ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

1

Lecture 1

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

2 20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

31/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields, Concept of Gradient, Divergence
and Curl
01/02/3 Lecture 2: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
03/02/23 Lecture 3 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
07/02/23 Lecture 4: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant, Magnetic
field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation..
08/02/23 Lecture 5 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential and integral forms)
10/02/23 Lecture 6 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell Equations,
electromagnetic spectrum
14/08/23 Lecture 7: Application of ‘EM’ theory in resistive touch screen display, capacitive
touchscreen display, Imaging devices

January 31, 2023

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
 Quick QUIZ on 20th Jan 2022
3

No Question Attempts Right Wrong

1 How many UNITS will be covered in PHY109 Engineering

Physics?
2 Identify the devices that do not use electromagnetic energy
3 Why are lasers used in “Laser Printers”
4 A dielectric waveguide for the propagation of
electromagnetic energy at light frequencies
5 A black body appears black because it..
6 Solids with high value of conductivity are called:

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

How many UNITS will be covered in PHY109 Engineering Physics?

a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

Identify the devices that do not use electromagnetic
energy.
a) Television
b) Washing machine
c) Microwave oven
d) Mobile phones

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

Why are lasers used in “Laser Printers”

(a) They can be focused down to very small spot sizes for
high resolution
(b) They are cheap
(c) They are impossible to damage
(d) Easy to refill

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

A dielectric waveguide for the propagation of electromagnetic
energy at light frequencies

a. Stripline
b. Microstrip
c. Laser beam
d. Optical fiber

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

A black body appears black because it..

a) Does not reflect light

b) Does not transmit light
c) Does absorb light
d) All of the above

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

What is the most fundamental property of wave?

a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Frequency
d) Wavelength

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

Solids with high value of conductivity are called:

(a) Metals
(b)Nonmetal
(c)Insulator
(d)Semi conductor

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
11
Physical Quantity: Any quantity that can be measured/determined and
has a magnitude and unit.
Examples: Mass, weight, distance, length displacement, speed, velocity,
pressure, temperature, force, acceleration, energy, current ..etc..

Scalar Vector
 Physical quantity that has only  Physical quantity that has magnitude
magnitude and has no direction and also has direction
Do you know about TENSOR?
If a tensor has only magnitude and no direction (i.e., rank 0 tensor), then it is
called scalar.
If a tensor has magnitude and one direction (i.e., rank 1 tensor), then it is
called vector.
Tensor of Rank 2 is called matrix.
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
12

Scalar quantity Vector Quantity

• It is enough to know its • It is necessary to know its magnitude (
magnitude ( numerical value numerical value and unit) and also the
and unit to express it) direction

Examples:. Mass (kg), length Examples: Displacement (m), velocity

(m), distance (m), Current (A), (m/s), acceleration (m/s2), force (N),
time (s), speed (m/s), Weight (N)
temperature (°C), Energy (J)
x2 m
B C
t2 s Displacement= AD=x2 m
Distance=AB+BC+CD=(2x1+x2)m Velocity= x2/(2t1+t2) m/s
Speed = (2x1+x2)/(2t1+t2) m/s x1 m t1 s t1 m x1 m

t2 s
A x2 m
D
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023
13

The quantity which has only magnitude is called?

a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

14

Force is a vector quantity. True or false?

a) True
b) False

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

15

The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?

a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 Vector Basics
16

 We will be using vectors a lot in this

course. Ways of writing vector notation
 Remember that vectors have both F  ma
magnitude and direction e.g. a,   
F  ma
 You should know how to find the F  ma
components of a vector from its
magnitude and direction
a x  a cos
a y  a sin 
 You should know how to find a vector’s
ax
magnitude and direction from its
components
a  a x2  a y2
  tan 1 a y / a x
January 31, 2023
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC
 VECTOR ALGEBRA
17

Algebraic operation on Vectors

1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Products
1. Dot product
2. Cross product
Properties of Vector addition
1. Commutative property: For any two vectors

2. Associative property: For any three vectors

The associative property of vector addition enables us to write the sum of three
vectors without using brackets.;

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 VECTORS ALGEBRA
18

 Null vector
Additive identity,

 Unit vector

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Let is vector and  is scalar, then is the multiplication of

vector with scalar .

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

19

Magnitude of the null vector is

a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

20

Magnitude of the unit vector is

a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 VECTORS ALGEBRA: Dot product of two
vectors
21

Vectors a and b with an  between

them a
 A
AB =AB cos b

Dot product of two vectors is a scalar

Why cos ?

This the case if we know the magnitude of two vectors and the
angle between them.. What if know only the components
along X,Y and Z direction?

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 Derivation; Dot product of two
vectors
22

 
 How do we show that A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az?Bz

 Start with A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ

B  Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ
 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
 Then A  B  ( Axi  Ay j  Az k )  ( Bxi  By j  Bz k )
 Axiˆ  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)  Ay ˆj  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)  Az kˆ  ( Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)

iˆ  ˆj  0; iˆ  kˆ  0; ˆj  kˆ  0
 But
iˆ  iˆ  1; ˆj  ˆj  1; kˆ  kˆ  1
 
A  B  Axiˆ  Bxiˆ  Ay ˆj  By ˆj  Az kˆ  Bz kˆ
 So  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

23

Dot product of two identical vectors (A) is a

a) Zero
b) A2

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 VECTORS ALGEBRA: Cross product of two
vectors
24

Vectors a and b with an  between

them a
 A
a x b =ab sin b

Cross product of two vectors is vector

Lies perpendicular to the both a and b

This the case if we know the magnitude of two vectors and the
angle between them.. What if know only the components
along X,Y and Z direction?

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

25
26

Cross product of two identical vectors (A) is a

a) Zero
b) A2

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

27

Cross product of two vectors is a

a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

28

Dot product of two vectors is a

a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
29

Components of a vector, with i, j, k unit vectors

(x,y,z) z

 A three-dimensional coordinate system

MUST obey the right-hand rule.
 Curl the fingers of your RIGHT HAND so
they go from x to y. Your thumb will
point in the z direction.
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023
 Right Handed Coordinate Systems
30

Which of these coordinate systems obey the right-hand rule?

a) I and II.
b) II and III.
c) I, II, and III.
d) I and IV.
e) IV only.

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
31

P (s,,z)

x=s cos=  (s,)

y=s sin=  (s,)
z= z

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

SPHERICAL POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
32

 r

r-projection = r Sin=  (r,)

x=r-projection. Cos = r Sin Cos=  (r,,)
y=r-projection.Sin = r Sin Sin=  (r,,)
z= r Cos=  (r,)

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

33

If the vector is a function (r,,), which co-ordinate system is used

a) Rectangular
b) Cylindrical
c) Spherical

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

SCALAR FIELDS? A field is a function that has a different
value at every point in space
34

A scalar function defines a scalar field in that domain or

on that surface or curve

Eg. Temperature (°C)

Temperature distribution in the room
with a heat source is a scalar field
Heat source

Pressure and electric potentials functions are other examples of

scalar field

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

35

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 VECTOR FIELDS
36

A vector function defines a vector field in that domain

or on that surface or curve
Eg. Velocity (m/s)
Velocity distribution of fluid flow
through a tube of varying diameter is
a vector field
Other examples of vector fields are field of
tangent vectors of a curve, field of normal vectors of a
surface, velocity field of a rotating body and the
gravitational field, electric field and magnetic field

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

37

Magnetic field of a magnet Electric field of positive and

negative charges

Vector and scalar fields may depend also on time in addition to

their dependencies on space.
Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023
38

Which one is a scalar field

a) Electric field
b) Magnetic field
c) Gravitational field
d) Pressure field

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

39

Which one is a vector field

a) Electric field
b) Temperature field
c) Pressure field
d) Electric potential

Reji Thomas DRD-DRC January 31, 2023

 VECTOR CALCULUS
40

 Introducing mathematical operations in vector

calculus for EM theory
 Study the rate of change of scalar and vector
fields

Vector differential operator ()

-called Del or Nabla in
 Rectangular co-ordinate system (Cartesian )
 Cylindrical coordinate system
 Spherical polar coordinate system
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023
 1. DEL OPERATOR
41

In the Rectangular coordinate system

In the Cylindrical coordinate system

Refer T1: Mailk and Singh section

In the spherical polar coordinate system 10.3 figure 10.1 to see the definition
of (x,y,z), (s,,z) and (r,,)…Also
depicted in the next slide

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 r-projection = r Sin=  (r,)
x=s cos=  (s,) x=r-projection. Cos = r Sin Cos=  (r,,)
y=s sin=  (s,) y=r-projection.Sin = r Sin Sin=  (r,,)
z= z z= r Cos=  (r,)
42

 r
P(s,,z) r, ,


S,  and Z

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 2. GRADIENT
43

In the rectangular coordinate, the Gradient of a

Scalar function F(x,y,z)

Grad F(x,y,z)=

Cylindrical
coordinate system

Spherical coordinate
system

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 2. GRADIENT; directional derivative
44

dF is variation in F for a small

change x, y and z

And is nothing but the dot

product of F with

i.e….dF=
So maximum when =0; i.e when spatial change is in the direction of the vector F

so…its gives an idea about the direction along which maximum

change in the scalar function (F) occurs- and that will be in the
direction of the vector
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023
45

Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

scalar function (F),

a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

b) It is a vector quantity
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 3 DIVERGENCE
46

In the rectangular coordinate system, Divergence of the vector,

෠ 𝑧 results in
𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖𝐴
Ƹ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴
Ƹ 𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴

) 𝑖𝐴
Ƹ 𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴 ෠ 𝑧
Ƹ 𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴

Vectors and with an  between

them
 A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 3 DIVERGENCE
47

Cylindrical
coordinate system

Spherical
coordinate system
Outward normal flux of vector field from a closed surface is
Solenoidal if the divergence of the vector is zero..

What if the Divergence is ±x? Source ? Sink? Think about

it…
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023
 3 DIVERGENCE, source, sink or
solenoidal
48

source sink

solenoidal
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023
49

If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

that vector is called

a) Solenoidal vector
b) Rotational Vector
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 Curl of a vector
50

Rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z)

Curl of a vector is a vector quantity--- as it has both magnitude and

direction, and
 is a rotational vector
 Its magnitude is the maximum circulation per unit area
 Its direction is normal to the area that make circulation maximum..
Right hand rule
It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

Curl of a vector
51

Cylindrical coordinate system (s,,z)

Spherical polar coordinate system (r,,)

If , we can say that vector A is irrotational or

conservative vector field

If , then vector A is rotational vector and cross product

gives the vorticity of the vector field A.. Not a conservative vector
field
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023
52

Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a vector’ ?

a) Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.

b) Curl of a vector is a rotational vector
c) Curl of a vector is normal to the area that make circulation
maximum.
d) It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity.
e) All of the above
f) None of the above

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023

 UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

53

20/01/23 Lecture 0: Introduction to PHY110, Zero Lecture

31/01/23 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector Fields, Concept of Gradient, Divergence and
Curl
01/02/3 Lecture 2: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative); Gauss law of
electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace Equations, Continuity Equation
03/02/23 Lecture 3 Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s displacement current and
corrections in Ampere Circuital Law
07/02/23 Lecture 4: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric constant, Magnetic
field and magnetic field strength, Maxwell’s equation..
08/02/23 Lecture 5 Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential and integral forms)
10/02/23 Lecture 6 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of Maxwell Equations,
electromagnetic spectrum
14/08/23 Lecture 7: Application of ‘EM’ theory in resistive touch screen display, capacitive
touchscreen display, Imaging devices
January 31, 2023
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
 PHY109 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS
54

Text Books: ENGINEERING PHYSICS by HITENDRA K

MALIK AND A K SINGH, MCGRAW HILL EDUCATION, 1st
Edition, (2009)

References:
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS by B K PANDEY AND S
CHATURVEDI, CENGAGE LEARNING, 1st Edition, (2009).

 ENGINEERING PHYSICS by D K BHATTACHARYA,

POONAM TONDON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.

 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS by HALLIDAY D., RESNICK

R AND WALKER J, WILEY, 9th Edition, (2011)

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD January 31, 2023