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Graphics 05 Mid-Point Circle SC

Here are the steps to draw the circle using the mid-point circle algorithm: 1. Set x = 0, y = 15 2. Compute the initial decision parameter D = (15)2 + (0)2 - (15-1)2 = 31 3. Plot the pixel (0,15) 4. Increment x to 1 5. Compute the new decision parameter D' = D - 2y + 1 = 31 - 30 + 1 = 2 6. Since D' < 0, plot the pixel (1,14) 7. Increment x and repeat steps 4-6, tracking y as it increments/decrements based on the sign of D' 8. Continue

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71 views23 pages

Graphics 05 Mid-Point Circle SC

Here are the steps to draw the circle using the mid-point circle algorithm: 1. Set x = 0, y = 15 2. Compute the initial decision parameter D = (15)2 + (0)2 - (15-1)2 = 31 3. Plot the pixel (0,15) 4. Increment x to 1 5. Compute the new decision parameter D' = D - 2y + 1 = 31 - 30 + 1 = 2 6. Since D' < 0, plot the pixel (1,14) 7. Increment x and repeat steps 4-6, tracking y as it increments/decrements based on the sign of D' 8. Continue

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CSE- 4105

Mid point Circle


Circle Generating Algorithms
• Circles and ellipses are common components in
many pictures.
• Circle generation routines are often included in
packages.
Circle Equations
• Polar form
x = rCos
y = rSin (r = radius of circle)

P=(rCos, rSin)
r rSin)

x
rCos)
Drawing a circle

 = 0°
while ( < 360°)
x = rCos
y = rSin
setPixel(x,y)
 =  + 1°
end while

Disadvantages
• To find a complete circle  varies from 0° to 360°
• The calculation of trigonometric functions is very slow.
Cartesian form
• Use Pythagoras theorem
r y
x2 + y2 = r2
• So, we can write a simple circle x
drawing algorithm by solving the y
equation for y at unit x intervals
using: 
P  x, r 2  x 2 
y r x 2 2
r y
x x
A Simple Circle Drawing Algorithm

y0  20 2  0 2  20

y1  20 2  12  20
y2  20 2  22  20

y19  20 2  19 2  6

y20  20  20  0
2 2
Circle algorithms
• Step through x-axis to determine y-values
Problems
• However, unsurprisingly this is not a brilliant solution!
• Firstly, the resulting circle has large gaps where the
slope approaches the vertical
• Secondly, the calculations are not very efficient
• The square (multiply) operations
• The square root operation – try really hard to avoid these!
• We need a more efficient, more accurate solution
Circle Algorithms
• Use 8-fold symmetry and only compute pixel positions
for the 45° sector.
• The first thing we can notice to make our circle drawing
algorithm more efficient is that circles centred at (0, 0) have
eight-way symmetry

(-x, y) (x, y)

(-y, x) (y, x)

R
2
(-y, -x) (y, -x)

(-x, -y) (x, -y)


Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
• Similarly to the case with lines, there is an incremental
algorithm for drawing circles – the mid-point circle
algorithm
• In the mid-point circle algorithm we use eight-way
symmetry
• so only ever calculate the points for the top right eighth
of a circle, and then use symmetry to get the rest of the
points
Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
• Let’s re-jig the equation of the circle slightly to give us:

f circ ( x, y)  x 2  y 2  r 2
• The equation evaluates as follows:

 0, if ( x, y) is inside the circle boundary



f circ ( x, y )  0, if ( x, y) is on the circle boundary
 0, if ( x, y) is outside the circle boundary

• By evaluating this function at the midpoint between the


candidate pixels we can make our decision
Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
Scan Conversion of Circles
• We need a decision variable D:

• If then M is below the arc, hence the E


pixel is closer to the line.
• If then M is above the arc, hence the SE
pixel is closer to the line.

1994 Foley/VanDam/Finer/Huges/Phillips ICG


Mid-Point Circle Algorithm

yk yk
midpoint midpoint

yk-1 yk-1

Fk >= 0 Fk < 0
yk+1 = yk yk+1 = yk - 1
Next pixel = (xk+1, yk) Next pixel = (xk+1, yk-1)
16
Mid-Point Circle Algorithm
Case I: When E is next
• What increment for computing a new D?
• Next midpoint is:

• Hence, increment by:


Pics/Math courtesy of Dave Mount @ UMD-CP
Case II: When SE is next
• What increment for computing a new D?
• Next midpoint is:

• Hence, increment by:


Scan Conversion of Circles
• How to compute the initial value of D:
• We start with x = 0 and y = R, so the first midpoint is at
x = 1, y = R-1/2:

(0,-R)

(R,0)

(0,R)
Algorithm
Fig. 3.15, Fig. 3.16 and Fig. 3.18

Practice/Exercise:

Use the mid-point circle algorithm to draw the cir


cle centred at (2,-5) with radius 15

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