rationalism," John Locke (1632-1704), writing in
the late 17th century in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), proposed a
new and ultimately very influential view in which the only knowledge humans can have is a
posteriori, or based on experience. Locke is famously quoted as saying that the human mind
is a tabula rasa, a "blank tablet," or "white paper," on which experiences drawn from sense
perceptions are written as a person's life progresses. Our thoughts come from two sources:
sensations and reflections. In both circumstances, there is a distinction between basic and
complicated concepts. The former cannot be analyzed and are classified as primary or
secondary traits.

Concepts of Empiricism

a posteriori (from the latter or based upon experience) – can be applied only on the
basis of experience.

Examples:

a.
Before buying a product from e-commerce websites, it is
common practice that we look for customer reviews about the
products. Here, the act of relying on testimonials or the experience
of the people who bought the product before us can help give an
incentive to decide between buying.

b. Conducting a science experiment to verify a hypothesis.

a priori (from the former) – can be applied independently of

experience.

Examples:

a. It’s freezing outside; you must be cold.

 b. Knowing that 2 + 2 equals 4 without needing empirical evidence.

Empiricism in the Context of Values

Empiricism in the context of values refers to the belief that knowledge and
comprehension of values are obtained from direct sensory experiences or observable
evidence. It emphasizes the value of actual, observable data in developing moral or ethical
standards, rather than relying primarily on abstract reasoning or speculative hypotheses.

Compassion

Instead of depending simply on abstract concepts about

empathy, an empiricist may appreciate compassion based on
practical experiences such as understanding others' suffering via
personal contacts or observing real-life examples of empathy.

Honesty

Rather than abstract ideas regarding truthfulness, an

empiricist approach to honesty may involve valuing it based on
observable benefits in relationships and societal trust, as supported
by evidence of the good results of truthful communication.

Politeness

An empiricist may respect politeness because they have observed that courteous
communication promotes greater understanding, cooperation, and a more beneficial social
environment.

Respect

Instead of abstract ideas, an empiricist could value respect

based on the tangible benefits of treating others with dignity, such as
enhanced relationships, cooperation, and a more peaceful community.
 Empiricism in the classroom setting

In the classroom, an empirical method focuses on actual experiences, observations,

and real evidence to improve learning.

Hands-on Learning

Incorporating experiments or interactive activities allows students to immediately

witness and feel things, resulting in a greater understanding compared to abstract theoretical
conversations.

Real-World Applications

Connecting classroom topics to real-life examples and scenarios, helping students see
the practical relevance of what they are learning and how it applies in everyday situations.

Experiential Learning

Encourage students to participate in field trips, case studies, or projects that provide direct
experiences and allow them to apply theoretical knowledge in a practical setting.
References:

Definition, history, criticism, & facts. (2023, December 29). Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/empiricism/History-of-empiricism#/media/1/186146/74910

Empiricism - New World Encyclopedia. (n.d.).

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Empiricism

Fumerton, R., Quinton, A. M., Quinton, B., & Duignan, B. (2023, December 29). Definition,
history, criticism, & facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/empiricism

Jayachandran, A. (2024, January 29). A posteriori. WallStreetMojo.

https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/a-posteriori/

Testbook. (2024, January 22). Empiricism UPSC- Types of Empiricism & Rationalism vs.
Empiricism. Testbook. https://testbook.com/amp/ias-preparation/empiricism
SANCHEZ, Iris Jean P.

PRAGMATISM

 Derived from Greek word ‘pragma’ which means work, practice,

 action or activity.
 It is the philosophy of practical experience.
 Pragmatism is an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life
and growth. That is, teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for
life and encourage them to grow into better people. Many famous educators, including
John Dewey, were pragmatists.

PROPONENTS OF PRAGMATISM

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

John Dewey was a prominent proponent of the school known as

American pragmatism, a view that rejected the dualistic epistemology
and metaphysics of modern philosophy in favor of a naturalistic
approach that saw knowledge as the active adaptation of the human
organism to the environment. According to this point of view, research
should not be understood as a mind that passively observes the world
and extracts from it ideas that, if true, correspond to reality, but rather
as a process that begins and progresses through the control or
inhibition of a successful human. activity to be active the manipulation of the environment to
test hypotheses and the problems of readjustment of the organism to the environment,
allowing human activity to continue again.

MAIN COMPONENTS OF PRAGMATISM

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
Experiential Learning is the process of learning by doing. By engaging students in hands-on
experiences and reflection, they are better able to connect theories and knowledge learned in
the classroom to real-world situations.

Experiential learning opportunities exist in a variety of course- and non-course-based forms

and may include community service, service-learning, undergraduate research, study
abroad/away, and culminating experiences such as internships, student teaching, and study
trips.

Ex: Students conduct experiments in a laboratory and observing a model of a windmill.

PRACTICAL LEARNING

Practical learning is acquired

through real-life experience. In
other words, you learn on the job’
by doing, rather than reading,
listening, or watching.

Also known as “vocational”, or

“practice-based. In this learning,
practising relevant skills through action, you gain experience and knowledge to complete
tasks and prove yourself capable in your role. Just like the old saying goes, “practice makes
perfect.”
Kinaesthetic learners are well-suited to “hands-on” learning objectives because they learn
best by doing, such as participating in activities or physical problem-solving tasks.

Ex: Students are being tasked to build their own model of a car using recycled materials.

RATIONALISM IN TERMS OF MORALITY

Pragmatism is a moral philosophy that prioritizes practicality and believes that the
significance of moral beliefs and actions lies in their real-life consequences. This suggests
that moral decisions should be based on what works best in a given situation to promote well-
being and resolve ethical dilemmas. This approach may favor results, adaptability to different
circumstances, and problem solving over strict adherence to abstract moral principles.
Ultimately, pragmatism in morality seeks to respond to real challenges and improve the
overall moral fabric of society through practical and effective means.

PRACTICAL REASONING

Practical reasoning within pragmatism is strictly related to moral values and emphasizes the
consequences and practical results of ethical decision making. From this perspective, moral
values are seen as instrumental tools focused on achieving positive and concrete results in the
real world. The pragmatic approach of practical reasoning is compatible with consequentialist
ethics, where the morality of an action is evaluated by its practical effect. This reasoning is
characterized by adaptability and flexibility that allows a dynamic response to changing
circumstances. Practical reasoning in pragmatism is based on empirical evidence and
recognizes the importance of real-life experiences in forming moral values. This adopts a
problem-solving orientation and treats ethical problems as practical challenges that require
effective solutions for the betterment of the individual and society. In addition, pragmatism
and openness to different perspectives and recognition of the infallibility of knowledge
contribute to a nuanced and context-dependent approach to ethical decisions, reflecting the
multifaceted nature of moral values within a pragmatic framework.

PRAGMATISM ON EDUCATION

Pragmatism believes that goals are always determined by the person, not by the organization
or structure. The best statement of the educational goals of pragmatism is found in the
writings of John Dewey:

The goal of education is to teach children to enjoy their learning environment to the extent
that children live their lives. Dewey believed in this type of environment, which is not seen as
a preparation for life, but as life itself. He believed that educators should know the things that
motivate and interest children and plan accordingly. Dewey believed that goals should grow
out of existing circumstances, be tentative, and have a purpose.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PRAGMATISM

 Gives importance to action

  Gives importance to experience
 Believes in change. No belief in permanent values
 Belief in practical philosophy
 Believe that growth and development takes place through interaction and environment

PRAGMATISM AND TEACHER:

 A teacher should be adult and train

 Pragmatism regard as a helper guide and philosopher.
 Teachers should focus on experimenting a teacher should encourage student to focus
on experiment
 Teacher should be imaginative in his efforts.
 Teacher should believe in democratic values.
 Teacher should not be overshadowing the personality of a pupil.

PRAGMATISM AND METHODS OF TEACHING

The method employed by the

pragmatist teacher is
experimental. The pupil is
required to discover the truth for
himself. To facilitate this
discovery the application of the
inductive and heuristic methods
of teaching is necessary.
Experiences should, therefore, be
planned to arouse the curiosity of children to acquire knowledge. Textbooks and teachers are
not so much important in pragmatic education. Their position is secondary in the teaching-
learning process. They are required to suggest and prompt only. The teacher suggests
problems, indicates the lines of active solution and then leaves the students to experiment for
themselves. The child learns for himself. Pragmatic education is thus auto-education or self-
education.

“Students engage in role-playing scenarios related to their curriculum.”

For example: Vic Sotto and his classmates reenact historical events, bringing the past to life.
PRAGMATISM AND STUDENT:

Pragmatism in education prioritizes practical, hands-on learning experiences for students,

emphasizing active participation, problem solving, and real meaning. It aims to promote
critical thinking, adaptability and social responsibility and prepare students to effectively
apply their knowledge in everyday lives.

PRAGMATISM AND SCHOOL:

School for Dewey is a social organization designed to provide social experience to the
learners. School mimics the organization of society itself. Accordingly, in a school learners
gain real experiences of actual life which develops in them a sense of duty towards society. It
is not only a center of education but a center of community. School is a true representative of
a society.
References:
Beniwal, R. (2018). Pragmatism in education. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332671466_Pragmatism_in_Education
Drew, C. (2023, September 9). The 4 Principles of Pragmatism in Education (2024). Helpful
Professor. https://helpfulprofessor.com/pragmatism-in-education/
Gpsmlk. (n.d.). Eight fold path. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/394764009/Eight-
Fold-Path
John Dewey | Biography, Philosophy, Pragmatism, & Education. (2024, January 15).
Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dewey/Instrumentalism
Maheshwari, V. (n.d.). Pragmatism and education. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/30853941/Pragmatism-and-Education
Mg. (n.d.). Experiential learning. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/document/127958096/Experiential-Learning
Scribd. (n.d.). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/embeds/439384006/content
LOPEZ, Eric Daniel R.

Hinduism

Hinduism is considered the oldest religion with over a billion people. It originated in India
and the word Hinduism is even connected to the word India. This is because of the ancient
language of the Hindus, Sanskrit. The Sanskrit name for Hindu’s River is called Sindhu that
had been changed overtime by oral tradition of ancient Persians to the word Hindu and
changed overtime in the same process to India by the Greek.

Hinduism, unlike other religions, does not limit their sacred text in one book. There are
multiple books for different subjects in the religion. For example, the four Vedas of Hinduism
has their own unique teachings written in them that specifies the basis of Hindu faith.

What are Hindus?

Hindus are a diverse group of people. Some strictly dedicated themselves to prayer to the
Gods of Hinduism and some see it as a philosophy or a way of life without believing in Gods.
In other words, Hindus are the people that follow the teachings of Hinduism. In addition,
according to the Hindus, Hinduism can be classified as either a religion that people follow or
even a philosophy that they can learn from.

Core beliefs in Hinduism

1. Atman
- Atman refers to the soul. The souls of the people are considered to be immortal
individual souls. This is because there is the concept of rebirth in Hinduism. In this
 concept, it is stated that karma or the action of the soul within a body can affect that
soul’s next life.

2. Transmigration
- Transmigration refers to the process of the
soul moving to another body after death.
The body that the soul is going to move to
is determined by the concept of karma.
3. Karma
- Karma is the representation of action in Hinduism. This concept plays a vital role in
the concept of rebirth as it can determine the future from a person’s action in the past.
- According to Hindus, in Hinduism, karma is defined as the concept of actions having
consequences directly affecting what will happen to that person in the future and in
the next life. Therefore, being the concept of cause in effect in terms of morality.

Ex: Don’t do to other what you don’t want done unto you.

- Universally, karma can be determined into two subsets: good karma and bad karma.

Good karma

- Refers to the result of good deeds done to others. It is associated with positive
actions that will bring positive benefits to the doer of that action.

Ex: Helping others as an act of kindness. This kindness can go around and back to
the doer of the action

Bad Karma

- Refers to the result of bad deeds done to others. This kind of karma is
associated with intentionally causing harm unto others.
Ex: Cruelty to animals and nature. This kind of behavior can go around and back
to the doer of the action often in worse terms.

Kinds of Karma

1. Sachita Karma
- Refers to the accumulated results of actions performed in the past lives.
 2. Prarabdha Karma
- Refers to the results of actions from the present life to the same life.
- In addition to the concept of karma, there are certain rules and principles that apply in
karma.
1. Small actions add up in the results of karma
- Even though small acts of kindness add up very little positive emotions to a
person being done to, karma can add up and lead to bigger results.
2. Karma is non transferable
- Karma is the concept of results of personal actions which cannot be
transferred to other people even if asked for.
4. Belief in Moksha
- Refers to the release in the life and death cycle. According to Hindus, the end goal in
the Hindu life is to get back to Brahman, the one universal soul that is said to be
formless, genderless source of all reality. In other words, the Universe.
- According to the teachings of Hinduism, Moksha is achievable by realizing oneness
with Brahman.
5. Belief in Dharma
- Dharma has many meanings and is
difficult to be translated to the English
language. One of the best translations of
Dharma is “Proper Behavior”. The concept
of Dharma maintains the balance in the
universe. It is stated in the teachings of
Hinduism that everyone and everything
has a purpose to be fulfilled and followed and if the mentioned purpose has not been
met, it will bring imbalance in the Universe and cause consequences.

Hinduism in moral values

- In Hindu teachings, it is said that Dharma must be followed for society to function.
There are four goals of Hinduism relating to moral values. These four are:
1. Dharma
- The concept that keeps the universe in balance when everyone and everything follows
their proper behaviors.
2. Artha
 - Refers to the pursuit of prosperity and good reputation
3. Kama Sutra
- Pleasure of both body and mind
4. Moksha
- The release from the cycle of rebirth

These four goals are interconnected with each other. In a way that Moksha, can only
be achieved if the three other goals are met. In addition, there are six (6) temptations to be
avoided according to Hinduism in order to properly achieve Moksha.

6 Temptations to avoid to achieve Moksha

1. Kama
- Refers to lust and materialism
2. Krodha
- Refers to anger
3. Lobha
- Meaning greed
4. Moha
- Meaning unrealistic attachment to people and power
5. Mada
- Meaning pride
6. Matsarya
- Meaning jealousy

Overall, by following Dharma and avoiding the six (6) temptations mentioned, a Hindu
can break the cycle of rebirth. Relating these factors to morality, these goals and temptations
in Hinduism can benefit people in a moralistic standpoint other than achieving Moksha.

Hinduism in relation to education

The core beliefs mentioned can be applied in a classroom setting in a way that these moral
values can be translated into ethical and meaningful actions of the people in the academic
field.

1. Dharma – The concept of Dharma in a classroom setting can be applied by realizing

that teachers have the responsibility to teach and students have the responsibility to
 listen and learn. When these factors are followed, the classroom setting will have
balance and order.
2. Karma – The concept of Karma in a classroom setting can be applied in situations
with the means of cause and effect.

Ex: Mort answered well in the recitation; therefore, Mort received a high grade in
recitation.

References:

Cogito. (2019, July 13). Hinduism explained [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlBEEuYIWwY
Felton, A. (2022, December 8). What is karma? WebMD.
https://www.webmd.com/balance/what-is-karma
Hindu Monk. (2020, October 21). Adi Sankaracharya on Karma - Sanchita, Prarabdha,
Agami -Importance of Self-Knowledge for Liberation [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wviNIbmoIIo
Hinduism - Origins, Facts & Beliefs | HISTORY. (2017, October 6). HISTORY.
https://www.history.com/topics/religion/hinduism
Smith, B. K., Doniger, W., Dimock, E. C., Narayanan, V., Basham, A. L., Gold, A. G., &
Van Buitenen, J. (2024, January 22). Hinduism | Origin, History, Beliefs, Gods, &
Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism
SANCHEZ, Iris Jean P.

BUDDHISM

What is Buddhism?

Buddhism is one of the world’s largest religions and

originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that the
human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual
and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve
enlightenment, or nirvana.

Who is Buddha?

Siddhartha Gautama Shakyamuni or simply the Buddha. was a founder the of Buddhism. The
word Buddha means "awakened one" or "the enlightened one.”

The Four Noble

Truths are an eventual plan for dealing with the physical or mental suffering humanity faces.
The first truth recognizes the existence of suffering. The second truth, however, tries to find
out the cause of suffering. In Buddhism, craving and ignorance are the roots of suffering. By
lust, Buddhists refer to the longing for pleasure, material goods and immortality, all of which
are needs that can never be satisfied. As a result, wanting them can only lead to suffering.
Ignorance is about not seeing the world as it really is. Without spiritual focus and
understanding, Buddhism explains, the mind remains undeveloped and unable to understand
the true nature of things. From this ignorance arise evils such as greed, envy, anger and
hatred. The third noble truth, the truth of the cessation of suffering, is ambiguous, referring
either to the cessation of suffering in this life, on earth, or through the achievement of
Nirvana in the spiritual life. When one has attained Nirvana, which is a transcendent state free
from suffering and our earthly cycle of birth and rebirth, one has attained spiritual
enlightenment. The Four Noble Truths map out a method for achieving the end of suffering
and are known as the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path. The steps of the Noble Eightfold Path
are Right Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood,
Right Aspiration, Right Awareness, and Right Concentration.

8 PRINCIPLES/8 FOLD PATHS

1. Right View

2. Right Intention

3. Right Speech

4. Right Action

5. Right Living

6. Right Mindfulness

7. Right concentration

8. Right Effort

THE FIVE MORAL PRECEPTS ARE:

1. to refrain from taking life or killing any living creature

2. to refrain from taking what is not freely given or in other words; being a thief
3. to refrain from misuse of the senses or sexual misconduct, overindulgence in sex or
committing sexual offences
4. to refrain from wrong speech, such as lying or gossiping
5. to refrain from intoxicants that cloud the mind, like taking drugs or alcohol
BUDDHISM IN EDUCATION

Buddhism has had a major influence on education

in areas where it is practiced both widely and as a
religion. Some educational institutions provide
courses on Buddhist ideas, history, and culture,
incorporating Buddhist philosophy and teachings
into their curricula. This gives students the
opportunity to investigate many points of view
and develop a deeper comprehension of
Buddhism as a philosophical and cultural tradition.

Monastic education has a long history and is based on the study of scripture and philosophy.
It is derived from the legacy of Buddhist monasteries. Buddhist ethics and concepts, such
compassion and mindfulness, have permeated school courses, influencing students' moral
principles and character. Originating in Buddhist traditions, mindfulness and meditation
techniques have been widely accepted in colleges and institutions around the world to
improve focus, lower stress levels, and foster general wellbeing. Buddhist philosophy has left
its mark on the cultural elements of art, literature, and curriculum in areas heavily affected by
Buddhism.

BUDDHISM IN MORAL VALUES

Buddhism as one of the religions puts a lot of importance on virtues such as mindfulness,
compassion, and morality. Such concepts often find their way into school curriculums, and as
such, teach children to form moral beliefs and
character. The ideas of Buddhism may be seen
as a foundation for creating moral, socially
responsible citizens.
The Buddhists concern with moral actions and right conduct coincides with the aims of
character education. Ethical teachings can be included in the educational programs, which
can be integrated into the curriculum to teach them that they are responsible for their
behavior. By introducing these values, educators try to create a climate where learners not
only perform well academically but also become good citizens.

TEACHING METHOD

ORALLY - Traditionally, most of the

teachings of Buddhism were transmitted
orally from teacher to student especially when
they are preaching. This approach is a direct
communication of doctrines, stories, and
insights. Verbal communication is also a
significant medium used by monks and nuns
to preserve and transmit the Buddhist teachings.

LEARNED CONFERENCES/MEDITATIONS
– Meditation and other learned conferences is a
central practice in Buddhism, and instruction in
meditation techniques is a common teaching
method. Teachers’ practices. This experiential
approach allows students to directly explore the
nature of their minds and the principles taught in
Buddhism.

RITUAL CEREMONIES - Rituals and

ceremonies are an important part of many
traditions of Buddhism. This can be chanting,
practices, and ceremonies that represent and
reinforce the core elements of the Buddhist
doctrine. The process of engaging in these rituals
can provide a means by which people can be able to relish the tradition and adopt the values
of the tradition.

BUDDHISM BELIEFS IN TERMS OF VALUES

Buddhism, as taught in the four noble truths, the Eightfold path and the five precepts, is
deeply intertwined with a set of core values that significantly shape how followers live their
lives. Buddhism acknowledges that suffering is an unavoidable reality and thus emphasizes
compassion, urging followers to cultivate sympathy and benevolence towards all
creatures. The Eightfold Path is an all-encompassing pathway for moral living that cites
virtues such as right understanding, right intention, and right action. These principles direct a
person towards a mindful life, ensuring that awareness is displayed in thoughts and
actions. The Five Precepts, as ethical guidelines, affirm values of honesty, non-violence, and
responsible behavior. In conclusion, the tenets of Buddhism are not just abstract theories but a
pragmatic roadmap to living a compassionate, ethical, and conscious life where one seeks to
ease suffering and achieve freedom.

BUDDHISM BELIEFS IN TERMS OF EDUCATION

The beliefs of Buddhism play a vital role in the education system, where the emphasis is on
wisdom, mindfulness, and ethical behavior. The key focus of Buddhist teachings is the
realization of suffering and the quest for enlightenment through understanding. In education,
this means an emphasis on the development of intellect, critical thinking, and understanding
of life. Mindfulness practices, including meditation, are incorporated into training to promote
focus and self-awareness. The commitment to moral development is based on ethical
principles that are rooted in the Five Precepts, which in turn help to promote compassion,
responsibility, and ethical behavior among the students. Buddhism’s focus on
interdependence makes education about more than just the development of the individual,
encouraging global citizenship, environmentalism, and a sense of obligation to the world. The
approach is, however, pragmatic because it involves the practical application of knowledge,
which is aimed at relieving suffering. Basically, these beliefs inform an educational
philosophy that is not merely about educating but also about cultivating people who are full
of compassion, mindfulness, and ethics, so that they not only thrive but also make the world a
better place for all.

References:

Basics of Buddhism. (n.d.-a). https://www.pbs.org/edens/thailand/buddhism.htm#:~:text=The

%20steps%20of%20the%20Noble,Right%20Mindfulness%20and%20Right
%20Concentration
Buddhism as educational philosophy. (2019, November 12). [Slide show]. SlideShare.

https://www.slideshare.net/RichardBanez/buddhism-as-educational-philosophy

Buddhism. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/buddhism/

GALANG, Khristine Mae P.

CONFUCIANISM

Stressing the importance of correct behavior, loyalty and

obedience to hierarchy, Confucianism is a system of ethics
devised by the Chinese scholar K’ung Fu-tzu (Latinized to
Confucius) in sixth century BC China. An itinerant teacher,
Confucius (551–479 BC) essentially systematized elements
of ancient Chinese philosophy, which were later compiled
by his disciples in two authoritative volumes known as the Four Books and the Five Classics.

Here are some of his famous lines or quotes:

In spite of the influence of Daoism and Buddhism, Confucian ethics have had the strongest
influence on the moral fabric of Chinese society. A revival of Confucian thought in the 11th
century produced Neo-Confucianism, a major influence in Korea during the Chosŏn dynasty
and in Japan during the Tokugawa period.

CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY

The Confucian system looks less like a religion than a philosophy or way of life. This may be
because it focuses on earthly relationships and duty and not on deities or the divine.
Confucianism teaches that the gentleman-scholar is the highest calling. Confucius believed
that the gentleman, or junzi , is a role model and the highest calling for a person. The
gentleman holds fast to high principles regardless of life’s hardships. The gentleman does not
remove himself from the world but fulfills his capacity for goodness. He does so by a
commitment to virtue developed through moral formation.

Though ritual is quite important, there is not much concern with an afterlife or eschatology.
Whereas a religion like Hinduism devotes much of its doctrine to accomplishing spiritual
fulfillment, Confucianism is concerned with social fulfillment. Unlike Buddhism, there are no
monks. There are no priests or religious leaders. It does not have many of the conventions of
a religion.

Confucius did not give his followers a god or gods to be worshipped. Confucianism is not
against worship, but teaches that social duties are more important. The focus is on ethical
behavior and good government and social responsibility.

How can Confucianism be considered a Religion?

At this point, Confucianism still may not sound like much of a religion. But as part of
Confucianism's promotion of tradition, its followers are asked to practice ancestral worship,
rituals, sacrifice, and a belief in Tian (天), which means heaven. Although Tian is associated
with divinity, it is regarded as an impersonal "oneness" with one's surroundings, a sense of
order and harmony with the world rather than a belief in a separate, immaterial realm. In that
sense, Tian is much different from the Abrahamic religion's (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)
belief in heaven, but still quite spiritual and religious.

“You are not yet able to serve men, how can you serve spirits?”

-Confucius
FACTS ABOUT CONFUCIANISM

- The term "Confucianism" was invented by Christian Missionaries in China through a

partial mistranslation. When learning of Confucius, whose real name was Kong Fuzi (
孔夫子), westerners adapted the pronunciation of the philosopher's name. (It makes
more sense if you sound it out loud)
- The Traditional Chinese "Ru" Character used to symbolize
Confucianism.

CONFUCIANISM BELIEFS

Confucianism can be said to have a top-down structure in its beliefs.

Primarily, Confucianism is concerned with the proper function of the state (remember that
Confucius taught during a turbulent political setting in Chinese history). One of the main
society-level beliefs of Confucianism is that society is structured much like a traditional
Chinese family, with a patriarch at the head and children beneath him. To prevent constant
rebellions and warring, Confucius urged an adherence to tradition, especially within the
family structure. Respecting one's parents and venerating ancestors inspired lawfulness,
order, and loyalty, whereas continuous capital punishment only inspired fear.

In this sense, Confucian belief promotes self-improvement, education, filial piety,

conforming to one's proper role, and cultivating harmony through the pursuit of these
principles. Perhaps most famous of all Confucian beliefs is the Golden Rule: to treat others
how you wish to be treated (or don't treat others how you don't want to be treated).

Definition

Filial Piety:

The virtue of respecting and caring for one's parents.

CONFUCIANISM VALUES

As stated previously, one of the core values of Confucianism is humanism. In Confucianism,

benevolence, humaneness, and pleasant human experiences are wrapped into the
word Ren (仁). This concept was tied very closely to Tian (heaven). Among other Confucian
values are righteousness and justice, propriety, wisdom, and faithfulness.

RELATIONSHIPS

Relationships are important in Confucianism. Order begins with the family. Children are to
respect their parents. A son ought to study his father’s wishes as long as the father lives; and
after the father is dead, he should study his life, and respect his memory (Confucius 102).

A person needs to respect the position that s/he has in all relationships. Due honor must be
given to those people above and below oneself. This makes for good social order. The respect
is typified through the idea of Li . Li is the term used to describe Chinese proprietary rites
and good manners. These include ritual, etiquette, and other facets that support good social
order. The belief is that when Li is observed, everything runs smoothly and is in its right
place.

Relationships are important for a healthy social order and harmony. The relationships
in Li are:

 Father over son

 Older brother over younger
 Husband over wife
 Ruler over subject
 Friend is equal to Friend

Each of these relationships is important for balance in a person’s life. There are five main
relationship principles : hsiao ,chung , yi , xin , and jen .

Hsiao is love within the family. Examples include love of parents for their children and of
children for their parents. Respect in the family is demonstrated through Li and Hsiao.

Chung is loyalty to the state. This element is closely tied to the five relationships of Li.
Chung is also basic to the Confucian political philosophy. An important note is that
Confucius thought that the political institutions of his day were broken. He attributed this to
unworthy people being in positions of power. He believed rulers were expected to learn self-
discipline and lead through example.

Yi is righteousness or duty in an ordered society. It is an element of social relationships in

Confucianism. Yi can be thought of as internalized Li.

Xin is honesty and trustworthiness. It is part of the Confucian social philosophy. Confucius
believed that people were responsible for their actions and treatment of other people. Jen and
Xin are closely connected.

Jen is benevolence and humaneness towards others. It is the highest Confucian virtue and can
also be translated as love. This is the goal for which individuals should strive.

Together, these principles balance people and society. A balanced, harmonious life requires
attention to one’s social position. For Confucius, correct relationships establish a well-
ordered hierarchy in which each individual fulfills her/his duty.
References:

Confucianism: Beliefs, Values & Origins | StudySmarter. (n.d.). StudySmarter UK.

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/modern-world-history/confucianism/

Florida State College at Jacksonville. (n.d.). Confucianism. Pressbooks.

https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/worldreligions/chapter/confucianism/

What is Confucianism? (n.d.). History Today. https://www.historytoday.com/history-

matters/what-confucianism