CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

The Philippines has always been infamous for its bad traffic. Traffic congestion

refers to the common urban condition where vehicles move slowly, journeys take

longer, and lines of cars grow due to overloaded roadways. It is a global issue

exacerbated by urban growth, poor road planning, accidents, and weather

conditions, necessitates urban planning, efficient public transportation, and traffic

management strategies. Traffic congestion negatively impacts students' academic

performance by causing missed classes, disrupting sleep, increasing stress, and

limiting extracurricular activities (Singh & Reddy, 2021). To mitigate these effects,

authorities should improve infrastructure and traffic management systems.

In the educational sector, many students worldwide rely on transportation

systems for their daily commute to and from school (Balabanian, 2020). Yet even

though transportation offers convenient school access for many students, it also has

notable drawbacks. It can be quite stressful (El-Geneidy et al., 2015), and several

experts argue that lengthy journeys can adversely impact students' academic

performance. This is even made worse with the problem of traffic congestion

(Hameed et al., 2022; Heissel et al., 2022). Studies show that students who travel

longer to reach their schools not only experience reduced sleep but also correlated

with lower academic achievement due to reduced study time. Essentially, study

suggests that the longer students are in transit, the more their education and

academic performance suffers (Hameed et al., 2022).

1
 According to Philstar (2022), every year in Manila alone, ninety-eight (98) hours

are lost due to traffic or more than four days that Filipinos spend in the Metro's

infamous traffic jams every year. This level of traffic has considerable impacts on

both societies, the economy and individual lives. The school commuting times and

modes also disproportionate impact students with lower well-being scores when

faced with increased commuting times suggesting a need for targeted urban

planning and policy interventions to improve transportation infrastructure and

enhance the well-being of these vulnerable groups (Ding & Feng, 2022).

Background of the Study

This study aims to establish and raise awareness among readers and the

younger generation regarding a specific connected study by focusing on particular

facts or information in a designated area regarding the Impact of Traffic on the

Academic Performance of Grade 11 ABM at ACLC Tacloban. In addition to focusing

on how traffic congestion affects Grade 11 students' academic performance, the

study also looks at the different perspectives of students who are required to

commute daily to go to school or a university. This research study proposed to

gather data through a survey to collect information about the certain topic as well as

to compare and explain the various impact of traffic on students’ academic

performance for the readers to understand the specific subject.

The study by Ariola et al. (2019) examined the influence of traffic on the school

attendance, punctuality, and overall academic performance of ABM students. The

study identified three key areas impacted by traffic: regular attendance and timely

arrival at school, willingness to engage in classroom activities, and overall academic

2
productivity. The findings indicate that traffic contributes to lower academic outcomes

primarily due to the stress associated with commuting delays. Furthermore, the

research suggests that traffic-related stress may compound existing challenges

students face in balancing personal responsibilities with academic demands,

potentially leading to disengagement from homework and classroom participation,

which in turn can result in lower quiz scores and diminished academic performance

(Ariola et al., 2019). The Ministry of Education and Vocational Trainings should

ensure proper transportation systems for students in big cities, reschedule school

timetables to avoid ant-social practices, and conduct further studies on the impact of

traffic congestion on students' learning concentration (Mfungo, 2020).

In addition to this, and considering the country's and Tacloban's local traffic

congestion, it is important that researchers examine the different manners in which

these situations impact students' academic lives in the local context. For students

everywhere, including those at ACLC Tacloban, to have access to school,

transportation is very important. This study addresses a critical gap in existing

literature by focusing on the specific context of Grade 11 ABM students at ACLC

Tacloban, an area where research on traffic's impact on academic performance

remains unexplored. While previous studies have established a general

understanding of how traffic congestion can negatively affect student performance in

various global contexts (Heissel et al., 2020; Hameed et al., 2022), and others have

noted the broader society repercussions of traffic (Mfungo, 2020), there is a lack of

localized insight into how these issues manifest in the unique setting of Tacloban.

Overall, the purpose of the study is to provide numerical information and

conceptual findings to guides the research, prevents mistakes, and helps the

researcher focus on the project goals to develop practical ways for enhancing the

3
educational experience while addressing the obstacles posed by traffic congestion.

Therefore, to better understand the scope of traffic's effects and to guide future

interventions that could lessen these negative outcomes, this study intends to

examine the specific Impact of Traffic on the Academic Performance of Grade 11

ABM students at ACLC Tacloban.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the impact of Traffic on the Academic

Performance of Grade 11 ABM students at ACLC Tacloban. Specifically, the

researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the average travel time of Grade 11 ABM students?

2. How does traffic affect student’s overall academic performance?

3. What are the coping techniques to reduce the problems caused by traffic to the

students?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study, the impact of traffic on the academic performance of

grade 11 ABM students will be significant to the following:

Students. This study will help to further expand their knowledge of the different

effects of traffic on their academic performance, one of this is what the students get

from their daily commute every time the students go to school. This will also serve as

a guide on how they can solve the effects caused by traffic which is the main reason

4
why students are late for their classes and affect their academic performance in

class.

Authorities. This study can give more attention to the administration of the problems

faced by students caused by traffic that affects their school attendance especially

their academic performance. It will also help to find a good solution to reduce it by

implementing different regulations of public services and transportation.

Teachers. Teachers will have knowledge of the impact of traffic on the time students

arrive at their respective classrooms, which is why their students are sometimes late

for class. This study will also serve as information for them to expand their

understanding and to allow students who experience this situation to still enter the

class.

Future Researchers. The basis and point of view provided by this research will

enable them to explore ways to make this study better. They can also come up with

questions that did not answer by the study, and that is their goal to solve the arisen

problem.

Scope and limitation of the Study

This study mainly focuses on the impact of traffic on the academic

performance among grade 11 ABM students. In order to obtain statistically

significant results, this study will be limited to grade 11 ABM students of ACLC

College of Tacloban. Students from other grade levels or private schools will not be

involved such as those from other nations or regions, colleges or universities, or

pupils in various strands. This study only concerns Grade 11 ABM students of how

traffic congestion affects academic performance, taking into account criteria

quantitative approach in terms of research methodology. The researchers will utilize

descriptive research design and will use survey questionnaires allowing for a

thorough investigation of the impact of traffic on academic performance among

Grade 11 ABM students from ACLC College of Tacloban. This method allows the

collection of numerical data, which can be analyzed statistically.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Independent variable Dependent variable

Traffic Management The effect of traffic on academic

achievement

This study aims to investigate the correlation between traffic conditions and

academic performance, examining whether factors like commute time, stress from

traffic, or disruptions to daily routines impact students’ ability to excel academically.

The goal is to provide insights into how external factors, specifically related to traffic,

may influence students’ educational outcomes.

Theoretical Framework

Boris Kerner's Three-Phase Traffic Theory (2002) provides a comprehensive

framework for understanding traffic congestion, a prevalent issue in urban areas like

Tacloban City. As cities continue to expand and traffic congestion worsens, its

impact on various aspects of daily life becomes more pronounced. In particular,

6
Grade 11 ABM students at ACLC Tacloban are significantly affected by traffic

congestion, as it can lead to delays in their commute, increased stress levels, and

disruptions to their daily routines. These challenges can have a detrimental effect on

their academic performance and overall well-being, highlighting the need to address

the issue effectively. Applying Kerner's theory to the context of ACLC Tacloban

allows for a deeper exploration of how traffic congestion affects Grade 11 ABM

students. By understanding the dynamic nature of traffic flow and its impact on

students' daily lives, educators and policymakers can develop targeted interventions

to alleviate the adverse effects of congestion. This may include implementing flexible

scheduling options, providing alternative transportation arrangements, or advocating

for infrastructure improvements to mitigate traffic congestion in the vicinity of the

school. By addressing these challenges, ACLC Tacloban can create a more

conducive learning environment for Grade 11 ABM students, ultimately supporting

their academic success and well-being.

Definition of terms

Academic performance. The term represents the evaluation of a student's

performance on the successful completion of a course or subject offered by an

educational institution. It is measured across various academic subjects (Igi-global,

n. d.). The impact of traffic on academic performance can be illustrated by the

increased likelihood of students arriving late to classes due to traffic congestion.

Tardiness can result in missed instructions, reduced engagement in learning

activities, and overall lower academic achievement. The stress and fatigue from

navigating traffic may also contribute to decreased focus during study sessions.

7
Traffic jam. A large number of vehicles close together and unable to move or

moving very slowly (Cambridge, n. d.). In this study, it is a term used of

transportation, refers to a situation where a large number of vehicles are congested

on a road or highway, moving at a significantly slower pace or coming to a standstill.

This congestion is often caused by an excess of vehicles, road capacity limitations,

accidents, or other disruptions, leading to delays and increased travel time

Transportation Infrastructure. The fixed installations, structures, and networks that

provide a framework for the movement of people and goods (Dan, n. d.). In this

study, it a term used consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways,

airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway

stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals.

8
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, researchers highlight some of the literature and studies that

gathered through study according to the specific research area. In this chapter also it

explores and analyze on how traffic congestion affects the academic performance of

the students especially the students in senior high school settings; grade 11 ABM in

ACLC Tacloban City.

Foreign Literature

A lot of us spends an ample of time in traffic every day, when we go to school

every morning and going home every night. In the international setting of this study,

according to (Kim, 2015) an average person wastes fifty-four (54) hours a year in

traffic and that’s a lot of time and by spending plentiful of time in traffic there’s a lot of

things that can happen. Although it is something we all detest, traffic jams are

considered an indicator of a city that is developing. However, the connection

between traffic and the economy goes far deeper than that. Consider your day and

the potential effects of traffic on it. You are able to be late for class as a result of it. It

may cause you to feel anxious before you reach at your school or university, which

could have a bad to start your day.

As reported by (Balica et al.,2014) traffic has so many effects on different

people specially to those students who doesn’t live nearby the vicinity of their

schools, because they got stuck on traffic every day. Traffic congestion can also

impact the students’ academic performance. School attendance is a crucial factor in

the grading system it is important because students who skip their subjects because
9
of traffic congestion miss out a whole lesson or an activity. He also stated that

transportation system has significant effects on students’ school attendance. Some

students missed first periods in the morning, because of difficulty to get a ride to

school and others escape afternoon sessions so they can avoid rush hour traffic and

can easily find a ride home.

In agreement with (Knox, 1961) showed that heavy traffic congestion is

connected to absenteeism at school. And according to (Balica et al., 2014) the

school administrators have agreed that transport problems does affect students

school attendance. The research revealed that among the main transport problems

are the location of the students’ residents are too far away from the school were the

students are enrolled, traffic jams, and unpolish public transit causing a mishap on

the route for certain hours for students who travel toward urban zone.

An essential component of human existence, advancement, and civilization is

transportation. Without a friendly atmosphere created by effective and efficient

transportation, the growth of people, nations, regions, and the entire planet will be

severely constrained. Road expansion, collisions, high traffic on the same route, and

many people creating traffic jams are the main causes of traffic congestion. Their

tardiness causes them to miss a large chunk of their classes, which adds up and

finally depletes their drive even more. Students spend less time on homework and

lesson review when they get home later than planned. Even worse, individuals run

the risk of not getting enough sleep if they stay up late.

10
Local Literature

In the local setting of the study, as stated by Lamudi (2019) students' attendance

rules are crucial for maintaining good grades, but being stuck in a gridlock adds

stress. Tardiness causes missed lessons, affecting motivation and limiting time for

review and assignment work. Staying up late can also lead to sleep deprivation.

Traffic congestion is a major issue for millions of people worldwide, particularly

students. It leads to long commutes, punctuality issues, and stress, which can hinder

academic progress, extract valuable time, and increase stress levels. Students often

face a heavy mental toll due to the fear of being late and frustration over

uncontrollable circumstances. This strain can negatively impact their cognitive

abilities, concentration, and overall well-being, compromising their academic

achievements and personal growth.

Pangalanan (2023) wrote “ The trouble with traffic congestion is not just the

time it takes, but the time is takes away. It is about minutes wasted, and moments

missed. Moments that could have been spent with friends and family. Memories that

could have been made. The tragedy of traffic is not the journey delayed, but the life

deferred’”. In addition to that according to the 2022 Traffic Index, Manila's capital was

the ninth most congested city in the world. In Metro Manila last year, the average

time for a Filipino to travel 10 kilometers was 27 minutes. That is the same as

completing four and a half laps of the UP academic oval at a consistent pace of six

minutes each. A very poor performance from the motor, but an excellent pace for

man.

According to statistics (2021) there were more than a hundred million

passengers on train rides alone. A long queue of people is a terrible sight that the

11
riding public is used to seeing during rush hour, but it doesn't mean they grew

indifferent to them. Long lines in train stations and bus stops are indicative of the

lack of efficient public transport, made worse by traffic caused by private cars

dominating public thorough fares. It's also common to see people making do

withstanding inside a bus that has reached its passenger limit, if only to reach their

destination on time. Never mind arriving at work haggard, it's better than being late

and risking termination due to unintentional tardiness repeatedly. With face-to-face

classes fully implemented after two years of distance learning, students are being

met with a problem not as students but as commuters of an inefficient mass

transport system, as seen in ridiculously long lines at ticketing booths and PUV

stations.

Traffic congestion can lead to significant delays, increased stress, fatigue, and

decreased alertness among students, affecting their academic performance.

Students may miss classes, important discussions, and interactions, which can

hinder their progress. The fear of being late can also exacerbate stress, affecting

cognitive abilities and memory retention. Chronic fatigue can lead to decreased

learning capacity and problem-solving skills, further affecting academic performance.

Limited extracurricular involvement can be hindered by unpredictable travel times,

limiting students' opportunities to explore their passions. Additionally, impaired

parental involvement can hinder access to homework assistance and a supportive

learning environment, further affecting students' academic success.

Foreign Studies

12
 According to the study of (cet al., 2023) entitled The Effect of Traffic Jam on

High Levels of Student Stress happened in Yogyakarta City in Indonesia, they

claimed that traffic jam is a problem that is quite complicated in the community. The

volume of transportation passing by on the highway is a trigger for traffic jam. This

unresolved traffic jam is causing stress to road users. Traffic congestion significantly

impact students' mental health, leading to frustration, irritability, and helplessness.

This affects their cognitivce abilities, making it difficult to concentrate and engage in

active learning. This further compound the stress, turning their educational

aspirations into a constant cycle of pressure and tension. Addressing this issue is

crucial to providing students with a more conducive environment to thrive in these

stressful situations.

In the study entitled Traffic Congestion on a University Campus; A

Consideration of Unconventional Remedies to Nontraditional Transportation Patterns

by David H. Kaplan and Thomas Clapper (n.d) around Kent State University in Ohio,

United States, they claimed that traditional traffic management aims to improve

congestion by expanding vehicular capacity, but this can be expensive and conflict

with campus community planning objectives. Universities can effectively reduce

demand by applying congestion patterns and causes to their planning goals through

internal solutions like parking management, class scheduling, special activities, and

promoting walking, bicycling, and bus service.

According to the study of (Dakhil et al.,2018) entitled Planning to Control

Traffic Congestion in Duhok University Campus, the study focuses on finding

alternative plans to manage traffic congestion, evaluating public transportation

planning and improvement, and recommending strategies to encourage public travel

and non-motorized transportation. Alternatives include promoting public

13
transportation, encouraging active transportation, implementing carpooling and

ridesharing, using congestion pricing, and adopting traffic management technology.

These strategies can help reshape urban mobility and reduce congestion.

Traffic congestion poses a grave threat to students' academic performance,

jeopardizing both their current achievements and prospects. The wasted time,

increased stress levels, fatigue, restricted extracurricular activities, and impaired

parental involvement create an environment that inhibits holistic learning and growth.

Recognizing the harmful consequences of this issue, it is imperative for us to

address traffic congestion and seek sustainable solutions to ensure that students

can thrive academically and reach their full potential.

Local Studies

Based on the study conducted by Musa (2022) entitled The Impact of

Commuting on Individuals especially on Students’ Performance, the effects of

commuting on students at Phinma Araullo University, San Jose Campus were

investigated. The research focused on the prevalence of students who commute, the

impact of commuting duration on their health, and the correlation between

commuting time and academic performance. The study was cross-sectional and

included students aged eighteen (18) and above from various academic strands,

including STEM and HUMSS. A total of one hundred (100) students participated in

an online survey. The findings revealed significant connections between commuting

and multiple factors such as physical challenges, stress levels, accident rates, and

sleep patterns. Students with longer commute times faced more physical issues,

higher stress, and a greater likelihood of accidents. Additionally, these students often

14
experienced sleep loss more frequently compared to those with shorter commutes.

The significant finding of the study was that academic performance was negatively

impacted by commuting. Students who commuted longer had lower academic

achievement and less study time. These results demonstrate the negative effects

that extended commutes may have on students’ academic achievement and

performance.

According to the study of (Cadaoas et al.,2019) in Tamag, Vigan City, Ilocos

Sur entitled Traffic Congestion: Its Effects to Senior High School Students they

claimed that traffic congestion is a significant issue for students, causing stress,

anger, and anxiety. They often miss their first-class period and lessons, but cope by

completing their requirements as soon as possible. One strategy to avoid traffic

congestion is to wake up early, allowing them to prepare for school, attend classes

on time, and perform well academically.

As stated in the study entitled The Effects of Plaguing Traffic on Metro Manila to

College Students Does It Affect their Academic Performance conducted by EJ De

Fiesta (2019) the researcher focused on the various problems encountered by the

students because of continuous aggravating traffic within Metro Manila. Since most

of the students uses transportation in their everyday life and most of them

encounters traffic. The study also examined the different repercussions of traffic on

the students Physically, Mentally and Academically. De Fiesta (2019) claimed that

the Philippines' traffic situation is worsening, affecting college students in Metro

Manila and academic performance. Students are cutting classes to avoid heavy

traffic, but there are solutions to minimize its effects. The worst traffic situation in the

Philippines raises concerns about future consequences.

15
 Traffic congestion poses a grave threat to students' academic performance,

jeopardizing both their current achievements and prospects. The wasted time,

increased stress levels, fatigue, restricted extracurricular activities, and impaired

parental involvement create an environment that inhibits holistic learning and growth.

Recognizing the harmful consequences of this issue, it is imperative for us to

address traffic congestion and seek sustainable solutions to ensure that students

can thrive academically and reach their full potential.

Based on this study, traffic has an impact on the academic achievement of

many students, including ACLC Tacloban's grade 11 ABM students. It can cause

various issues in their daily lives as well as their performance in school. Researchers

believe that the findings of the present study can be utilized to create more

awareness of the negative effects of commuting and, ideally, motivate politicians to

undertake methods that aid in the development of infrastructure and encourage

shorter commute times.

16
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will use the descriptive type of research with structured

questionnaires as the main instrument for gathering the data which are designed to

determine the Impact of traffic on the academic performance with the help of Grade

11 ABM students of ACLC Tacloban as the respondents of the study.

According to Dudovsky (2017), descriptive research is "aimed at casting

light on current issues or problems through a process of data collection that enables

them to describe the situation more completely than what's possible without

employing this method." The researchers can derive meaning from the collected data

using this research method, and recommendations for tasks are provided.

Locale of the Research

The study will be conducted at the ACLC College of Tacloban, a semi-private

school that was established in 1986. ACLC stands for AMA Computer Learning

17
Center, as it was originally a computer training center offering skill-based courses on

computer hardware and software. To date, ACLC has remained a popular choice for

TESDA Short Courses in the Philippines. The study will be located at 62V3+M76

ACLC Tacloban Zamora, Zamora St., Downtown Tacloban City.

Figure 1. Locale Location

Population and Sampling

ACLC Tacloban is an IT-based learning institution in Tacloban City in terms of

population. There are almost 1353 students who are currently enrolled in this school

and 11.53% of the population are Grade 11 ABM students. The researcher is

handling three blocks and all of them are chosen. The researcher employed. the

purposive sampling scheme by selecting the students who have early classes in

grade 11. The selection is based on the result of the diagnostic test. The test was
18
utilized to test the significance of the three blocks. The three blocks are assigned as

the early class group which is exposed to traffic environment. The assignment of the

blocks was done by using lottery. According to Robinson (2014), purposive sampling

is intentional selection of informants based on their ability to elucidate a specific

theme, concept, or phenomenon

Research Instrument and Validation

The researcher will use an adapted survey questionnaire from the study of

(Akahira, 2023). The instrument will consist of two parts. Part I the name of the

respondent is optional, it can be written or it can be omitted. Part II of the research

instrument will include questions about the respondents’ Transportation Challenges.

A Likert scale is a rating scale used to measure opinions, attitudes, or

behaviors. It consists of a statement or a question, followed by a series of five or

seven answer statements. Respondents choose the option that best corresponds

with how they feel about the statement or question (Bhandari, 2023). Likert scale will

be structured to gauge the impact of traffic on the academic performance of the

respondents. Respondents will be asked to rate each factor on a scale from

"strongly disagree," "disagree," "neutral," "agree," and "strongly agree," providing a

quantitative measure of their opinions. This will instruct the participants on how to

answer the survey by utilizing the problem statement and the researcher's viewpoint.

Data collection and Procedure

In presenting the survey questionnaire to all grade 11 ABM students at ACLC

Tacloban, the researchers of this study asked permission first from the participants

teacher during the scheduled class hours, and after getting the approval,
19
researchers began to distribute the survey questionnaire, which had been created

with specified time and effort, and gave detailed instructions on how to fill it out.

Participants received assurances from the researchers that the responses would not

be shared with anybody and the identification would be kept confidential. On the

same day that selected participants were answered, the completed questionnaires

will be retrieved, and the questionnaire results from the copies that were retrieved

will be tabulated. After that, the data will be evaluated and interpreted using the

regression technique in order to obtain better findings.

Data Analysis

Regression analysis is a technique that allows one to examine and quantify

the relationship between two or more variables, according to Springer (2008).

Regression analysis starts with sample data and attempts to estimate a

mathematical relationship between two or more variables. Survey questions will be

used by the researchers, and the results will be quantitative data. In light of the

circumstances, the survey replies will be compiled and put through the subsequent

statistical analysis:

First and foremost, the researchers must use regression analysis to present

the results on a table. Regression analysis is used to pinpoint the precise

characteristics of Grade 11 ABM students that influence a given topic of interest. By

using this technique, it becomes easier to understand the regression analysis results

and makes it possible to see the relationships between the independent and

dependent variables.

20
Scoring and Interpretation

Description Scale Value Range Definition

Strongly Disagree 1 1 - 1.8 Participants

strongly believe

that traffic has no

impact on their

academic

performance.

Disagree 2 1.9 - 2.6 Participants

believe that traffic

has a minimal or

negligible impact

on their academic

performance.

Neutral 3 2.7 - 3.4 Participants are

unsure or have no

strong opinion

about the impact of

traffic on their

academic

performance.

Agree 4 3.5 - 4.2 Participants

believe that traffic

has a noticeable

impact on their

21
 academic

performance.

Strongly Agree 5 4.3 - 5 Participants

strongly believe

that traffic

significantly affects

their academic

performance.

22
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