Cell Membrane and Transport

MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
Mr. Earl Vincent M. Roque, LPT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the presentation, the students will be able to:
1. characterized the structural components of the cell membrane,
2. relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its

function,
3. explain various transport mechanisms on how substances cross the

cell membrane, and
4. differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis.

TOPICS
01
CELL
02 03 04
ACTIVE BULK
PASSIVE
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
01
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL MEMBRANE
All cells are surrounded by a cell
membrane (also called the plasma
membrane).
Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics

of lipids and proteins.
It is consist of a double layer of lipids

(bilayer) in which proteins are located.
Cell membranes are asymmetric.

CELL MEMBRANE
The cell membrane keeps the
components of the cell isolated from the
external environment
The cell membrane is involved in

regulating the flow of materials into
and out of the cell, mediating
intercellular communication and
adhesion and a multitude of other
functions.
Cell Membrane:
Phospholipids
The most abundant lipids in most membranes are phospholipids.
A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule.

Cell Membrane:
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, a type of steroid, is a crucial
molecule in animals. It is a common
component of animal cell membranes.
Cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the cell

membrane.
When the temperature becomes lower it

helps to increase the fluidity of the cell.
When the temperature becomes higher it

helps to decrease the fluidity of the cell.
Cell Membrane:
Proteins
1. Receptor
2. Enzymes
3. Channel
4. Volted-Gated Channel
5. Electron Carrier
6. Carrier-Protein Pump
7. Cell to Cell Recognition
8. Cell Adhesion
9. Anchor Protein
CELL AND ITS
ENVIRONMENT
TRANSPORT OFMOLECULES
ACROSS CELL MEMBRANEAS
There are 3 important characteristics of molecules that
affect their ability to cross the cell membrane:
• Size (Macromolecule or micromolecule)
• Charge (Polar or nonpolar)
• Solubility (Lipid-soluble or Not lipid soluble)
Because the tails of phospholipid bilayer are non-polar,

it is difficult for polar molecules, or ions, to pass through
them, so they act as a barrier to most water-soluble
substances.
DIFFERENT WAYS OF MOLECULE MOVEMENT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE
Name Direction Requirements Substances
Simple diffusion From higher to lower Concentration Oxygen, carbon

concentration gradient dioxide and water
Passive
Transport Facilitated diffusion From higher to lower Concentration Sugars and amino
concentration gradient and carrier acids
protein
Active Active Transport From lower to higher Carrier protein and Ions, sugars, amino
Transport concentration energy (ATP) acids
Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis From outside to - Vacuoles - Bacteria, other
inside cells and
subcellular
Bulk or materials
Vesicular - Pinocytosis - Cell vesicles - Macromolecules
Transport - Receptor-mediated - Pits with receptor - Macromolecules
proteins
Exocytosis From inside to Cell vesicles Macromolecules
outside of the cell
Transport of Molecules across
membranes
02
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Diffusion of substances across a membrane with
no energy investment.
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area where it has a
lower concentration.
OSMOSIS
Osmosis is a process by which the molecules of a solvent

pass from a solution of low concentration to a solution of
high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
TONICITY
An isotonic solution is one that has the

same concentration of solutes both
inside and outside the cell.
A hypertonic solution is one that has a

higher solute concentration outside the
cell than inside.
A hypotonic solution is one that has a

higher solute concentration inside the
cell than outside.
TONICITY
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
03
a process that involves the movement of molecules from a region
of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against a
gradient or an obstacle with the use of external energy.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
04
BULK OR VESICLE TRANSPORT
The process by which large substances (or bulk amounts of
smaller substances) enter the cell without crossing the membrane.
ENDOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis is a process in which a cell

internalizes non-particulate materials such as
proteins by engulfing them in an energy-
dependent manner.
Endocytosis generally includes pinocytosis

(cell drinking), receptor-mediated endocytosis
and phagocytosis (cell eating).
PHAGOCYTOSIS – MACROPHAGES
Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily
conserved defense mechanism by
which macrophages capture and kill
pathogens and remove apoptotic
cells into specialized intracellular
compartments.
CLINICAL APPLICATION – RECEPTOR
MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
In the inherited disease familial hypercholesterolemia, characterized by a very high level of cholesterol in the
blood, LDLs cannot enter cells because the LDL receptor proteins are defective or missing.
EXOCYTOSIS
Exocytosis is the fusion of secretory vesicles

with the plasma membrane and results in the
discharge of vesicle content into the
extracellular space and the incorporation of
new proteins and lipids into the plasma
membrane.
Transport of Molecules across
membranes
DO YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS OR
CLARIFICATION?
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESS! ☺

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MEMBRANE

At the end of the presentation, the students will be able to:

1. characterized the structural components of the cell membrane,

2. relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its

3. explain various transport mechanisms on how substances cross the

4. differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis.

Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics

It is consist of a double layer of lipids

Cell membranes are asymmetric.

The cell membrane is involved in

A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule.

Cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the cell

When the temperature becomes lower it

When the temperature becomes higher it

• Size (Macromolecule or micromolecule)

• Charge (Polar or nonpolar)

• Solubility (Lipid-soluble or Not lipid soluble)

Because the tails of phospholipid bilayer are non-polar,

Name Direction Requirements Substances

Simple diffusion From higher to lower Concentration Oxygen, carbon

Osmosis is a process by which the molecules of a solvent

An isotonic solution is one that has the

A hypertonic solution is one that has a

A hypotonic solution is one that has a

Endocytosis is a process in which a cell

Endocytosis generally includes pinocytosis

Exocytosis is the fusion of secretory vesicles

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