Module 4

Short Circuit analysis

4.1 Z̄BUS formation without mutual coupling between ele-

ments

For a network with ‘m’ buses and a reference bus, one can write a relation between bus currents
and bus voltages as
[ĪBUS ] = [ȲBUS ] [V̄BUS ] (4.1)

Where,
ĪBUS is (m × 1) bus current injection vector
V̄BUS is (m × 1) bus voltage vector
ȲBUS is (m × m) bus admittence matrix
equation (4.1) can also be written as

[V̄BUS ] = [Z̄BUS ] [ĪBUS ] (4.2)

Where,
Z̄BUS is m × m bus impedance matrix and is given by,

−1
[Z̄BUS ] = [ȲBUS ]

From equation (4.2) for the ith bus one can write

V̄i = Z̄i1 I¯1 + Z̄i2 I¯2 + ⋯Z̄ii I¯i + ⋯ + Z̄im I¯m (4.3)

From equation (4.3), Z̄ij can be written as

V̄i
Z̄ij = ∣ (4.4)
I¯j I¯k = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m, ≠j

99
 V̄i
Z̄ii = ∣ (4.5)
I¯i ¯
Ik = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m, ≠ i

Following points should be noted for the Z̄BUS matrix

• Z̄ij is the off-diagonal element of Z̄BUS matrix and is called the ‘open-circuit transfer
impedance’ between ith and j th bus.

• Z̄ii is the diagonal element of Z̄BUS matrix and is called the ‘open-circuit driving point
impedance’ of ith bus.

• If the ȲBUS matrix is symmetrical, then the matrix Z̄BUS is also symmetrical i.e. Z̄ik = Z̄ki .

• Since in a power network each bus is connected to very few other buses,the ȲBUS matrix of
the network has large number of zero elements and is therefore, sparse in nature. The ZBUS ,
matrix on the other hand, is invariably a full matrix.

The Z̄BUS matrix of a network can be found out by inverting the ȲBUS matrix of the network.
This is not an efficient method as every time there is a modification in the network, the ȲBUS matrix
is modified and inversion has to be done again to obtain the modified the Z̄BUS matrix.
A step-by-step Z̄BUS building algorithm overcomes these problems. It avoids the inversion
process and network modifications are easily incorporated in the existing Z̄BUS .
Few terms need to be defined before the step by step process can be explained. These are :

• Graph : The graph of a network describes the geometrical structure of the network showing
the interconnections of network elements.

• Tree : A tree of a graph is a connected sub graph that connects all the nodes without forming
a closed path or a loop. A graph can have a number of distinct trees.

• Branches : The elements of a tree are called branches. The number of branches ‘b’ of a tree
with ‘n’ nodes, including reference, is given by

b=n−1 (4.6)

• Links : The elements of a graph not included in the tree of the graph are called links. Each
link is associated with a loop. If ‘e’ is the number of elements in a graph, then the number of
links ‘`’ is given by
` = e−b = e−n+1 (4.7)

The above definitions are explained with the help of illustrations as shown below :
Fig. 4.1 is a single line diagram of a power system. It has 4 buses, bus(1) to bus(4) and six
elements element e1 to element e6 . In this figure, bus(0) is taken as the reference bus.
Fig. 4.2 shows the graph of the network depicting the interconnection of the elements and the
reference node.

100
 Figure 4.1: Single Line Diagram of a Power System

Figure 4.2: A graph of the Power system of Fig. 4.1

A tree of the graph of Fig. 4.2 is shown in Fig. 4.3. The branches and the links have been shown
with solid lines and dotted lines respectively.
Following points should be noted from Fig. 4.3 :

• The total number of nodes (including reference node) is 5 (i.e. n = 5)

• The number of branches is b = n − 1 = 5 − 1 = 4 . As can be as in Fig. 4.3 where

101
 Figure 4.3: A tree of the graph of Fig. 4.2

e1 , e2 , e5 , e6 , are such a set of branches that form a tree of the graph.

• The total number of elements in the graph is e = 6 .

• The number of links is ` = e − n + 1 = 6 − 5 + 1 = 2. The two links in the graph are e3 and
e4 shown with dotted lines in Fig. 4.3.

Figure 4.4: Partial network with ‘m’ buses

The bus impedance matrix is built up starting with a branch connected to the reference and
subsequently the elements are added one by one till all the nodes and elements are considered. Let

102
us assume that the Z̄BUS matrix for a partial network with ‘m’ buses and a reference bus ‘0’, as
shown in Fig. 4.4, exists.
The bus voltages and bus currents for the partial network satisfy the relation

[V̄BUS
m ] = [Z̄m
BUS ] [ĪBUS ]
m
(4.8)

Where,
m
V̄BUS is m × 1 bus voltage vector

BUS is m × 1 bus current injection vector

Īm

BUS is m × m bus impedence matrix of the partial network

Z̄m

To build Z̄BUS , one element at a time is added to the partial network, till all the elements are
added to the network. The added element may be a branch or a link and hence the four possible
element additions to a partial network are:

a. Addition of a branch between a new node and the reference

b. Addition of a branch between a new node and an existing node

c. Addition of a link between an existing node and the reference

d. Addition of a link between two existing nodes

Let us now discuss these four cases one-by-one in detail.

4.1.1 Addition of a branch between a new node and the reference node
(case 1):
Fig. 4.5 shows the addition of a branch between a new node ‘q’ and the reference ‘0’.The addition of
a new node to the partial network increases the size of Z̄BUS to (m + 1) × (m + 1) with the addition
of a new row and a new column corresponding to the new node ‘q’, Let the impedance of this branch
be z̄q0 . The new network equation can be written as:

⎡ V̄1 ⎤ ⎡ Z̄11 Z̄12 ⋯ Z̄1p ⋯ Z̄1m ⋮ Z̄1q ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ I¯1 ⎤⎥

⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄2 ⎥ ⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2p ⋯ Z̄2m ⋮ Z̄2q ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯2 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄ Z̄p2 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm ⋮ Z̄pq ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯p ⎥⎥
⎢ p ⎥ ⎢ p1
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.9)
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄m ⎥ ⎢Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mp ⋯ Z̄mm ⋮ Z̄mq ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I¯m ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⋯⎥ ⎢ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⋯ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄q ⎥ ⎢ Z̄q1 Z̄q2 ⋯ Z̄qp ⋯ Z̄qm ⋮ Z̄qq ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I¯q ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
103
 Figure 4.5: Addition of a branch between a new node and the reference

The addition of branch does not change the elements of the original matrix Z̄BUS . Only the elements
of the added new row and column corresponding to q th bus need to be calculated. Further,since the
power system elements are linear and bilateral, Z̄qi = Z̄iq , ∀ i = 1, 2, ⋯ m.
Now since,
V̄q
Z̄qq = ∣
I¯q I¯k = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m

a current source of I¯q = 1 p.u is connected to the q th bus, with all the others buses open, and the
voltage of q th bus (V̄q ) is computed, as shown in Fig. 4.6.
From Fig. 4.6 one gets V̄q = z̄q0 I¯q , and thus with I¯q = 1 p.u.

V̄q
Z̄qq = ∣ = z̄qo
I¯q I¯k = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m,

For finding out Z̄qi , a current source I¯i = 1 p.u. is connected between ith bus and the reference
bus with all other buses open circuited as shown in Fig. 4.7.
From Fig. 4.7 , V̄q = 0, and hence with I¯i = 1 p.u.

V̄q
Z̄qi = ∣ =0
I¯i I¯k = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m, ≠i

This implies that all the off-diagonal elements Z̄q1 , Z̄q2 , ⋯ Z̄mq and Z̄1q , Z̄2q , ⋯ Z̄qm are equal
to zero.
Hence, the modified Z̄Bus matrix after addition of an element between the new bus ‘q ’ and the

104
 Figure 4.6: Calculation of Z̄qq for Case 1

reference bus ‘0′ is given as,

⎡ ⎤
⎢ Z̄11 Z̄12 ⋯ Z̄1p ⋯ Z̄1m 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2p ⋯ Z̄2m ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Z̄BUS = ⎢ Z̄p1 Z̄p2 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm 0 ⎥⎥ (4.10)
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mp ⋯ Z̄mm 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 ⋯ 0 ⋯ 0 z̄qo ⎥⎦
⎣

4.1.2 Addition of a branch between a new node and an existing node

(Case 2):

Let a branch with impedance z̄pq be connected between an existing node ‘p’ and a new node ‘q ’ as
shown in Fig. 4.8. In this case also, the size of Z̄Bus matrix increases by one to (m+1)×(m+1) due
to the addition of a new node ’q ’ to the network. The modified network equations can be written

105
 Figure 4.7: Calculation of Z̄qi for case 1

as:

⎡ V̄1 ⎤ ⎡ Z̄12 ⋯ Z̄1p ⋯ Z̄1m ⋮ ⎤ ⎡ I¯1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄1q ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ V̄2 ⎥ ⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2p ⋯ Z̄2m ⋮ Z̄2q ⎥ ⎢ I2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄p2 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm ⋮ Z̄pq ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯p ⎥⎥
⎢ p⎥ ⎢ Z̄p1
⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.11)
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄m ⎥ ⎢ Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mp ⋯ Z̄mm ⋮ Z̄mq ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I¯m ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⋯⎥ ⎢ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⋯ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄q ⎥ ⎢ Z̄q2 ⋯ Z̄qp ⋯ Z̄qm ⋮ Z̄qq ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I¯q ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ Z̄q1

Even after the addition of branch p-q, the original matrix Z̄m
Bus remains unchanged. Only the
additional elements corresponding to the q th row and column need to be calculated.

For calculating Z̄qq one can write

V̄q
Z̄qq = ∣
I¯q I¯k = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m

To evaluate Z̄qq current source of I¯q = 1 p.u is connected to the q th bus, with all the others buses
open circuited, and the voltage of q th bus V̄q is computed, as shown in Fig. 4.9. From Fig. 4.9 with

106
 Figure 4.8: Addition of a branch between an existing node ‘p’ and a new node ‘q’

I¯q = 1 p.u. and I¯k = 0, ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯, m one can write,

V̄1 = Z̄1q I¯q = Z̄1q ⎫

⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄2 = Z̄2q Iq = Z̄2q ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄p = Z̄pq Iq = Z̄pq ⎬
¯ (4.12)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄m = Z̄mq Iq = Z̄mq ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄q = Z̄qq Iq = Z̄qq ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎭

From the Fig. 4.10, the voltages V̄p and V̄q can be related as

V̄q = V̄p − v̄pq = Z̄pq I¯q − z̄pq īpq = Z̄pq + z̄pq (4.13)

Because, from the Fig. 4.10 , īpq = −I¯q = −1 pu and from equation (4.12) V̄p = Z̄pq and V̄q = Z̄qq .
Thus,
Z̄qq = Z̄pq + z̄pq (4.14)

For calculating Z̄qi one can write

V̄q
Z̄qi = ∣
I¯i ¯
Ik = 0; ∀ k = 1, 2, ⋯ m, ≠ i

Hence, to compute Z̄qi a current source of I¯1 = 1 p.u is connected to the ith bus, with all the others

107
 Figure 4.9: Calculation of Z̄qq

Figure 4.10: Relation between V̄p and V̄q

buses open circuited, and the bus voltage V̄i is computed for all the buses, as shown in Fig. 4.11.
From equation (4.11) one gets
V̄1 = Z̄1i I¯i = Z̄1i ⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄2 = Z̄2i Ii = Z̄2i ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄p = Z̄pi Ii = Z̄pi ⎬
¯
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄m = Z̄mi Ii = Z̄mi ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄q = Z̄qi Ii = Z̄qi ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎭
108
 Figure 4.11: Calculation of Z̄qi for case 2

From Fig. 4.11, V̄q = V̄p as the current in the branch p − q is zero. Hence, from the above equations
one gets
Z̄qi = Z̄pi ; ∀ i = 1, 2, ⋯ m (4.15)

Hence, the modified Z̄Bus matrix after addition of an element between an existing bus ‘p’ the
new bus ‘q’ is given as,

⎡ ⎤
⎢ Z̄11 Z̄12 ⋯ Z̄1p ⋯ Z̄1m Z̄1p ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2p ⋯ Z̄2m ⎥
⎢ Z̄2p ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Z̄BUS = ⎢ Z̄p1 Z̄p2 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm Z̄pp ⎥⎥ (4.16)
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mp ⋯ Z̄mm Z̄mp ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Z̄p1 Z̄p2 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm Z̄pq + z̄qp ⎥⎦
⎣
So far in this lecture, we have considered the cases of addition of branches only. In the next lecture
we will consider the case of addition of links.

109
4.1.3 Addition of a link between an existing node and the reference
node (Case 3):
When an element is connected between an existing node and the reference, it creates a loop and
thus, the addition of this element is equivalent to the addition of a link. This will not generate any
new node and the size of modified Z̄Bus matrix remains unchanged. However, all the elements are
modified and need to be recalculated. Let the added element,with an impedance of z̄qo , be connected
between an existing node ‘q’ and the reference node ‘0’ as shown in the Fig. 4.12. I¯` is the current

Figure 4.12: Addition of a link between an existing node ‘q’ and the reference

through the link as shown in the Fig. 4.12. This current modifies the current injected into q th bus
from I¯q to I¯q − I¯` . The modified network equations can be written as,

⎫
⎪
V̄1 = Z̄11 I¯1 + Z̄12 I¯2 + ⋯ + Z̄1q (I¯q − I¯` ) + ⋯ + Z̄1m I¯m ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄q = Z̄q1 I1 + Z̄q2 I2 + ⋯ + Z̄qq (Iq − I` ) + ⋯ + Z̄qm Im ⎬
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ (4.17)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄m = Z̄m1 I1 + Z̄m2 I2 + ⋯ + Z̄mq (Iq − I` ) + ⋯ + Z̄mm Im ⎪
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ⎪
⎪
⎭
Also
V̄q = z̄qo I¯` (4.18)

Substuting V̄q from the equation (4.17) into the equation (4.18) one can write

Z̄q1 I¯1 + Z̄q2 I¯2 + ⋯ + Z̄qq (I¯q − I¯` ) + ⋯ + Z̄qm I¯m = z̄qo I¯`

110
or
0 = −Z̄q1 I¯1 − Z̄q2 I¯2 − ⋯ − Z̄qq I¯q + ⋯ − Z̄qm I¯m + (Z̄qq + z̄qo )I¯` (4.19)

Equations equation (4.17) and equation (4.19) together form the set of (m + 1) simultaneous
network equations which can be expressed in matrix form as:

⎡ V̄1 ⎤ ⎡ ⋯ ⋯ ⋮ −Z̄1q ⎤ ⎡ I¯1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄12 Z̄1q Z̄1m ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ V̄2 ⎥ ⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2q ⋯ Z̄2m ⋮ −Z̄2q ⎥ ⎢ I2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄ ⎥ ⎢ ⋯ ⋯ ⋮ −Z̄qq ⎥ ⎢ I¯ ⎥
⎢ q⎥ ⎢ Z̄q1 Z̄q2 Z̄qq Z̄qm ⎥⎢ q ⎥
⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.20)
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢¯ ⎥
⎢V̄m ⎥ ⎢ Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mq ⋯ Z̄mm ⋮ −Z̄mq ⎥ ⎢Im ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⋯⎥ ⎢ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⎥⎢⋯⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥ ⎢ −Z̄q1 −Z̄q2 ⋯ −Z̄qq ⋯ −Z̄qm ⋮ Z̄qq + z̄qo ⎥ ⎢ I¯` ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

The link current I¯` has to be eliminated and hence, the last row and column of modified Z̄Bus matrix
have to be eliminated. The partitioned matrix relation of equation (4.20) can be written in compact
form as:
⎡ m ⎤ ⎡ m ⎤
⎢[V̄Bus ]⎥ (m) (1) ⎢ĪBus ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (m) [∆Z̄] ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Z̄m ⎥
⎢ ⎥= [ Bus
]⎢ ⎥ (4.21)
⎢ ⎥ (1) [∆Z̄]T Z̄`` ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ I` ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where,
T
[∆Z̄] = [−Z̄1q − Z̄2q ⋯ − Z̄qq ⋯ − Z̄mm ]

From equation (4.20) one can write

0 = [∆Z]
¯ T [Īm
Bus ] + Z̄`` I`
¯

or,
¯ T [Īm ]
[∆Z]
I¯` = − Bus
(4.22)
Z̄``
From equation (4.21) one can also write,

[V̄Bus
m
] = [Z̄m
Bus ][ĪBus ] + [∆Z]I`
¯ ¯ (4.23)

Substituting I¯` from equation (4.22) into equation (4.23) one obtains,

[∆Z][
¯ ¯ T
∆Z]
[V̄Bus
m
] = [[Z̄m
Bus ] − ] [Īm
Bus ] (4.24)
Z̄``

111
Hence,
[V̄Bus
m
] = [Z̄Bus ][Īm
Bus ] (4.25)

where

[∆Z̄][∆Z̄]T
[Z̄Bus ] = [[Z̄m
Bus ] − ] (4.26)
Z̄``

It is worth observing that the [Z̄Bus ] matrix is an m × m matrix i.e. the size of the [Z̄Bus ] matrix
does not increase when a link is added to the partial network of ‘m’ buses as no new node is created.

4.1.4 Addition of a link between two existing nodes (Case 4):

Let an element with impedance z̄pq be connected between two existing nodes ‘p’ and ‘q’. This is an
addition of a link as it forms a loop encompassing nodes ‘p’ and ‘q’ as shown in Fig. 4.13. Let I¯`

Figure 4.13: Addition of a link between two existing nodes ‘p’ and ‘q’

be the current through the link as shown in the Fig. 4.13. This link current changes the injected
current at pth node from I¯p to (I¯p − I¯` ) , while the injected current at node q th is modified from I¯q
to (I¯q + I¯` ). The modified network equations can be written as:

112
 V̄1 = Z̄11 I¯1 + Z̄12 I¯2 + ⋯ + Z̄1p (I¯p − I¯l ) + ⋯ + Z̄1q (I¯q + I¯` ) + ⋯ + Z̄1m I¯m ⎫⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄p = Z̄p1 I1 + Z̄p2 I2 + ⋯ + Z̄pp (Ip − Il ) + ⋯ + Z̄pq (Iq + I` ) + ⋯ + Z̄pm Im ⎪
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎬ (4.27)
V̄q = Z̄q1 I1 + Z̄q2 I2 + ⋯ + Z̄qp (Ip − Il ) + ⋯ + Z̄qq (Iq + I` ) + ⋯ + Z̄qm Im ⎪
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄m = Z̄m1 I1 + Z̄m2 I2 + ⋯ + Z̄mp (Ip − Il ) + ⋯ + Z̄mq (Iq + I` ) + ⋯ + Z̄mm Im ⎪
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎭
Also from Fig. 4.13, the relation between V̄p and V̄q in terms of I¯` and z̄pq can be written as

V̄p − V̄q = z̄pq I¯` (4.28)

or
0 = −V̄p + V̄q + z̄pq I¯` (4.29)

Substituting V̄p and V̄q from the equation (4.27) into the equation (4.29) in the following relation
is obtained:

0 =(Z̄q1 − Z̄p1 )I¯1 + (Z̄q2 − Z̄p2 )I¯2 + ⋯ + (Z̄qp − Z̄pp )I¯p + ⋯(Z̄qq − Zpq )I¯q + ⋯ + (Z̄qm − Z̄pm )I¯m
+ (Z̄pp + Z̄qq − 2Z̄pq + z̄pq )I¯`
(4.30)

Equations (4.27) and (4.30) form a set of (m + 1) simultaneous equation which can be written in
matrix form as:

⎡ V̄1 ⎤ ⎡ Z̄12 ⋯ Z̄1q ⋯ Z̄1m ⋮ ⎤ ⎡ I¯1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄1` ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ V̄2 ⎥ ⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2q ⋯ Z̄2m ⋮ Z̄2` ⎥ ⎢ I2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄q2 ⋯ Z̄qq ⋯ Z̄qm ⋮ Z̄q` ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯q ⎥⎥
⎢ q⎥ ⎢ Z̄q1
⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.31)
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄m ⎥ ⎢ Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mq ⋯ Z̄mm ⋮ Z̄m` ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I¯m ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⋯⎥ ⎢ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⋯ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥ ⎢ Z̄`2 ⋯ Z̄`q ⋯ Z̄`m ⋮ Z̄`` ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I¯` ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ Z̄`1
Where,
Z̄1` = Z̄`1 = (Z̄1q − Z̄1p ) ; Z̄2` = Z̄`2 = (Z̄2q − Z̄2p )
Z̄q` = Z̄`q = (Z̄qq − Z̄qp ) ; Z̄m` = Z̄`m = (Z̄mq − Z̄mp )

also

and

113
 Z̄`` = Z̄qq + Z̄pp − 2Z̄pq + z̄pq .
For eliminating the link current I¯` equation (4.31) can be written in the compact form as:

⎡ m ⎤ ⎡ m ⎤
⎢V̄Bus ⎥ (m) (1) ⎢ĪBus ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (m) [∆Z]
¯ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Z̄m ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥= [ ¯ BusT ]⎢ ⎥ (4.32)
⎢ ⎥ (1) [∆Z] Z̄`` ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ I` ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where,
T
¯ = [(Z̄1q − Z̄1p )⋯(Z̄pq − Z̄pp )⋯(Z̄qq − Z̄qp )⋯(Z̄mq − Z̄mp )]
[∆Z]

Now using equation (4.26), the [Z̄Bus ] matrix, after the elemination of the link current I¯` , can be
determined. It is worth noting that the [Z̄Bus ] is still (m × m) in size as no new node has been
created.
Summarizing the step-by-step procedure for building the [Z̄Bus ] as follows:
Step 1: Draw the graph of the network and select a tree of the graph. Identify the branches and
the links of the graph. A tree of a graph with branches and links is shown in Fig. 4.14.

Figure 4.14: Tree of a graph

Step 2: Select a branch connected to the reference node to initiate the [Z̄Bus ] matrix building
process. From Fig. 4.14, it is evident that the first branch selected could be either 1 or 3 or 4 as
these are the only branches connected to the reference node. Let the branch 1 be selected as the
starting branch and z̄po be the impedance of the branch then

(1)
(m)
Z̄Bus = (1) [ z̄p0 ]

Step 3: Pick up another element from the graph. It should either be connected to an existing node
or the reference node. Never select an element connected to two new nodes as it will be isolated from
the existing partial network and this will result in the elements of [Z̄Bus ] matrix becoming infinite.
For instance, with reference to Fig. 4.14, in the next step of [Z̄Bus ] matrix building process, if

114
element 5 is next added to the partial network as shown in Fig. 4.15, the resultant network is
disjointed. This is an incorrect choice. The proper choice could be any one of the elements 2 or 3 or
4 or 6.

Figure 4.15: Selecting a wrong element in the step-by-step process

If the bus impedance matrix of a partial network with m-nodes, [Z̄m

Bus ], is known, then depending
on whether the added (m + 1)th element is a branch or a link, the following steps are to be followed
to obtain the new [Z̄Bus ] matrix:

(a) If the added element is a branch between a new node ‘q’ and the reference node with an impedance
z̄qo , then the size of the new [Z̄Bus ] matrix will increase by one and the new matrix is given as :

(1) (⋯) (m) (q)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ Z̄11 ⋯ Z̄1m 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⋮ ⎢ ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⎢ ⎥
(m) ⎢ Z̄m1 ⋯ Z̄mm 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(q) ⎢ 0 0 0 z̄q0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

(b) If the added element is a branch between an existing node ‘p’ and a new node ‘q’ with an
impedance z̄pq , then a new row and column corresponding to the new node ‘q’ is added to the
existing [Z̄m
Bus ] matrix. The new matrix is calculated as follows:

(1) ⋯ (p) ⋯ (m) (q)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ Z̄11 ⋯ Z̄1p ⋯ Z̄1m Z̄1p ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⋮ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(p) ⎢ Z̄p1 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm Z̄pp ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⋮ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Z̄m1 ⋯ Z̄mp ⋯ Z̄mm ⎥
(m) ⎢ Z̄mp ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(q) ⎢ Z̄p1 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm Z̄pp + z̄pq ⎥
⎣ ⎦

115
(c) If the added element is a link between an existing node ‘q’ and the reference node with an
impedance z̄qo , then no new node is added to the network. A two-step procedure has to be
followed to find the new bus impedance matrix.

Bus ] matrix as:

In the first step, a column and a row will be temporarily added to existing [Z̄m

(1) ⋯ (q) ⋯ (m) (`)

⎡ ⋯ ⋯ −Z̄1q ⎤
(1) ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄1q Z̄1m ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⋮ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(q) ⎢ Z̄q1 ⋯ Z̄qq ⋯ Z̄qm −Z̄qq ⎥
Z̄(temp) = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
Bus
⋮ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(m)
⎢ ⋯ Z̄mq ⋯ Z̄mm −Z̄mq ⎥
⎢ Z̄m1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ −Z̄q1 ⋯ −Z̄qq ⋯ −Z̄qm Z̄`` ⎥
⎣ ⎦
where,
Z̄`` = Z̄qq + z̄q0

The additional row and column have to be deleted so that [ZBus ] matrix is (m × m) in size.
The elimination process is carried out using

[∆Z̄][∆Z̄]T
[Z̄Bus ] = [[Z̄m
Bus ] − ]]
Z̄``

where,
T
[∆Z̄] = [−Z̄1q − Z̄2q ⋯ − Z̄qq ⋯ − Z̄mq ]

(d) If the added element is a link between two existing nodes ‘p’ and ‘q’ with an impedance z̄pq ,
then again the two step procedure as outlined in (step c) is to be followed. The temporary
(temp)
impedance matrix Z̄Bus is calculated as:

(1) (p) (q) (m) (`)

⎡ ⋯ ⋯ (Z̄1q − Z̄1p ) ⎤⎥
(1) ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄1p Z̄1q Z̄1m
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(p) ⎢ Z̄p1 ⋯ Z̄pp Z̄pq ⋯ Z̄pm (Z̄pq − Z̄pp ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(q) ⎢ Z̄q1 ⋯ Z̄qp Z̄qq ⋯ Z̄qm (Z̄qq − Z̄qp ) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋯ ⋯ (Z̄mq − Z̄mp ) ⎥⎥
(m) ⎢ Z̄m1 Z̄mp Z̄mq Z̄mm
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ (Z̄q1 − Z̄p1 ) ⋯ (Z̄qp − Z̄pp ) (Z̄qq − Z̄pq ) ⋯ (Z̄qm − Z̄pm ) ⎥
⎣ Z̄`` ⎦

where,
Z̄`` = Z̄pp + Z̄qq − 2Z̄pq + z̄pq

116
Next eliminate the added row and column ‘`’ using the expression:

[∆Z̄][∆Z̄]T
[Z̄Bus ] = [[Z̄m
Bus ] − ]
Z̄``

where,
T
[∆Z̄] = [(Z̄1q − Z̄1p )⋯(Z̄pq − Z̄pp )⋯(Z̄qq − Z̄qp )⋯(Z̄mq − Z̄mp )]

Step 4: Repeat Step 3 till all the elements are considered.

In the next lecture, we will be looking at an example of [ZBus ] matrix building algorithm.

117
4.2 Example of [ZBus] matrix building algorithm
The single line diagram of a power system is shown in the Fig. 4.16. The line impedances in pu are
also given. The step-by-step procedure for [Z̄Bus ] matrix formulation is explained as given below:

Figure 4.16: Single Line Diagram of the Power System for the example

Preliminary Step: The graph of the network and a tree is shown in Fig. 4.17. Elements 1,2,4
and 5 are the tree branches while 3, 6 and 7 are the links.

Figure 4.17: Graph and a tree of the network of Fig. 4.17

Step 1: The step-by-step [Z̄Bus ] matrix building algorithm starts with element 1, which is
a tree branch connected between nodes 1 and the reference node 0 and has an impedance of
z̄10 = j0.10 pu. This is shown in the accompanying figure ,Fig. 4.18.

118
 Figure 4.18: Partial network of Step 1

The resulting [Z̄Bus ] matrix is

(1) (1)

Z̄Bus = (1) [ z10 ] = (1) [ j0.10 ]

Step 2: Next, the element 2 connected between node 2 (q = 2) and the reference node ‘0’ is
selected. This element has an impedance of z̄20 = j0.10 p.u. As this is the addition of a tree branch
it will add a new node ‘2’ to the existing [Z̄Bus ] matrix. This addition is illustrated in Fig. 4.19.

Figure 4.19: Partial network of Step 2

The new bus impedance matrix is given by :

(1) (2) (1) (2)

(1) j0.10 0 (1) j0.1 0

Z̄Bus = [ ]= [ ]
(2) 0 z20 (2) 0 j0.10

Step 3: Element 3 connected between existing nodes, node 1 (p = 1) and node 2 (q = 2),
having an impedance of z̄12 = j0.20 p.u. is added to the partial network, as shown in Fig. 4.20.
Since this is an addition of a link to the network a two step procedure is to be followed. In the

119
 Figure 4.20: Partial network of Step 3

first step a new row and column is added to the matrix as given below :

(1) (2) (`) (1) (2) (`)

⎡ (Z̄12 − Z̄11 ) ⎤ (1) ⎡ j0.10 0.0 −j0.10 ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.10 0.0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(temp) ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= (2) ⎢ (Z̄22 − Z̄21 ) ⎥ = (2) ⎢ 0.0 j0.10 j0.10 ⎥
Z̄ ⎢ 0.0 j0.10 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Bus
(`) ⎢ (Z̄21 − Z̄11 ) (Z̄22 − Z̄12 ) Z̄`` ⎥ (`) ⎢ −j0.10 j0.10 j0.40 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where,
Z̄`` = Z̄11 + Z̄22 − 2Z̄12 + z̄20 = j0.10 + j0.10 − 0.0 + j0.20 = j0.40 p.u.

Next this new row and column is eliminated to restore the size of [Z̄Bus ] matrix as given below:

−j0.10
[ ] [−j0.10 j0.10]
j0.10 0.0 j0.10
[Z̄Bus ] = [ ]−
0.0 j0.10 j0.40

Hence, the impedance matrix after the addition of element 3 is found out to be :

(1) (2)

(1) j0.075 j0.025

[Z̄Bus ] = [ ]
(2) j0.025 j0.075

Step 4: The element 4 , which is added next, is connected between an existing node, node 2
(p = 2) and a new node, node 3 (q = 3). The impedance of this element is z̄23 = j0.30 p.u. and
it is a tree branch hence, a new node, node 3 is added to the partial network. This addition, shown
in Fig. 4.21, thus increases the size of [Z̄Bus ] to (3 × 3).

120
 Figure 4.21: Partial network of Step 4

The new impedance matrix can be calculated as:

(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.075 j0.025 ⎤ (1) ⎡ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 ⎤
(1) ⎢ Z̄12 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Z̄Bus = (2) ⎢ j0.025 j0.0.075 ⎥ = (2) ⎢ j0.025 j0.0.075 j0.075 ⎥
⎢ Z̄22 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 Z̄22 + z̄23 ⎥ (3) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Step 5: Element 5 is added next to the existing partial network. This is a tree branch connected
between an existing node, node 3 (p = 3) and a new node, node 4 (q = 4). This is illustrated
in Fig. 4.22.

Since a new node is added to the partial network, the size of [Z̄Bus ] increases to (4 × 4). The
impedance of the new element is z̄34 = j0.15 p.u. The new bus impedance matrix is :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 Z̄31 ⎥ (1) ⎢ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 ⎥ (2) ⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ Z̄32 ⎥ ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 Z̄33 ⎥ (3) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(4) ⎢ Z̄13 Z̄23 Z̄33 Z̄33 + z̄34 ⎥ (4) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Step 6: Next,the element 6 connected between two existing nodes node 1 (p = 1) and node
4 (q = 4) is added to the network, as shown in the Fig. 4.23. The impedance of this element
is z̄23 = j0.25 p.u. As this is a link addition, the two step procedure is used. The bus impedance

121
 Figure 4.22: Partial network of Step 5

Figure 4.23: Partial network of Step 6

matrix is modified by adding a new row and column as given below:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

⎡ (Z̄14 − Z̄11 ) ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 (Z̄24 − Z̄21 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(temp) ⎢ ⎥
Z̄ = (3) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 (Z̄34 − Z̄31 ) ⎥
Bus ⎢ ⎥
⎢ (Z̄44 − Z̄41 ) ⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ (Z̄41 − Z̄11 ) (Z̄42 − Z̄12 ) (Z̄43 − Z̄13 ) (Z̄44 − Z̄14 ) ⎥
⎣ Z̄`` ⎦
122
Substituting the values of appropriate [Z̄Bus ] matrix elements in the last row and column the
intermediate impedance matrix is:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

⎡ j0.025 −j0.05 ⎤⎥
(1) ⎢ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 j0.05 ⎥⎥
⎢
(temp) ⎢ ⎥
Z̄ = (3) ⎢ j0.25 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 j0.35 ⎥⎥
Bus ⎢
⎢ j0.525 j0.50 ⎥⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ −j0.05 j0.50 j0.80 ⎥⎦
⎣ 0.05 j0.35

where,

Z̄`` = Z̄44 + Z̄11 − 2Z̄14 + z̄14 = j0.075 + j0.525 − 2 × j0.025 + j0.25 = j0.80 p.u.

The additional row and column ‘`’ are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
(m × m), and the [Z̄Bus ] matrix after the addition of element 6 is calculated as:

⎡ ⎤
⎢−j0.05⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.50 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢ j0.35 ⎥⎥ [−j0.05 j0.05 j0.35 j0.50]
⎢j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.025 ⎥ ⎢ j0.50 ⎥
⎢ j0.075 j0.075 j0.075⎥ ⎣ ⎦
[Z̄Bus ] = ⎢ ⎥−
⎢ j0.25 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375⎥⎥ j0.80
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525⎥⎦
⎣
Hence,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Step 7: Finally the element 7 connected between two existing nodes node 2 (p = 2) and node 4
(q = 4) is added to the partial network of step 6. The impedance of this element is is z̄23 = j0.40
pu. This is also a link addition, as shown in Fig. 4.24 and hence the two step precedure will be
(temp)
followed to obtain the [Z̄Bus ] matrix. In the first step the Z̄Bus is calculated after a row and a

123
 Figure 4.24: Partial network of Step 7

column are added to the exiting Z̄Bus as follows:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

⎡ j0.0719 (Z̄14 − Z̄12 ) ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 (Z̄24 − Z̄22 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(temp) ⎢ ⎥
Z̄ = (3) ⎢ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 (Z̄34 − Z̄32 ) ⎥
Bus ⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.0563 (Z̄44 − Z̄42 ) ⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ (Z̄41 − Z̄21 ) (Z̄42 − Z̄22 ) (Z̄43 − Z̄23 ) (Z̄44 − Z̄24 ) ⎥
⎣ Z̄`` ⎦
Substituing the values of the elements of impedance matrix one gets:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

⎡ j0.0563 j0.281 ⎤⎥
(1) ⎢ j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.02810 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 −j0.281 ⎥⎥
⎢
(temp) ⎢ ⎥
Z̄ = (3) ⎢ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 j1031 ⎥⎥
Bus ⎢
⎢ j0.2125 j0.1688 ⎥⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ −j0.281 j0.1688 j0.5969 ⎥⎦
⎣ j0.281 j0.1031

where,

Z̄`` = Z̄22 + Z̄44 − 2Z̄24 + z̄24 = j0.0719 + j0.2125 − 2 × j0.0563 + j0.40 = j0.5969 p.u.

The additional row and column ‘`’ are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to

124
(m × m), and [Z̄Bus ] after the addition of element 7 is calculated as:

⎡ ⎤
⎢ j0.0281 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.0281⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢ j0.1031 ⎥⎥ [j0.0281 −j0.0281 j0.1031 j0.1688]
⎢j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.0281 ⎥ ⎢ j0.1688 ⎥
⎢ j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437⎥ ⎣ ⎦
[Z̄Bus ] = ⎢ ⎥−
⎢ j0.469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562⎥⎥ j0.5969
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125⎥⎦
⎣
Hence,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
As can be seen that the final [Z̄Bus ] matrix is a (4 × 4) matrix, as the network has 4 nodes and
a reference node. As there are 7 elements is the network, 7 steps are required for the formation of
[Z̄Bus ] matrix.

4.2.1 Modifications in the existing [Z̄Bus ] :

If in an existing network, for which the [Z̄Bus ] matrix is known, some modification such as line
removal or line impedance alteration is carried out then the [Z̄Bus ] matrix can be easily modified
without any need of reconstructing the matrix from scratch.
As an example, let the Z̄Bus matrix be the final bus impedance matrix given for the network of
Fig. 4.16. Next, let the element 7 connecting nodes 2 and 4 be removed from the network and it
is required to find the modified Z̄Bus .
Removal of element 7 is equivalent to setting its impedance z̄24 to infinite. This can be obtained
add org
by connecting a fictitious element z̄24 in parallel to the existing element z̄24 such that the resultant
result
impedance z̄24 is infinite i.e.

1 1 1 1
= + = =0
result
z̄
24
org
z̄
24 z̄ add
24 ∞
or
add
z̄24 = −z̄24
org
= −j0.40 p.u.
add
Hence, by adding an element z̄24 = −j0.4 p.u. in parallel to z̄24
org
the removal of line between nodes
2 and 4 can be simulated. The new added fictitious element is a link addition between the two nodes,
p = 2 and q = 4 and is shown in Fig. 4.25 . Hence, this will require a two-step procedure. The
addition of the fictitious element 8 , which is a link, will introduce a temporary row and column.

125
 Figure 4.25: Adding a link to simulate the removal of element 7

(temp)
The Z̄Bus is given as:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

⎡ j0.0705 (Z̄14 − Z̄12 ) ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 (Z̄24 − Z̄22 ) ⎥
(2)
⎢ ⎥
(temp) ⎢ ⎥
Z̄ = (3) ⎢ j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 (Z̄34 − Z̄32 ) ⎥
Bus ⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.0483 (Z̄44 − Z̄42 ) ⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ (Z̄41 − Z̄21 ) (Z̄42 − Z̄22 ) (Z̄43 − Z̄23 ) (Z̄44 − Z̄24 ) ⎥
⎣ Z̄`` ⎦
Substituting the appropriate values one gets:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

⎡ j0.0483 j0.0188 ⎤⎥
(1) ⎢ j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 −j0.0188 ⎥⎥
⎢
(temp) ⎢ ⎥
Z̄ = (3) ⎢ j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 j0.0691 ⎥⎥
Bus ⎢
⎢ j0.1648 j0.1131 ⎥⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ j0.0188 −j0.0188 j0.1131 −j0.2681 ⎥⎦
⎣ j0.0691

where,

Z̄`` = Z̄22 + Z̄44 − 2Z̄24 + z̄24

add
= j0.0705 + j0.1648 − 2 × j0.0483 + (−j0.40) = −j0.2681 p.u.

126
The additional row and column is eliminated in the following step:

⎡ ⎤
⎢ j0.0188 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.0188⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢ j0.0691 ⎥⎥ [j0.0188 −j0.0188 j0.0691 j0.1131]
⎢j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.0295 ⎥ ⎢ j0.1131 ⎥
⎢ j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517⎥ ⎣ ⎦
[Z̄Bus ] = ⎢ ⎥−
⎢j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271⎥⎥ −j0.2681
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648⎥⎦
⎣
Thus, the final impedance matrix after the removal of element 7 is :

(1) (2) (3) (4)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(4) ⎢ j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The obtained Z̄Bus matrix is identical to the Z̄Bus matrix obtained in step 6 of the previous
example, which is the impdance matrix of the network before the addition of element 7.
So far we have considered the Z̄Bus matrix building algorithm without any presence of mutually
coupled elements. In the next lecture, we will take into account the presence of mutually coupled
elements while forming the Z̄Bus matrix.

127
4.3 Z̄BUS formation considering mutual coupling between
elements

Assume that the bus impedance matrix [Z̄m BUS ] is known for a partial network of ‘m’ nodes and
a reference node. The bus voltage and bus current relation for the partial network, shown in Fig.
4.26, can be expressed as:

Figure 4.26: Partial Network with m-buses

[V̄BUS ] = [Z̄m
BUS ] [ĪBUS ] (4.33)

In equation (4.33),

V̄BUS is (m × 1) bus voltage vector

ĪBUS is (m × 1) bus current vector

BUS is (m × m) bus impedance matrix

Z̄m

The new added element ‘p-q’ may be a branch or may be a link as discussed in the previous
algorithm.

128
4.3.1 Addition of a branch to this partial network:

The performance equation of the network with an added branch ‘p-q’ is

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢ V̄1 ⎥ ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄12 ⋯ Z̄1p ⋯ Z̄1m Z̄1q ⎥ ⎢ I¯1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄2 ⎥ ⎢ Z̄21 Z̄22 ⋯ Z̄2p ⋯ Z̄2m Z̄2q ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯2 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄p ⎥ = ⎢ Z̄p1 Z̄p2 ⋯ Z̄pp ⋯ Z̄pm Z̄pq ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯p ⎥⎥ (4.34)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄m ⎥ ⎢Z̄m1 Z̄m2 ⋯ Z̄mp ⋯ Z̄mm Z̄mq ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I¯m ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄q ⎥ ⎢ Z̄q1 Z̄q2 ⋯ Z̄qp ⋯ Z̄qm Z̄qq ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I¯q ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣

The network is assumed to contain bilateral passive elements and hence, Z̄qi = Z̄iq for i =
1, 2, ⋯m, i ≠ q . The added branch ‘p-q’ is assumed to be mutually coupled with one or more
elements of the partial network.
To determine element Z̄qi , inject a current at ith node and calculate the voltage at q th node with
respect to reference, as shown in Fig. 4.27.

Figure 4.27: Calculation of Z̄qi for the addition of branch

Calculation of Z̄qi

As all other bus currents are zero, bus voltages can be written as,

129
 V̄1 = Z̄1i I¯i ⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄2 = Z̄2i Ii ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄p = Z̄pi Ii ⎬
¯ (4.35)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄m = Z̄mi Ii ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄q = Z̄qi Ii ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎭
Also from Fig. 4.27, V̄p and V̄q can be related as,

V̄q = V̄p − v̄pq (4.36)

Where v̄pq is the voltage across the added element ‘p − q ’. Also, the currents in the elements of
the network can be related to the voltages across the elements as,

īpq ȳpq,pq ȳpq,ρσ v̄pq

[ ]=[ ][ ] (4.37)
īρσ ȳρσ,pq ȳρσ,ρσ v̄ρσ

Where,

īpq = the current through the added element ‘p − q ’.

īρσ = (m × 1) current vector of the elements of the partial network.
v̄ρσ = (m × 1) voltage vector of the elements of the partial network.
ȳpq,pq = Self-admittance of the added element.
ȳpq,ρσ = (m × 1) vector of mutual admittances between the added element ‘p − q ’ and the
elements ‘ρ − σ ’ of the partial network.
ȳρσ,ρσ = (m × m) primitive admittance matrix of the partial network.
T
ȳρσ,pq = [ȳpq,ρσ ]
The diagonal elements of primitive impedance matrix [z̄] are the self impedance of the individual
elements while the off-diagonal elements are mutual impedances between the elements. The inverse
of primitive impedance matrix is the primitive admittance matrix [ȳ]. This can be explained with
the help of an illustrative example.
A single line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig. 4.28. The self-impedances of lines are
written by the side of the line and are in p.u.. The two lines between nodes 1 and 3 are mutually
coupled with a mutual impedance of j0.10. The primitive impedance matrix for the network can be
written as,
⎡j0.60 0 ⎤⎥
⎢ 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 j0.50 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
[z̄] = ⎢ 0 0 j0.50 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ 0 j0.25 j1.0 ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 j1.0 j0.20 ⎦
130
 Figure 4.28: Sample Power System

The inverse of [z̄] is [ȳ], the primitive admittance matrix.

⎡−j1.67 0 ⎤⎥
⎢ 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −j2.0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
[ȳ] = ⎢ 0 0 −j2.0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ 0 −j5.0 j2.5 ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −j6.25⎥
⎣ 0 0 j2.5 ⎦

The current īpq in the added branch ‘p − q ’ equal to zero as node ‘q ’ is open.

īpq = 0 (4.38)

The voltage v̄pq , however, is not zero as the added branch is mutually coupled to one or more elements
of the partial network. Thus, the voltage across other elements of the network can be expressed as,

v̄ρσ = V̄ρ − V̄σ (4.39)

where V̄ρ and V̄σ are the voltages of the nodes of the partial network. With īpq = 0 from equation
(4.37) one can write,
ȳpq,pq v̄pq + ȳpq,ρσ v̄ρσ = 0

Hence,
ȳpq,ρσ v̄ρσ
v̄pq = − (4.40)
ȳpq,pq

131
Substituting v̄ρσ from equation (4.39) and v̄pq equation (4.36) in equation (4.40) one gets,

ȳpq,ρσ (V̄ρ − V̄σ )

V̄q = V̄p +
ȳpq,pq

Substitution of I¯i = 1 pu in equation (4.35) results in V̄p , V̄q , V̄ρ and V̄σ being replaced by their
corresponding impedances and hence,

ȳpq,ρσ (Z̄ρi − Z̄σi )

Z̄qi = Z̄pi + (4.41)
ȳpq,pq

∀i = 1, 2, ⋯, m, i ≠ q

For calculating the self impedance Z̄qq , a current I¯q = 1 p.u. is injected into q th node with all
other currents equal to zero as shown in Fig. 4.29. Then the voltages of the nodes are calculated
from equation (4.35) , as
V̄1 = Z̄1q I¯q ⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄2 = Z̄2q Iq ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄p = Z̄pq Iq ⎬
¯ (4.42)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⋮ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄m = Z̄mq Iq ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
V̄q = Z̄qq Iq ⎪
¯ ⎪
⎭

With I¯q = 1 p.u., Z̄qq Can be calculated directly by calculating V̄q .

also,
V̄q = V̄p − v̄pq (4.43)

and
īpq = −I¯q = −1 (4.44)

Hence, from equation (4.37) one gets

īpq = −1 = ȳpq,pq v̄pq + ȳpq,ρσ v̄ρσ (4.45)

And thus v̄pq can be written as,

1 + ȳpq,ρσ v̄ρσ
v̄pq = − (4.46)
ȳpq,pq

Substituting v̄pq and v̄ρσ , the above equation can be rewritten as,

1 + ȳpq,ρσ (V̄ρ − V̄σ )

V̄q = V̄p + (4.47)
ypq,pq

132
 Figure 4.29: Calculation of Zqq for the addition of a branch

With I¯q = 1 p.u., from equation (4.35) V̄p , V̄q , V̄ρ and V̄σ can be replaced by respective transfer
impedances,
1 + ȳpq,ρσ (Z̄ρq − Z̄σq )
Z̄qq = Z̄pq + (4.48)
ypq,pq

4.3.2 Addition of a link to this partial network:

If the added element p − q is a link, then a fictitious node ` is created by connecting an ideal voltage
in series with the added element, as shown in Fig. 4.30.
The value of the source voltage is selected such that the current I¯` through the added link is
zero. If ē` is the voltage of node ` with respect to node q and I¯` is the current injected into node `
from node q . The performance equation of the partial network with the added link p − ` and ideal
series voltage source e` is,

⎡ V̄ ⎤ ⎡ Z̄ Z̄1` ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ I¯1 ⎤⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 11 . . . Z̄1p . . . Z̄1m
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄p ⎥ ⎢ Z̄p1 . . . Z̄pp . . . Z̄pm Z̄p` ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯p ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥ (4.49)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄m ⎥ ⎢Z̄m1 Z̄m` ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I¯m ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ . . . Z̄mp . . . Z̄mm
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ē` ⎥ ⎢ Z̄`1 . . . Z̄`p . . . Z̄`m Z̄`` ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I¯` ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
133
 Figure 4.30: Calculation of Z̄`i for the addition of a link

Here, Z¯li represents the transfer impedance relating the current, Ii , injected into the ith bus
and the voltage of the added source ē` , connected between nodes ` and q . They are conceptually
different from the elements Z̄ij of Z̄BUS matrix which relate the current injected into the j th bus
and the voltage of the ith bus with repect to the reference.
As
ē` = V̄` − V̄q ,

The elements Z̄`i , 1 = 1, 2, ⋯m, i ≠ `, of the added row and column, can be calculated by
injecting a current I¯i into the ith node and determining the voltage of `th node with repect to q th
node.
Hence,
ē` ¯
Z̄`i = ∣ , Ik = 0, k = 1, 2, ⋯m, k ≠ `
I¯i
Also,
ē` = V̄p − V̄q − v̄p` (4.50)

The current īp` through the link can be written as,

īp` = ȳp`,p` v̄p` + ȳp`,pσ v̄ρσ (4.51)

Since the current through the link is zero, īp` = īpq = 0

Hence,
ȳp`,ρσ v̄ρσ
v̄p` = − (4.52)
ȳp`,p`

134
Since the voltage source is ideal source, one can write,

ȳp`,ρσ = ȳpq,ρσ

and
ȳp`,p` = ȳpq,pq (4.53)

So,
ȳpq,ρσ v̄ρσ ȳpq,ρσ (V̄ρ − V̄σ )
v̄p` = − =− (4.54)
ȳpq,pq ȳpq,pq

With Ii = 1 p.u., substituting V̄p , V̄q , V̄p and V̄σ from equation (4.35) and v̄p` from equation
(4.52) in equation (4.50) one gets

ȳpq,ρσ (Z̄pi − Z̄σi )

Z̄`i = Z̄pi − Z̄qi + (4.55)
ȳpq,pq

∀i = 1, 2, ⋯ m, i ≠ `

To calculate Z̄`` , a current is injected at the ‘`th ’ node with respect to node ‘q ’, as shown in Fig.
4.31. As all other node currents are zero, the node voltages can be written as,

Figure 4.31: Calculation of Z̄`` for the addition of a link

V̄k = Z̄k` I¯` , ∀k = 1, 2, ⋯m

135
 ē` = Z̄`` I¯` (4.56)

With I¯` = 1 p.u., Z̄`` can be directly computed by calculating ē` . The current in the element p − ` is

īp` = −I¯` = 1 p.u. (4.57)

From equation (4.37) one gets

īp` = ȳp`,p` v̄p` + ȳp`,pσ v̄pσ = −1

Further as ȳp`,p` = ȳpq,pq and ȳp`,pσ = ȳpq,pσ , hence v̄p` can be expressed as

1 + ȳpq,pσ v̄pσ
v̄p` = − (4.58)
ȳpq,pq

Substituting v̄p` from equation (4.50) , one can write

1 + ȳpq,pσ (V̄p − V̄σ )

ē` = V̄p − V̄q +
ȳpq,pq

With I¯` = 1 p.u., substituting V̄p , V̄q , V̄ρ , V̄σ and ē` from equation (4.56), Z̄`` is obtained as

1 + ȳpq,ρσ (Z̄p` − Z̄σ` )

Z̄`` = Z̄pi − Z̄qi + (4.59)
ȳpq,pq

∀i = 1, 2, ⋯m, i ≠ `

In the case of link addition the additional row and column corresponding to fictitious node ` are to
be eliminated.

For this the fictitious series voltage source ē` is short circuited. From equation (4.49) the bus
voltages can be written in compact from as

[V̄Bus
m
Bus ][ĪBus ] + [∆Z][Ī` ]
] = [Z̄m m ¯ (4.60)

Where,

T
[∆Z̄] = [Z̄1` Z̄2` ⋯ Z̄m` ] is an (m × 1) vector comprising of the entries of the column added
to the Z̄m Bus matrix

Bus ], [V̄Bus ] = (m × 1) bus current and voltage vectors respectively, of the partial network before
[Īm m

the addition of element p − `.

[Z̄mBus ] = (m × m) [Z̄Bus ] matrix of the partial network before the addition of element p − `.
I¯` = current injected in the link. Also,

[ē` ] = [∆Z̄]T [ĪBus ] + Z̄`` I¯` = 0 (4.61)

136
On substituting I¯` from equation (4.61) into equation (4.60) [V̄Bus ] can be written as,

∆Z̄.∆ZT ¯
[V̄Bus ] = [Z̄
m
Bus ]−[ ][IBus ] (4.62)
Z̄``

Hence, the final [Z̄Bus ] which is (m × m) in size can be written as

∆Z̄.∆ZT
[Z̄Final
Bus ] = [Z̄Bus ] − [
m
] (4.63)
Z̄``

An example illustrating the [Z̄Bus ] building procedure will be discussed in the next lecture.

137
4.4 Example of [Z̄Bus] matrix formulation in the presence of
mutual impedances
Consider the network shown in Fig. 4.32.

Figure 4.32: The power system for [Z̄Bus ] example

A tree for the network is shown in Fig. 4.32. The system data is given in Table 4.1.

Figure 4.33: Tree of the network

Table 4.1: System data

Self Mutual
Element no. Bus code Impedance Bus code Impedance
p-q z̄pq,pq (p.u.) r-s z̄pq,rs (p.u.)
1 0 - 1(1) j0.4 0 - 1(2) j0.2
2 0 - 1(2) j0.5
3 0-2 j0.5 0 - 1(1) j0.1
4 2-3 j0.4
5 1-3 j0.6

138
 Step 1: The algorithm starts building the [Z̄Bus ] matrix element by element. To initiate the
process, start with element 1 connected between nodes p = 0 and q = 1, shown in Fig. 4.34. The
[Z̄Bus ] matrix of the partial network is given as,

Figure 4.34: Partial network in Step 1

(1)

[Z̄Bus ] = (1) [ j0.4 ]

Step 2: Next add element 2 connected between p = 0 and q = 1 which is mutually coupled to the
existing element 1, connected between ρ = 0 and σ = 1. This new element is a link as it does not
(temp)
create a new node, the partial network for this step is shown in Fig. 4.35. The augmented [Z̄Bus ]
matrix after the addition of this element, is given by

Figure 4.35: Partial network in Step 2

(1) (`)

(1) j0.4 Z̄1`

Z̄(temp)
Bus = [ ]
(`) Z̄`1 Z̄``

ȳ0−1(2),0−1(1) (Z̄01 − Z̄11 )

Z̄`1 = Z̄01 − Z̄11 +
ȳ0−1(2),0−1(2)
1 + ȳ0−1(2),0−1(1) (Z̄0` − Z̄1` )
Z̄`` = Z̄0` − Z̄1` +
ȳ0−1(2),0−1(2)
where, Z̄01 and Z̄0` are the elements of [Z̄Bus ] matrix associated with the reference node.
The primitive impedance matrix [z̄] for the partial network is

0−1(1) 0−1(2)

0−1(1) j0.4 j0.2

[z̄] = [ ]
0−1(2) j0.2 j0.5

The primitive admittance matrix [ȳ] for the partial network in nothing but the inverse of primitive

139
impedance matrix [z̄] and is given by

0−1(1) 0−1(2)

−j3.125 j1.25
[ȳ] = [z̄]−1 =
0−1(1)
[ ]
0−1(2) j1.25 −j2.5

With Z̄01 = 0, since 0 is the reference node, Z̄`1 is evaluated as

j1.25(−j0.4)
Z̄`1 = −j0.4 + = −j0.2 = Z̄1`
−j2.5

Also as Z̄0` = 0, since 0 is the reference node, and hence, Z̄`` is calculated as

1 + j1.25(j0.2)
Z̄`` = j0.2 + = j0.50
−j2.5
(temp)
The augmented Zbus matrix is given as

(1) (`)

(1) j0.4 −j0.2

Z̄(temp) = [ ]
Bus
(`) −j0.2 j0.5

The row and column corresponding to the `th row and column corresponding to a link addi-
tion,(shown in red in the above matrix), need to be eliminated as the link addition does not create
a new node. The [Z̄Bus ] matrix, after the addition of second element to the partial network, is
calculated using the following expression

Z̄1` Z̄`1
[Z̄Bus ] = [Z̄Bus ] −
Z̄``

(−j0.2)(−j0.2)
= j0.4 −
j0.5

(1)

Z̄Bus = (1) [ j0.32 ]

Note that the size of Z̄Bus matrix is still (1×1) as no new node has been added to the partial network
as yet.
Step 3: Next add element 3, which is connected between the nodes p = 0 and q = 2. This is a
branch addition as a new node, node 2 is created. This element is mutually coupled to the existing
element 1. Hence, the primitive [z̄] matrix of the partial network, shown in Fig. 4.36, is

140
 Figure 4.36: Partial network in Step 3

0−1(1) 0−1(2) 0−2

⎡ j0.4 j0.2 j0.1 ⎤
0−1(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[z̄] = 0−1(2) ⎢ j0.2 j0.5 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.1 0 j0.5 ⎥
0−2
⎣ ⎦
−1
The primitive [ȳ] matrix is calculated as [z̄] and is equal to

0−1(1) 0−1(2) 0−2

⎡ j3.333 j1.333 j0.667 ⎤⎥
0−1(1) ⎢
⎢ ⎥
[ȳ] = 0−1(2) ⎢ j1.333 −j2.533 −j0.2667 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.667 −j0.2667 j2.133 ⎥
0−2
⎣ ⎦

The modified [Z̄Bus ] matrix is expressed as

(1) (2)

(1) j0.32 Z̄12

[Z̄Bus ] = [ ]
(2) Z̄21 Z̄22

For this element p = 0 and q = 2 and the set of elements [ρ̄σ̄] mutually coupled to this element
is [0 − 1(1) 0 − 1(2)]

Z̄02 − Z̄11
[ȳ0−2,0−1(1) ȳ0−2,0−1(2) ] [ ]
Z̄01 − Z̄11
Z̄21 = Z̄01 +
ȳ0−2,0−2
Z̄01 and Z̄02 are the transfer impedances associated with the reference node and are equal to zero.

−j0.32
[j0.667 −j0.2667] ∗ [ ]
−j0.32
Z̄21 = = j0.06
j2.133

141
 Hence, Z̄12 = Z̄21 = j0.06

Z̄02 − Z̄12
1 + [ȳ0−2,0−1(1) ȳ0−2,0−1(2) ] [ ]
Z̄01 − Z̄12
Z̄22 = Z̄02 +
ȳ0−2,0−2

−j0.32
1 + [j0.667 −j0.2667] ∗ [ ]
−j0.32
Z̄21 = = j0.48
j2.133
The modified [Z̄Bus ] matrix is

(1) (2)

(1) j0.32 j0.06

[Z̄Bus ] = [ ]
(2) j0.06 j0.48

Step 4: On adding element 4 between p = 2 and q = 3, a new node, node 3 is created. Hence, this
is a branch addition and is shown in Fig. 4.37. The modified [Z̄Bus ] matrix can be written as

Figure 4.37: Partial network in Step 4

(1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.32 j0.06 Z̄ ⎤
(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 13
⎥
Z̄Bus = (2) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 Z̄23 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ Z̄31 Z̄32 Z̄33 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
As this element is not mutually coupled to other elements the elements of vector ȳpq,ρσ are zero.
Hence, the new elements of [Z̄Bus ] matrix can be calculated, using the expression given in (4.41),
as :
Off-diagonal elements

Z̄qi = Z̄pi ∀ i = 1, 2, 3 i ≠ q

142
 Z̄31 = Z̄21 = j0.06

Z̄32 = Z̄22 = j0.48

Z̄13 = Z̄31 = j0.06

Z̄23 = Z̄32 = j0.48

Diagonal element
Using the expression of (4.48) with no mutual coupling, the diagonal element can be written as:

Z̄qq = Z̄pq + z̄pq,pq

hence,
Z̄33 = Z̄23 + z̄23,23 = j0.48 + j0.4 = j0.88

(1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.32 j0.06 j0.06 ⎤
(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Z̄Bus = (2) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.48 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.88 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Step 5: Finally add element 5 between nodes p = 1 and q = 3. This is an addition of a link hence a
temporary row and column are added. Fig. 4.38 showns the final network after the addition of this
(temp)
element. The modified Z̄Bus matrix can be written as

Figure 4.38: The complete network after the addition of link in step 5

(1) (2) (3) (`)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.32 j0.06 j0.06 Z̄1` ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.48 Z̄2` ⎥
Z̄(temp) = ⎢ ⎥
Bus
(3) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.88 Z̄3` ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ Z̄`1 Z̄`2 Z̄`3 Z̄`` ⎥
⎣ ⎦
143
 (temp)
Since this element is not mutually coupled to other elements, the new elements of [Z̄Bus ]
matrix can be calculated, using the expression of (4.55), as :
Off-diagonal elements

Z̄`i = Z̄pi − Z̄qi ∀ i = 1, 2, 3

Z̄1` = Z̄11 − Z̄13 = j0.32 − j0.06 = j0.26 = Z̄`1

Z̄2` = Z̄21 − Z̄23 = j0.06 − j0.48 = −j0.42 = Z̄`2

Z̄3` = Z̄31 − Z̄33 = j0.06 − j0.88 = −j0.82 = Z̄`3

Diagonal element
For calculating the diagonal element, the expression given in (4.59) is used. Hence,

Z̄`` = Z̄p` − Z̄q` + z̄pq,pq

Z̄`` = Z̄1` − Z̄3` + z̄13,13 = j0.26 + j0.82 + j0.6 = j1.68

(temp)
Hence, the temporary [ZBus ] matrix can be written as

(1) (2) (3) (`)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.32 j0.06 j0.06 j0.26 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.06 −j0.42 ⎥⎥
(2) ⎢
[Z̄(temp) ]= ⎢ ⎥
Bus
(3) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.88 −j0.82 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ j0.26 −j0.42 −j0.82 j1.68 ⎥⎦
⎣

The `th row and `th column are to be eleminated to restore the size of Z̄Bus to 3 × 3. The elimination
is done using the relation

(temp) ∆Z̄ ∗ ∆Z̄T

Z̄Bus = Z̄Bus −
Z̄``

∆Z̄T = [j0.26 −j0.42 −j0.82]

⎡ j0.23 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.42⎥ ∗ [−j0.26 −j0.42 −j0.82]
⎡j0.32 j0.06 j0.06⎤ ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢−j0.82⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
Z̄Bus = ⎢⎢j0.06 j0.48 j0.48⎥⎥ − ⎣ ⎦
⎢ ⎥ j1.68
⎢j0.06 j0.48 j0.88⎥
⎣ ⎦
144
Hence, the final matrix [Z̄Bus ] is

(1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.2798 j0.1250 j0.1869 ⎤
(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[Z̄Bus ] = (2) ⎢ j0.1250 j0.3750 j0.2750 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.1869 j0.2750 j0.4798 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

After this discussion of formulation of [Z̄Bus ] matrix, we are now ready to discuss fault analysis,
which we will start from the next lecture.

145
4.5 Fault Analysis:
Under normal conditions, a power system operates under balanced conditions with all equipments
carrying normal load currents and the bus voltages within the prescribed limits. This condition can
be disrupted due to a fault in the system. A fault in a circuit is a failure that interferes with the
normal flow of current. A short circuit fault occurs when the insulation of the system fails resulting
in low impedance path either between phases or phase(s) to ground. This causes excessively high
currents to flow in the circuit, requiring the operation of protective equipments to prevent damage
to equipment. The short circuit faults can be classified as:

• Symmetrical faults

• Unsymmetrical faults

4.6 Symmetrical faults:

A three phase symmetrical fault is caused by application of three equal fault impedances Z̄f to the
three phases, as shown in Fig. 4.39. If Z̄f = 0 the fault is called a solid or a bolted fault. These faults
can be of two types: (a) line to line to line to ground fault (LLLG fault) or (b) line to line to line
fault (LLL fault). Since the three phases are equally affected, the system remains balanced. That
is why, this fault is called a symmetrical or a balanced fault and the fault analysis is done on per
phase basis. The behaviour of LLLG fault and LLL fault is identical due to the balanced nature
of the fault. This is a very severe fault that can occur in a system and if Z̄f = 0, this is usually the
most severe fault that can occur in a system. Fortunately, such faults occur infrequently and only
about 5% of the system faults are three phase faults.

Figure 4.39: Symmetrical Fault

146
4.7 Unsymmetrical faults:
Faults in which the balanced state of the network is disturbed are called unsymmetrical or unbalanced
faults. The most common type of unbalanced fault in a system is a single line to ground fault (LG
fault). Almost 60 to 75% of faults in a system are LG faults. The other types of unbalanced faults
are line to line faults (LL faults) and double line to ground faults (LLG faults). About 15 to 25%
faults are LLG faults and 5 to 15% are LL faults. These faults are shown in Fig. 4.40.

Figure 4.40: Unsymmetrical Fault

Majority of the faults occur on transmission lines as they are exposed to external elements.
Lightening strokes may cause line insulators to flashover, high velocity winds may cause tower failure,
ice loading and wind may result in mechanical failure of line or insulator and tree branches may cause
short circuit. Much less common are the faults on cables, circuit breakers, generators, motors and
transformers.
Fault analysis is necessary for selecting proper circuit breaker rating and for relay settings and co-
ordination.The symmetrical faults are analysed on per phase basis while the unsymmetrical faults
are analyzed using symmetrical components. Further, the Z̄BUS matrix is very usefull for short
circuit studies .

4.8 Symmetrical or Balanced three phase fault analysis:

In this type of faults all three phases are simultaneously short circuited. Since the network remains
balanced, it is analyzed on per phase basis. The other two phases carry identical currents but with a
phase shift of 120○ . A fault in the network is simulated by connecting impedances in the network at
the fault location. The faulted network is then solved using Thevenin’s equivalent network as seen
from the fault point. The bus impedance matrix is convenient to use for fault studies as its diagonal
elements are the Thevenin’s impedance of the network as seen from different buses. Prior to the
occurrence of fault, the system is assumed to be in a balanced steady state and hence per phase
network model is used. The generators are represented by a constant voltage source behind a suitable
reactance which may be sub-transient, transient or normal d-axis reactance. The transmission lines
are represented by their π -models with all impedances referred to a common base. A typical bus

147
 Figure 4.41: Fault at kth bus of a power system

of an n- bus power system network is shown in Fig. 4.41. Further, a balanced three phase fault,
through a fault impedance Z̄f is assumed to occur at k th bus as shown in the figure. A pre-fault
load flow provides the information about the pre-fault bus voltage.
T
Let [V̄BUS (0)] be the prefault bus voltage vector =[V̄1 (0) . . . Vk (0) . . . Vn (0)] p.u. The fault
at k th bus through an impedance Z̄f will cause a change in the voltage of all the buses [∆V̄BUS ]
due to the flow of heavy currents through the transmission lines. This change can be calculated by
applying a voltage V̄k (0) at k th bus and short circuiting all other voltage sources. The sources and
loads are replaced by their equivalent impedances. This is shown in Fig. 4.42. In Fig. 4.42, Z̄i

Figure 4.42: Network representation for calculating [∆V̄BUS ]

and Z̄k are the equivalent load impedances as bus i and k respectively, z̄ik is the impedance of line

148
between ith and k th buses. x̄di is the appropriate generator reactance, Z̄f is the fault impedance,
I¯k (F ) is the fault current and V̄k (0) is the prefault voltage at k th bus. From the superposition
theorem, the bus voltages due to a fault can be obtained as the sum of prefault bus voltages and the
change in bus voltages due to fault,i.e.,

[V̄BUS (F)] = [V̄BUS (0)] + [∆V̄BUS ] (4.64)

where,
T
[V̄BUS (F)] = Vector of bus voltages during fault =[V̄1 (F ) . . . V̄i (F ) . . . V̄n (F )]
T
[V̄BUS (0)] = Vector of pre-fault bus voltages =[V̄1 (0) . . . V̄i (0) . . . V̄n (0)]
T
[∆V̄BUS ] = Vector of change in bus voltages due to fault= [∆V̄1 . . . ∆V̄k . . . ∆V̄n ]

Also the bus injected current [ĪBUS ] can be expressed as,

[ĪBUS ] = [ȲBUS ] [V̄BUS ] (4.65)

where, [V̄BUS ] is the bus voltage vector and [ȲBUS ] is the bus admittance matrix.

With all the bus currents, except of the faulted bus k , equal to zero, the node equation for the
network of Fig. 4.42 can be written as

⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ Ȳ11 ⋯ Ȳ1k ⋯ Ȳ1n ⎤ ⎡ ∆V̄1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢−Ik (F )⎥ = ⎢Ȳk1 ⋯ Ȳkk ⋯ Ȳkn ⎥ ⎢ ∆V̄k ⎥ (4.66)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢Ȳn1 ⋯ Ȳnk ⋯ Ȳnn ⎥ ⎢ ∆Vn ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

As the fault current I¯k (F ) is leaving the bus it is taken as a negative current entering the bus.
Hence,
[ĪBUS (F)] = [ȲBUS ] [∆V̄BUS ] (4.67)

[∆V̄BUS ] can be calculated as:

−1
[∆V̄BUS ] = [ȲBUS ] [ĪBUS (F)] = [Z̄BUS ] [ĪBUS (F)] (4.68)

where, [Z̄BUS ] is the bus impedance matrix = [ȲBUS ]−1 .

Substituting the expression of [∆V̄BUS ] from equation (4.68) in equation (4.64) one can write,

[V̄BUS (F)] = [V̄BUS (0)] + [Z̄BUS (F)] [ĪBus (F)] (4.69)

Expanding the above equation one can write,

149
 ⎡ V̄1 (F ) ⎤ ⎡ V̄1 (0) ⎤ ⎡ Z̄11 ⋯ Z̄1k ⋯ Z̄1n ⎤ ⎡ (0) ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄k (F )⎥ = ⎢V̄k (0)⎥ + ⎢Z̄k1 ⋯ Z̄kk ⋯ Z̄kn ⎥ ⎢−I¯k (F )⎥ (4.70)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄n (F )⎥ ⎢V̄n (0)⎥ ⎢Z̄n1 ⋯ Z̄nk ⋯ Z̄nn ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
The bus voltage of kth bus can be expressed as:

V̄k (F ) = V̄k (0) − Z̄kk I¯k (F ) (4.71)

Also from Fig. 4.41

V̄k (F ) = Z̄F I¯k (F ) (4.72)

For a bolted fault Z̄f = 0 and hence, V̄k (F ) = 0. Thus the fault current I¯k (F ) for bolted fault can
be expressed using equation (4.71) as,

V̄k (0)
I¯k (F ) = (4.73)
Z̄kk

For faulty with non-zero fault impedance Z̄f , the fault current can be calculated as:

V̄k (0)
I¯k (F ) = (4.74)
Z̄kk + Z̄f

The quantity Z̄kk in equation (4.73) and equation (4.74) is the Thevenin’s impedance or open-
circuit impedance of the network as seen from the faulted bus k. From equation (4.70), the bus
voltage after fault for the unfaulted or healthy buses can be written as:

V̄i (F ) = V̄i (0) − Z̄ik I¯k (F ) ∀i = 1, 2, ⋯n, i ≠ k (4.75)

Substituting I¯k (F ) from equation (4.73) , V̄i (F ) can be expressed as:

Z̄ik
V̄i (F ) = V̄i (0) − V̄k (0) (4.76)
Z̄kk + Z̄f

The fault current I¯ij (F ) flowing in the line connecting ith and j th bus can be calculated as

V̄i (F ) − V̄j (F )
I¯ij (F ) = (4.77)
z̄ij

where z̄ij is the impedance of line connecting buses i and j.

150
4.9 Unsymmetrical or Unbalanced fault analysis:
For the analysis of unsymmetrical or unbalanced faults, symmetrical component method is used.
The use of symmetrical components simplifies the analysis procedure of unbalanced system and also
helps in improving the understanding of the system behavior during fault conditions.
A review of symmetrical components is presented next.

4.9.1 Symmetrical components:

Any unbalanced set of three phase voltage or current phasors can be replaced by three balanced sets
of three phase voltage or current phasors. These three balanced set of voltage or current phasors
are called symmetrical components of voltages or currents. Let I¯a , I¯b , and I¯c be an arbitrary set of
three current phasors representing phase currents. Then using symmetrical components they can be
expressed as:
⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤
⎢ a ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥ ⎢ a1 ⎥ ⎢ a2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯b ⎥ = ⎢ I¯b0 ⎥ + ⎢ I¯b1 ⎥ + ⎢ I¯b2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (4.78)
⎢¯⎥ ⎢¯ ⎥ ⎢¯ ⎥ ⎢¯ ⎥
⎢ Ic ⎥ ⎢ Ic0 ⎥ ⎢ Ic1 ⎥ ⎢ Ic2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Or,
[Ī]abc = [Ī0 ] + [Ī1 ] + [Ī2 ]

where,
T
[Ī]abc = [I¯a I¯b I¯c ] is the arbitrary set of three current phasors of phase currents.
T
[Ī0 ] = [I¯a0 I¯b0 I¯c0 ] is the set of zero sequence components.The magnitudes of the three zero
sequence components are equal i.e.∣I¯a0 ∣ = ∣I¯b0 ∣ = ∣I¯c0 ∣ and they are co-phasors.
T
[Ī1 ] = [I¯a1 I¯b1 I¯c1 ] is the set of positive sequence components, with I¯a1 = ∣I¯a1 ∣ ∠0○ , I¯b1 =
∣I¯b1 ∣ ∠ − 120○ , and I¯c1 = ∣I¯c1 ∣ ∠120○ , with ∣I¯a1 ∣ = ∣I¯b1 ∣ = ∣I¯c1 ∣.
T
[Ī2 ] = [I¯a2 I¯b2 I¯c2 ] is the set of negative sequence components, with I¯a2 = ∣I¯a2 ∣ ∠0○ , I¯b2 =
∣I¯b2 ∣ ∠120
¯ ○ , and I¯c2 = ∣I¯c2 ∣ ∠ − 120○ ,with ∣I¯a2 ∣ = ∣I¯b2 ∣ = ∣I¯c2 ∣
The graphical representation of the sequence components is shown in Fig. 4.43.
Let an operator ‘a’ be defined such that a = ∠120○ . Any phasor multiplied by ‘a’ undergoes a
counter clockwise rotation of 120○ without any change in the magnitude. Further,

a = 1∠120○

a2 = 1∠240○

a3 = 1∠360○

also 1 + a + a2 = 0
I¯a1 = Ia1 ∠θ1

where, ∠θ1 is the angle of phase ‘a’ positive sequence current.

151
 Figure 4.43: Representation of Symmetrical Components

I¯b1 = a2 I¯a1

I¯c1 = aI¯a1

The phase sequence of the positive component set is ‘abc’.

Similarly the negative sequence set can be written as:

I¯a2 = Ia2 ∠θ2

where, ∠θ2 is the angle of phase ‘a’ negative sequence current.

I¯b2 = aI¯a2

I¯c2 = a2 I¯a2

152
The phase sequence of the negative component set is ‘acb’.
The zero-sequence component set can be written as:

I¯a0 = I¯a0 ∠θ0 = I¯b0 = I¯c0

where, ∠θ0 is the angle of phase ‘a’ zero sequence current.

Hence, equation (4.78) can be simplified as:

⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤
⎢ a⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯b ⎥ = ⎢1 a2 a ⎥ ⎢I¯a1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.79)
⎢¯⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ Ic ⎥ ⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢I¯a2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
It can also expressed in a compact form as:

[Ī]abc = [Ā] [Ī]012 (4.80)

T
where, [Ī] = set of phase quantities = [I¯a I¯b I¯c ]
abc
T
[Ī]012 = set of sequence quantities = [I¯a0 I¯a1 I¯a2 ]

⎡1 1 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢
Ā = ⎢1 a a ⎥⎥ is the symmetrical component transformation matrix.
2
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 a a2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The symmetrical components [Ī] can be written in terms of phase quantities [Ī] as:
012 abc

−1
[Ī]012 = [Ā] [Ī]abc (4.81)

⎡1 1 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢ ⎥
where, Ā = ⎢
−1
⎢1 a a2 ⎥⎥ thus,
3⎢ ⎥
⎢1 a2 a ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1
I¯a0 = [I¯a + I¯b + I¯c ]
3
1
I¯a1 = [I¯a + aI¯b + a2 I¯c ] (4.82)
3
1
I¯a2 = [I¯a + a2 I¯b + aI¯c ]
3
To summarize:

• For voltage:

[V̄]abc = [Ā] [V̄]012 (4.83)

153
 −1
[V̄]012 = [Ā] [V̄]abc (4.84)

where, [V̄]abc is the set of phase voltages, and [V̄]012 is the set of sequence voltages.

• For current:

[Ī]abc = [Ā] [Ī]012 (4.85)

−1
[Ī]012 = [Ā] [Ī]abc (4.86)

where, [Ī]abc is the set of phase voltages, and [Ī]012 is the set of sequence voltages.
Before starting unbalanced fault analysis, it is necessary to learn about the sequence networks of
different power system components, which we will discuss in the next lecture.

154
4.9.2 Sequence Networks of a loaded Synchronous Generator:

A three-pahse synchronous generator, having a synchronous impedance of Z̄s per phase, with its
neutral grounded through a impedance Z̄n is shown in Fig.4.44. The generator is supplying a
balanced three phase load. The generator voltages Ēa , Ēb and Ēc are balanced and hence treated

Figure 4.44: Three phase synchronous generator supplying a balanced load

as positive sequence set of voltage phasors and can be expressed as:

⎡1⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[Ē]abc = ⎢⎢ a2 ⎥⎥ [Ēa] (4.87)
⎢ ⎥
⎢a⎥
⎣ ⎦
As the generator is supplying a three-phase balanced load, the following KVL equations can be
written for each phase :
V̄a = Ēa − Z̄s I¯a − Z̄n I¯n

V̄b = Ēb − Z̄s I¯b − Z̄n I¯n (4.88)

V̄c = Ēc − Z̄s I¯c − Z̄n I¯n

155
Substituting the neutral current I¯n = I¯a + I¯b + I¯c in equation (4.88), and writing the resulting equa-
tion in matrix form, we get:

⎡V̄ ⎤ ⎡Ē ⎤ ⎡Z̄ + Z̄ Z̄n ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢I¯a ⎤⎥

⎢ a⎥ ⎢ a⎥ ⎢ s Z̄n
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ n
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄b ⎥ = ⎢ Ēb ⎥ − ⎢ Z̄n Z̄s + Z̄n Z̄n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I¯b ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (4.89)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ V̄c ⎥ ⎢ Ēc ⎥ ⎢ Z̄n Z̄n Z̄s + Z̄n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I¯c ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
The above matrix equation can be expressed in a compact form as:

[V̄]abc = [Ē]abc − [Z̄]abc [Ī]abc (4.90)

where,

T
[V̄]abc = [V̄a V̄b V̄c ] is the vector of terminal phase voltages.
T
[Ī]abc = [I¯a I¯b I¯c ] is the vector of terminal phase currents.
[Z̄]abc is the impedance matrix which can be easily identified from equation (4.89).
Replacing the phase quantities of equation (4.90) by corresponding sequence quantities, using
the transformation equation (4.83) and equation (4.85) one can write:

[Ā] [V̄]012 = [Ā] [Ē]012 − [Z̄]abc [Ā] [Ī]012 (4.91)

−1
Premultiplying bothsides of the equation (4.91) by [Ā] and after simplifications one gets:

[V̄]012 = [Ē]012 − [Z̄]012 [Ī]012 (4.92)

where,[Z̄] is Generator Sequence Impedance Matrix and is defined as:

012

⎡Z̄ + 3Z̄ 0 0 ⎤
⎢ s ⎥
−1 ⎢ n
⎥
⎢
[Z̄]012 = [Ā] [Z̄]abc [Ā] = ⎢ 0 Z̄s 0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 Z̄s ⎥⎦
⎣
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[Ē]012 is the generated sequence voltage vector and is defined as ⎢ ⎥
⎢Ēa ⎥ since the generated voltages
⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥
⎣ ⎦
are always balanced and contain only the positive sequence component.
Substituting [Ē] and [Z̄] in equation (4.92) we get:
012 012

⎡V̄ ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡Z̄ 0 0 ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤

⎢ a0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄a1 ⎥ = ⎢Ēa ⎥ − ⎢ 0 Z̄1 0 ⎥ ⎢I¯a1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.93)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄a2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 Z̄2 ⎥ ⎢I¯a2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

where, Z̄1 = Z̄s is the positive sequence generator impedance, Z̄2 = Z̄s is the negative sequence gener-

156
ator impedance and Z̄0 = Z̄s + 3Z̄n is the zero sequence generator impedance. Expanding the above
equation, one can write seperate equation for each of the sequence components as :

V̄a0 = −Z̄0 I¯a0

V̄a1 = Ēa − Z̄1 I¯a1 (4.94)

V̄a2 = −Z̄2 I¯a2

From equation (4.94), it is evident that the three sequence components are independent of each
other.The current of a particular sequence produces a voltage drop of that sequence only, hence
the three sequences are decoupled from each other. The three sequence networks of a synchronous
generator are shown in Fig. 4.45.

Figure 4.45: The sequence networks of a synchronous generator

4.9.3 Sequence networks of a transmission line:

For a static device such as a transmission line, the phase sequence of voltages and currents have no
effect on the impedance offered by the line as both positive and negative phase sequences encounter
identical line geometry. Hence, the positive and negative sequence impedances offered by a line are
identical i.e. Z̄1 = Z̄2 .
The zero sequence currents, however, are in phase and flow through the conductors and return
through grounded neutral and/or ground wires. As a result, the ground or ground wire are to be
included in the path of the zero sequence currents. The zero sequence impedance Z̄0 is, therefore,
different from Z̄1 and Z̄2 due to the inclusion of the ground return path. Z̄0 is usually more than
three times of Z̄1 or Z̄2 . The three sequence networks of the transmission lines are shown in Fig.
4.46.

4.9.4 Sequence networks of a tranformer:

For short circuit studies, the shunt magnetizing branch of transformer is neglected as the current
through it is negiligible as compared to short circuit current. The transformer is, therefore, mod-
elled with an equivalent series leakage impedance. Since the transformer is also a static device like a

157
 Figure 4.46: The sequence networks of a transmission line

transmission line, the series leakage impedance will not change if the phase sequence of applied volt-
age is reversed. Therefore, the positive and negative sequence impedances offered by a transformer
are equal. The zero sequece current flows through a transformer if paths for it to flow exist on the
primary as well the secondary sides. For such transformers the zero sequence impedance is equal to
the leakage impedance, as a consequence Z̄0 = Z̄1 = Z̄2 . The positive and negative sequence networks
of a transformer are identical to the positive and negative sequence networks of a transmission line
as shown in Fig. 4.46 (a) and (b). The sequence networks for zero sequence depends on the winding
connections and whether or not the neutrals are grounded. To derive these circuits for different
transformer connections, one has to keep in mind that an open circuit will exist on the primary
(secondary) side if there is no ground return for primary (secondary) currents or if there is no corre-
sponding path for secondary(primary) zero-sequence currents. The different three-phase transformer
connections and their equivalent zero-sequence networks are discussed next. It is assumed that the
neutrals, if grounded, are solidly grounded.

Figure 4.47: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Star-Star transformer with both neutrals
grounded

(a) Star-Star connections with both neutrals grounded: Since both the neutrals are grounded,the
phasor sum of three unbalanced phase currents is equal to three times the zero sequence current
I¯a0 (equation (4.82)). Hence, the zero sequence currents can flow in the primary and secondary

158
 windings and the transhomer, therefore, can be represented by the equivalent zero-sequence
leakage impedance. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.47.

(b) Star-Star connections with only one neutral grounded: When the neutral of only one winding is
grounded, the phase currents of the ungrounded winding must add up to zero. This implies that
the zero sequence currents can not exist in the ungrounded winding and hence the zero sequence
currents can not exist even in the transformer side with neutral grounded. The transformer in
this case, is represented as an open circuit between primary and secondary windings and the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.48.

Figure 4.48: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Star-Star transformer with only one neutral
grounded

(c) Star-Star connections with only no neutral grounded: In this case also the phasor sum of the
phase curents of both the windings is zero and hence the zero sequence currents can not exist on
any winding in this case also. The zero sequence equivalent network is represented as an open
circuit between the two windings and is shown in Fig. 4.49.

Figure 4.49: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Star-Star transformer with both neutrals
ungrounded

159
(d) Star-delta connections with neutral grounded: A zero sequence current on the grounded star-
winding will cause a circulating zero-sequence current in the closed delta-winding. However,
the zero-sequence current on the delta-winding can not exist on line side of the winding and
is confined only to the closed delta-winding. As a result, an open circuit exists between the
star and the delta sides. But, as the zero-sequence currents can exist on the line-side of the
grounded star winding, the zero-sequence leakage impedance of the transformer is connected to
ground on the star side of the transformer and an open circuit exists between the two windings.
The equivalent circuit for this connection is shown in Fig. 4.50.

Figure 4.50: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Star-Delta transformer with Star-side neutral
grounded

(e) Star-delta connections with ungrounded neutral grounded: Since the neutral is isolated, no zero-
sequence current can exist in the star side of the transformer and as a consequence zero-sequence
currents can not exist in the delta side. The transformer is, therefore, represented as an open-
circuit and the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.51.

Figure 4.51: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Star-Delta trnasformer with Star-side neutral
ungrounded

(f) Delta-delta connections with ungrounded neutral grounded: In this case, the zero-sequence cur-
rents can only circulate within the closed delta windings and can not exit on line sides of both

160
 the windings. Hence, an open circuit exists between the two windings as far as zero-sequence cur-
rents are concerned. To permit the circulating zero-sequence current to exist, the zero-sequence
leakage impedance is represented as a closed path with the ground. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 4.52.

Figure 4.52: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Delta-Delta transformer

Figure 4.53: The zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a Star-Delta transformer with neutral grounded
through impedance

Point to remember: If the neutral of a transformer is grounded through a grounding impedance

Z̄n , as shown in Fig. 4.53, then, the total zero-sequence equivalent impdance to be used in the
equivalent circuit is
Z̄0total = Z̄0 + 3Z̄n (4.95)

This is due to the fact that the neutral current is 3 times the zero-sequence current per phase.
Next, the concepts of unsymmetrical fault analysis are developed with help of Thevenin’s equiv-
alent circuit of sequence networks and symmetrical components in the next lecture.

161
4.9.5 Single line to ground (LG) fault analysis :

An unloaded balanced three-phase synchronous generator with neutral grounded through an impedance
Z̄n is shown in Fig. 4.54. Suppose a single line to ground fault (LG) occurs on phase ‘a’ though
an impedance Z̄f .

Figure 4.54: LG fault on phase ‘a’ of an unloaded generator

Since the generator is unloaded, the following terminal conditions exist at the fault point:

V̄a = Z̄f I¯a

I¯b = 0 (4.96)

I¯c = 0

Substituting I¯b = I¯c = 0 in equation (4.86), the symmetrical components of currents can be
calculated as:
⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤
⎢ a0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯a1 ⎥ = ⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.97)
⎢¯ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢Ia2 ⎥ ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
162
Solving the above equation, the values of the symmetrical components of fault current I¯a are:

1
I¯a0 = I¯a1 = I¯a2 = I¯a (4.98)
3
The voltage of phase a can be expressed in terms of symmetrical components from equation (4.83),
as
V̄a = V̄a0 + V̄a1 + V̄a2 (4.99)

Substituing in the equation the values of V̄a0 , V̄a1 and V̄a2 from equation (4.94) into equation (4.99),
V̄a can be written as (with I¯a0 = I¯a1 = I¯a2 from equation (4.98)):

V̄a = Ēa − (Z̄0 + Z̄1 + Z̄2 )I¯a0 (4.100)

From equations (4.96) and (4.98), V̄a = Z̄f I¯a = 3Z̄f I¯a0 . Hence, equation (4.100) can be expressed as:

3Z̄f I¯a0 = Ēa − (Z̄0 + Z̄1 + Z̄2 )I¯a0

or,
Ēa
I¯a0 = (4.101)
Z̄0 + Z̄1 + Z̄2 + 3Z̄f
The fault current, therefore, is:

3Ēa
I¯f = I¯a = 3I¯a0 = (4.102)
Z̄0 + Z̄1 + Z̄2 + 3Z̄f

From equations (4.98) and (4.101), it be easily interpreted that the three sequence networks are
connected in series as shown in Fig. 4.55.

Figure 4.55: Connection of sequence networks for LG fault

Note that, for solidly grounded generator, Z̄n = 0 and for bolted fault Z̄f = 0.
Extending the above concept to the analysis of LG fault in a power system, the Thevenin’s equiv-

163
alent circuit (as seen from the fault point) is obtained, individually for the three sequence networks.
For the positive sequence network V̄th , the open circuit pre-fault voltage at the fault point, and Z̄1th ,
the positive sequence Thevenin’s equivalent impedance as seen from the fault point are determined.
For negative and zero sequence networks, only the Thevenin’s equivalent impedances Z̄2th and Z̄0th ,
respectively are calculated. The three Thevenin’s equivalent networks are then connected in series.

4.9.6 Line to Line (LL) fault analysis :

Fig. 4.56 shows a line to line fault (LL) between phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ through an impedance Z̄f , on
an unloaded three phase generator. The terminal conditions at the fault point are:

Figure 4.56: LL fault between phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ of an unloaded generator

V̄b − V̄c = Z̄f I¯b

I¯b + I¯c = 0 (4.103)

164
 I¯a = 0

Substituting I¯a = 0 and I¯b = −I¯c in equation (4.86), the symmetrical components of cuurents can be
calculated as:
⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ a0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯a1 ⎥ = ⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢ I¯b ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.104)
⎢¯ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢Ia2 ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢−I¯b ⎥
2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
Solving the above equation, the values of the symmetrical components of the current I¯a are:

I¯a0 = 0

1
I¯a1 = (a − a2 )I¯b (4.105)
3
1
I¯a2 = (a2 − a)I¯b = −I¯a1
3
From equation (4.83), we have

V̄b − V̄c = (a2 − a)(V̄a1 − V̄a2 ) = Z̄f I¯b (4.106)

Substituting V̄a1 and V̄a2 from equation (4.94) and noting that I¯a1 = −I¯a2 , one can write:

(a2 − a) [Ēa − (Z̄1 + Z̄2 )I¯a1 ] = Z̄f I¯b (4.107)

Also from equation (4.105),

3I¯a1
I¯b = (4.108)
(a − a2 )
Substituting this value of I¯b in equation (4.107), we get:

3Z̄f I¯a1
[Ēa − (Z̄1 + Z̄2 )I¯a1 ] =
(a − a2 )(a2 − a)

Since, (a − a2 )(a2 − a) = 3, the above expression can be simplified and written as:

Ēa
I¯a1 = (4.109)
(Z̄1 + Z̄2 + Z̄f )

The phase currents during fault can be calculated as:

⎡I¯ ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ a⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯b ⎥ = ⎢1 a2 a ⎥ ⎢ I¯a1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (4.110)
⎢¯⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ Ic ⎥ ⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢−I¯a1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

Solving for the phase currents, the expressions for I¯b and I¯c can be written as:

165
 I¯b = −I¯c = (a2 − a)I¯a1 (4.111)

Substituting I¯b from equation (4.111) in equation (4.106) one gets:

(V̄a1 − V̄a2 ) = Z̄f I¯a1

The equivalent circuit of the fault in terms of the sequence networks is shown in Fig. 4.57. The
circuit has been drawn on the basis of equation (4.105) and the above equation. It shows that the
positive sequence and negative sequence networks are connected in phase opposition bridged by the
fault impedance Z̄f . Also, since I¯a0 = 0, the zero sequence network is open circuited and hence is
not shown in the diagram.

Figure 4.57: Connection of sequence networks for an LL fault between phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ of an
unloaded generator

Extending the above concept to LL fault calculations in a power system, it can be concluded that,
the Thevenin’s equivalent positive and negative sequence networks, as seen from the fault point, can
be connected in phase opposition through the fault impdedance for calculating fault current.

4.9.7 Double Line to ground (LLG) fault analysis :

Fig. 4.58 shows a double line to ground (LLG) fault on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ through an impedance
Z̄f on an unloaded three phase generator. The terminal conditions at the fault point are:

V̄b = V̄c = Z̄f I¯f = Z̄f (I¯b + I¯c )

I¯a = I¯a1 + I¯a2 + I¯a0 = 0 (4.112)

From equation (4.83), V̄b and V̄c can be written as:

V̄b = V̄a0 + a2 V̄a1 + aV̄a2

V̄c = V̄a0 + aV̄a1 + a2 V̄a2 (4.113)

166
 Figure 4.58: LLG fault between phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ of an unloaded generator

Since V̄b = V̄c , from equation (4.113), one can write

V̄a1 = V̄a2 (4.114)

Substituting I¯b and I¯c in terms of their sequence components from equation (4.85), voltage of phase
’b’ can be expressed as:

V̄b = Z̄f (I¯a0 + a2 I¯a1 + aI¯a2 + I¯a0 + aI¯a1 + a2 I¯a2 )

167
 V̄b = Z̄f (I¯a0 + a2 I¯a1 + aI¯a2 + I¯a0 + aI¯a1 + a2 I¯a2 )
= Z̄f (2I¯a0 + (a2 + a)(I¯a1 + I¯a2 ))
= Z̄f (2I¯a0 − (I¯a1 + I¯a2 ))

Since 1 + a + a2 = 0 and I¯a = I¯a1 + I¯a2 + I¯a0 = 0, hence

V̄b = 3Z̄f I¯a0 (4.115)

Further substituting V̄b from equation (4.115) and the condition of equation (4.114) in equation
(4.113), we get:

3Z̄f I¯a0 = V̄a0 + (a2 + a)V̄a1

= V̄a0 − V̄a1 (4.116)

Substituting V̄a0 and V̄a1 from equation (4.94) in equation (4.116), the zero sequence component of

Figure 4.59: Connection of sequence networks for an LLG fault between phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ of an
unloaded generator

current I¯a0 is given by:

(Ēa − Z̄1 I¯a1 )
I¯a0 = − (4.117)
(Z̄0 + 3Z̄f )

For calculating the negative sequence component of current, I¯a2 , substitute V̄a1 and V̄a2 from equation
(4.94) in equation (4.114). The expression for I¯a2 is:

(Ēa − Z̄1 I¯a1 )

I¯a2 = − (4.118)
Z̄2

Finally, by substituting I¯a0 and I¯a2 from equations (4.117) and (4.118) in equation (4.112), the value

168
of the positive sequence component of current I¯a1 is found out as:

Ēa
I¯a1 = (4.119)
Z̄2 (Z̄0 + 3Z̄f )
Z̄1 +
(Z̄0 + Z̄2 + 3Z̄f )

Since V̄b = Z̄f I¯f , from equation (4.115) one can conclude that

I¯f = 3I¯a0 (4.120)

The equivalent circuit for the fault in terms of the sequence networks is shown in Fig. 4.59. The
circuit shown in Fig. 4.59 is based on equations (4.114) and (4.116). For LLG fault calculations in
a power system, the Thevenin’s equivalent of the three sequence networks, as seen from the fault
point, are found out. The positive and negative sequence equivalents are connected in parallel and
the combination is then connected to the zero sequence network through 3Z̄f . In the next lecture,
we will study the procedure of unbalanced fault analysis using Z̄BUS matrix.

169
4.10 Unbalanced fault analysis using Z̄BUS matrix:
In the previous section, it is observed that, for fault calculations the Thevenin’s equivalent networks,
at the fault point, are needed for the three sequence networks. Since the three sequence networks are
independent, the Z̄BUS matrices of these sequence networks can be found seperately. The diagonal
elements of the three sequence Z̄BUS matrices infact, are the Thevenin’s equivalent impedances
of the sequence networks as seen from the various buses. Let, the three sequence bus impedance
matrices for zero sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks be represented as
[Z̄(0) (1) (2)
BUS ], [Z̄BUS ] and [Z̄BUS ] respectively. If the fault is at the k
th bus, then Z(0) , Z(1) and Z(2)
kk kk kk
of the sequence bus impedance matrices are the zero, positive and negative Thevenin’s equivalent
impedances, respectively, as seen from the faulted bus. Hence, the first step in the fault analysis
using Z̄BUS matrix is the determination of the three sequence networks and subsequently, finding
the bus impedance matrix for each sequence network.
To illustrate this step, consider the single line diagram of the power system shown in Fig. 4.60.

Figure 4.60: Single line diagram of Power System

The positive sequence equivalent network for the system is shown in Fig. 4.61. In this figure all
the elements of the system have been represented by their positive sequence equivalents.
Similarly by representing all elements by their negative sequence impedances, the negative se-
quence equivalent network can be obtained. The negative sequence network is shown in Fig. 4.62.
For the zero sequence equivalent network, the generator neutral connections and transformer con-
nections have to be considered. The zero sequence equivalent network is shown in Fig. 4.63. In
the next step, the [Z̄Bus ] matrix for the three sequence networks is found using [Z̄Bus ] building
(0) (1) (2)
algorithm. Once [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ] and [Z̄Bus ] matrices are known, the following procedure is followed
for the fault analysis of the given network.

170
 Figure 4.61: The positive sequence equivalent network

Figure 4.62: The negative sequence equivalent network

(a) LG fault: Let the fault be on phase ‘a’ of bus ‘k’ with a fault impedance Z̄f as shown in Fig.
4.64.
From equations (4.98) and (4.101), it can be seen that the three equivalent sequence networks
are in series for calculating the sequence components of the fault currents. Hence, generalizing
equation (4.101) for fault at kth bus, the expression for sequence component of fault current can
be written as:

V̄k (0)
I¯k(0) (F ) = I¯k(1) (F ) = I¯k(2) (F ) = (1) (2) (0)
(4.121)
Z̄(kk) + Z̄(kk) + Z̄(kk) + 3Z̄f

(0) (1) (2) (0) (1) (2)

• Z̄kk , Z̄kk and Z̄kk are the kth diagonal elements of [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ] and [Z̄Bus ] matrices
respectively.

• V̄k (0) is the prefault voltage of kth bus, usually taken as 1∠0○ pu.

171
 Figure 4.63: The zero sequence equivalent network

Figure 4.64: LG fault on phase ‘a’ of k th bus

The fault current is given by:

[Ī(abc)
k (F)] = [Ā] [Īk(012) (F)] (4.122)

(b) LL fault: Let the fault be between phases phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of bus ‘k’ through an
impedance Z̄f as shown in Fig. 4.65. From equation (4.109) and Fig. 4.57 it is observed that the
positive sequence and negative sequence equivalent networks are connected in phase opposition.
Thus, the expression of equation (4.109) for the sequence components of fault current at bus k
can be generalized as:

I¯k(0) (F ) = 0

172
 Figure 4.65: LL fault between phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of k th bus

and
V̄k (0)
I¯k(1) (F ) = (0) (1) (2)
= −I¯k(2) (F ) (4.123)
Z̄ kk + Z̄ kk + Z̄kk

The phase components of fault current is the calculated from equation (4.122)

Ik (F ) = Ik(b) (F ) = −Ik(c) (F ) (4.124)

(c) LLG fault: Fig. 4.66 shows an LLG fault involving phases phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of bus ‘k’
through an impedance Z̄f . Referring to equation (4.119) and Fig.4.66, the generalized expression

Figure 4.66: LLG fault involving phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of k th bus

for sequence components of fault current at bus k can be written as

V̄k (0)
I¯k(1) (F ) = (2) (0)
(1) Z̄kk (Zkk + 3Z̄f )
Z̄ kk + (2) (0)
Z̄kk + Z̄kk + 3Z̄f

173
 (1) ¯(1)
(2) V̄k (0) − Z̄kk Ik (F )
Ik (F ) = −
¯
(2)
(4.125)
Z̄kk
(1) ¯(1)
(0) V̄k (0) − Z̄kk Ik (F )
Ik (F ) = −
¯
(0)
Z̄kk + 3Z̄f
The phase currents can be obtained from equation (4.122), the fault current is then calculated
as

Ik (F ) = Ik(b) (F ) + Ik(c) (F ) (4.126)

4.10.1 Calculation of Bus voltages and Line currents during fault:

To calculate the voltages of buses during fault equation (4.94) can be generalized as:

V̄i(0) (F ) = −Z̄ik(0) I¯k(0) (F )

V̄i(1) (F ) = V̄i(1) (0) − Z̄ik(1) I¯k(1) (F ) (4.127)

V̄i(2) (F ) = −Z̄ik(2) I¯k(2) (F )

The pre fault voltage Vi1 (0)is usually set as 1.0 ∠00 pu.
The bus phase voltage during fault is calculated from the following relation.

V̄i(abc) (F ) = [Ā] [V̄i(012) (F )] (4.128)

where [Ā] is the symmetrical component transformation matrix.

To calculate the symmetrical components of line currents in the line from bus i to bus j the
following relation is used:
(0) V̄i(0) (F ) − V̄j(0) (F )
I¯ (F ) =
z̄ij(0)
ij

V̄i(1) (F ) − V̄j(1) (F )
I¯ij(1) (F ) = (4.129)
z̄ij(1)

(2) V̄i(2) (F ) − V̄j(2) (F )

I¯ (F ) =
z̄ij(2)
ij

(0) (1) (2)

where z̄ij , z̄ij and z̄ij are the zero, positive and negative sequence impedance respectively of
the line between bus i and bus j. The phase currents for the line can be calculated from the
symmetrical components using the relation:

174
 [I¯ijabc (F )] = [Ā][I¯ij012 (F )] (4.130)

The process of fault analysis of a power system network is illustrated in the next lecture with
the help of an example.

175
4.11 Example of fault calculation for three phase and LG
faults in power system network

A single line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig. 4.67 and the system data is as follows:-

• Generators G1 and G2 : X̄1 = X̄2 = 0.2 pu, X̄0 = 0.05 pu

• Transformers T1 and T2 : X̄1 = X̄2 = X̄0 = X̄` = 0.05 pu

• Transmission Lines L1 , L2 and L3 : X̄1 = X̄2 = 0.1 pu, X̄0 = 0.3 pu

Figure 4.67: Single line diagram of the power System of the example

Prefault voltage for all buses is taken as V̄i (0) = 1.0∠00 pu ∀ i = 1, 2, 3.

We wish to carry out the complete short-circuit analysis of the system for:

(a) three phase bolted fault at bus 5

(b) LG fault with Z̄f = 0.1 pu at bus 5

(c) LL fault with Z̄f = 0.1 pu at bus 5

(d) LLG fault with Z̄f = 0.0 pu at bus 5

Solution:

(a) Three phase fault at bus 5

For the three phase bolted fault, only positive sequence network and the positive sequence bus
(1)
impedance matrix [Z̄Bus ] is required. The positive sequence network for the power system of
Fig. 4.67 is shown in Fig. 4.68. In this diagram all the elements have been replaced by their per
unit positive sequence impedances.
(1)
The [Z̄Bus ] matrix for the network of the Fig. 4.68 is given below:

176
 Figure 4.68: Positive sequence equivalent network of Fig. 4.67

1 2 3 4 5
⎡ j0.0882 j0.10 ⎤⎥
1 ⎢ j0.1294 j0.0706 j0.1118
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.0706 j0.1294 j0.0882 j0.1118 j0.10 ⎥⎥
2
⎢
(1) ⎢ ⎥
[Z̄ ]=3 ⎢ j0.1118 j0.0882 j0.1397 j0.1103 j0.1250 ⎥⎥ pu
Bus ⎢
⎢ j0.1397 j0.1250 ⎥⎥
4 ⎢ j0.0882 j0.1118 j0.1103
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.1250 j0.1750 ⎥⎦
5 ⎣ j0.10 j0.10 j0.1250

The sequence component of three phase fault current at bus 5 are given as, from equation (4.73):

⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[Ī5 (F)] = ⎢ 1 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢−j5.7143⎥⎥ pu
⎢ Z̄55 ⎥ ⎢⎢ j0.1750 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of the fault current are calculated using equation (4.122):

[Ī5(abc) (F)] = [Ā][Ī5(012) (F)]

⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡5.7143∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(abc) (abc)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
[Īfault ] = [Ī5 (F)] = ⎢⎢1 a2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j5.7143⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 5.7143∠1500 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 5.7143∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Bus voltages during fault

Bus 1:

177
 V̄1(1) (F ) = V̄1(1) (0) − Z̄15
(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F )
= 1.0 − j0.10 ∗ (−j5.7143)
= 0.42857∠00 pu

(a) (1)
Since this is a balanced fault, V̄1 (F ) = V̄1 (F )

⎡ 0.42857∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V1 (F)] = ⎢0.42857∠ − 120 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.42857∠1200 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 2:

V̄2(1) (F ) = V̄2(1) (0) − Z̄25

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F )
= 1.0 − j0.10 ∗ (−j5.7143)
= 0.42857∠00 pu

(a) (1)
Since this is a balanced fault V̄2 (F ) = V̄2 (F )

⎡ 0.42857∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V2 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.42857∠ − 1200 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.42857∠1200 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 3:

V̄3(1) (F ) = V̄3(1) (0) − Z̄35

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F )
= 1.0 − j0.125 ∗ (−j5.7143)
= 0.28571∠00 pu

(a) (1)
Since this is a balanced fault V̄3 (F ) = V̄3 (F )

⎡ 0.28571∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V3 (F)] = ⎢0.28571∠ − 120 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.28571∠1200 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 4:

178
 V̄4(1) (F ) = V̄4(1) (0) − Z̄45
(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F )
= 1.0 − j0.125 ∗ (−j5.7143)
= 0.28571∠00 pu

(a) (1)
Since this is a balanced fault V̄4 (F ) = V̄4 (F )

⎡ 0.28571∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V4 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.28571∠ − 1200 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.28571∠1200 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
The bus voltage of bus 5 under faulted condition is V̄5 (F) = ⎢⎢0⎥⎥ pu because the fault
⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥
⎣ ⎦
impedance is zero.
Line Currents during fault
(1)
For line L1 from bus 3 to bus 4 the positive sequence component for line current (I¯34 (F )) is
calculated as:

(1) V̄ (1) (F ) − V̄4(1) (F ) 0.28571 − 0.28571

I¯34 (F ) = 3 (1)
= =0
Z̄34 j0.1

Hence, the phase components of line current are

⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
Ī34 (F) = ⎢⎢0⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥
⎣ ⎦

(1)
For line L2 from bus 3 to bus 5 the positive sequence component for line current (I¯35 (F )) is
calculated as:

(1) V̄3(1) (F ) − V̄5(1) (F ) 0.28571 − 0.0

I35 (F ) =
¯
(1)
= = 2.8571∠ − 900 pu
Z̄35 j0.1

Hence, the phase components of line current are

⎡2.8571∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[I35 (F)] = ⎢ 2.8571∠150 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.8571∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

179
 (1)
For line L3 from bus 4 to bus 5 the positive sequence component for line current (I¯45 (F )) is
calculated as:

(1) V̄4(1) (F ) − V̄5(1) (F ) 0.28571 − 0.0

I45 (F ) =
¯
(1)
= = 2.8571∠ − 900 pu
Z̄45 j0.1

Hence, the phase components of line current are

⎡2.8571∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[I45 (F)] = ⎢ 2.8571∠150 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.8571∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Transformer Currents during fault

For transformer T1 between bus 1 and bus 3 the positive sequence component fault current
(1)
(I¯13 (F )) is calculated as:

(1) V̄1(1) (F ) − V̄3(1) (F ) 0.42857 − 0.28571

I13 (F ) =
¯
(1)
= = 2.8571∠ − 900 pu
z̄T1 j0.05

The phase components of the transformer T1 current are:

⎡2.8571∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī31 (F)] = ⎢ 2.8571∠150 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.8571∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
For transformer T2 between bus 2 and bus 4 the positive sequence component fault current
(1)
(I¯24 (F )) is calculated as:

(1) V̄ (1) (F ) − V̄4(1) (F ) 0.42857 − 0.28571

I¯24 (F ) = 2 (1)
= = 2.8571∠ − 900 pu
z̄T2 j0.05

The phase components of the transformer T2 current are:

⎡2.8571∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢ 2.8571∠150 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.8571∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Generator Currents during fault

(1)
For generator G1 connected at bus 1 the positive sequence component fault current (I¯G1 (F ))
is calculated as:

180
 Ēa − V̄1(1) (F ) 1.0 − 0.42857
I¯G(1)1 (F ) = (1)
= = 2.8571∠ − 900 pu
z̄G2 j0.2

The phase components of the generator G1 current are:

⎡2.8571∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢ 2.8571∠150 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.8571∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
(1)
For Generator G2 connected at bus 2 the positive sequence component fault current (I¯G2 (F ))
is calculated as:

Figure 4.69: Flow of fault current in the network

Ēa − V̄2(1) (F ) 1.0 − 0.42857

I¯G(1)2 (F ) = (1)
= = 2.8571∠ − 900 pu
z̄G2 j0.2

The phase components of the generator G2 current can be calculated as:

⎡2.8571∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢ 2.8571∠150 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.8571∠300 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The flow of fault current in the system is shown in the single line diagram of Fig. 4.69.
(b) Single line to ground fault at bus 5

181
In this case all the sequence networks are required. The positive sequence network is same as
(1)
the one shown in the Fig. 4.68 and [Z̄Bus ] is identical to the matrix used in three phase fault
analysis.
The negative sequence equivalent network for this network is as shown in Fig. 4.70. The network

Figure 4.70: Negative sequence equivalent network

(2) (1)
is identical to the network of Fig. 4.68 except for the voltage sources. Hence, [Z̄Bus ] = [Z̄Bus ].
The zero sequence equivalent network is drawn next considering the transformer connections
and grounding as well as generator grounding. The equivalent zero sequence networks is shown
in Fig. 4.71.

Figure 4.71: Zero sequence equivalent network

An explanation of the equivalent circuit will be in order. Generators G1 and G2 have their neu-
trals grounded, so their zero sequence impedances are connected to the reference. Transformer
T1 has both the windings connected in star, with both neutrals solidly grounded. As a result,
the zero sequence impedance of the transformer is directly connected between buses 1 and 2.

182
Transformer T2 has both the winding connected in delta, hence, no connection exists between
the primary and secondary sides for zero sequence currents to flow. To represent circulating
zero sequence currents in the delta connected transformer winding, it is represented as a short
circuited winding.
[Z̄(0)
Bus ], the zero sequence bus impedance matrix is then calculated using the step-by-step ZBus
building algorithm. The zero sequence bus impedance matrix is given as:

1 2 3 4 5
⎡ j0.05 0.0 j0.05 j0.05 j0.05 ⎤⎥
1 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.0 j0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 ⎥⎥
2
⎢
(0) ⎢ ⎥
[Z̄ ]=3 ⎢ j0.05 0.0 j0.10 j0.10 j0.10 ⎥⎥ pu
Bus ⎢
⎢ j0.05 0.0 j0.10 j0.30 j0.20 ⎥⎥
4 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.05 0.0 j0.10 j0.20 j0.30 ⎥⎦
5 ⎣
Fault current:
The sequence component of the fault current at bus 5 are given as, from equation (4.121):
V̄k (0) 1.0
I¯5(0) (F ) = I¯5(1) (F ) = I¯5(2) (F ) = (1) (2) (0)
= = −j1.538 pu
Z̄ 55 + Z̄ 55 + Z̄ 55
j0.175 + j0.175 + j0.30
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡−j1.538⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
(abc) (abc)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
[Īfault ] = [Ī5 (F)] = ⎢⎢1 a2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j1.538⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢−j1.538⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡4.6154∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[Īfault ] = ⎢ ⎥ pu
0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus voltages:
The bus voltage in sequence components, during fault, are calculated using equation (4.127)
written in compact form as:

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡Z̄ (0) 0 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢I¯k(0) (F )⎤⎥

⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ik
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢V̄i ⎥ − ⎢ 0 Z̄ (1) 0 ⎥ ⎢I¯(1) (F )⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (4.131)
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ik
(2) ⎥ ⎢ ¯(2)
k
⎥
⎢V̄i (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 Z̄ik ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Ik (F )⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
(0) (1) (2)
where, k represents the faulted bus number and Z̄ik , Z̄ik and Z̄ik are the elements of the
respective sequence bus impedance matrices.
I¯k(0) , I¯k(1) and I¯k(2) represent the sequence components of fault current at kth bus.
V̄i (0) is the pre fault bus voltage of ith bus.
Bus 1: The sequence voltages are:

183
 ⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.05 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢−j1.538⎤⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j1.538⎥⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.10
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄1 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣−j1.538⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
Or,
⎡−0.0769⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄1 (F)] = ⎢ 0.8462 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−0.1538⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated using equation (4.128).

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.6154∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄1 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.9638∠ − 116.040 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.9638∠ − 116.040 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 2: The sequence voltages are:

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡0.0 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢−j1.538⎤⎥

⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 j0.10 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j1.538⎥⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄2 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣−j1.538⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
Or,
⎡ 0.0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄2 (F)] = ⎢ 0.8462 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−0.1538⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated using equation (4.128).

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.6923∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄2 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.9326∠ − 111.790 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.9326∠ − 111.790 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 3: The sequence voltages are:

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.10 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢−j1.538⎤⎥

⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j1.538⎥⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.125
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄3 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.125⎥⎦ ⎢⎣−j1.538⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
Or,
⎡−0.1538⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄3 (F)] = ⎢ 0.8077 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−0.1923⎥
⎣ ⎦

184
The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated using equation (4.128).

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.4615∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄3 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.9813∠ − 118.050 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.9813∠ − 118.050 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 4: The sequence voltages are:

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.20 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢−j1.538⎤⎥

⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢−j1.538⎥
⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.125 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄4 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.125⎥ ⎢−j1.538 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
Or,
⎡−0.3076⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄4 (F)] = ⎢ 0.8077 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−0.1923⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated using equation (4.128).

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.3077∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[V̄4 (F)] = ⎢1.0624∠ − 125.40 ⎥⎥ pu
0
⎢ ⎥
⎢1.0624∠ − 125.400 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 5: The sequence voltages are:

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.30 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢−j1.538⎤⎥

⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢−j1.538⎥
⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.175 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄5 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.175⎥ ⎢−j1.538⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
Or,
⎡−0.4615⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[V̄5 (F)] = ⎢ 0.7308 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢−0.2692⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated using equation (4.128)

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.0∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄5 (F)] = ⎢1.087∠ − 128.64 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢1.087∠ − 128.640 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Observe that the phase voltage of the faulted phase ’a’ is zero due to a zero impedance fault.
Line Currents

185
The sequence components of line currents during fault are calculated using equation (4.129),
written here in compact form as

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ (0) 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ z̄ij ⎥ ⎡V̄ (0) (F ) − V̄ (0) (F )⎤
⎢ ij ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ i ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ (1) j
(1)
⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢V̄i (F ) − V̄j (F )⎥⎥
⎢ ij ⎥ ⎢ (1) (4.132)
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ z̄ij ⎥ ⎢ (2) (2) ⎥
⎢Iij (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣V̄i (F ) − V̄j (F )⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ z̄ij(2) ⎥⎦
⎣

In equation (4.132), the line is between ith and jth buses.

z̄ij(0) , z̄ij(1) , z̄ij(2) represent the respective sequence impedances of the line i Ð→ j

V̄i(0) (F ), V̄i(1) (F ), V̄i(2) (F ), V̄j(0) (F ), V̄j(1) (F ), V̄j(2) (F ) are the sequence components of volt-
ages of ith and jth buses respectively during fault.

Line 1: The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.3 ⎤
⎢ 34 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢−0.1538 − (−0.3076)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0.8077 − 0.8077 ⎥⎥
⎢ 34 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I34 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣−0.1923 − (−0.1923)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦
Or,
⎡−j0.5128⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī34 (F)] = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥ pu
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡0.5128∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī34 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.5128∠ − 900 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.5128∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Line 2: The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.3 ⎤
⎢ 35 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢−0.1538 − (−0.4615)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0.8077 − 0.7308 ⎥⎥
⎢ 35 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I35 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣−0.1923 − (−0.2692)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

186
Or,
⎡−j1.0256⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī35 (F)] = ⎢−j0.7692⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.7692⎥
⎣ ⎦
The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡2.5641∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī35 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.2564∠ − 900 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2564∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Line 3: The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.3 ⎤
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢−0.3077 − (−0.4615)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0.8077 − 0.7308 ⎥⎥
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I45 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣−0.1923 − (−0.2692)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦
Or,
⎡−j0.5128⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī45 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j0.7692⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.7692⎥
⎣ ⎦
The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡2.0513∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī45 (F)] = ⎢0.2564∠ − 90 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2564∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Transformer Currents
Transformer T1 ∶ The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ 13 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢−0.0769 − (−0.1538)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.8462 − 0.8077 ⎥
⎢ 13 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I13 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥ ⎢−0.1538 − (−0.1923)⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.05 ⎦
Or,
⎡ −j1.538 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī13 (F)] = ⎢−j0.7692⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.7692⎥
⎣ ⎦

187
The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡3.0769∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī13 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.7692∠ − 900 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.7692∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Transformer T2 ∶ The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ ∞ ⎤
⎢ 24 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 − (−0.3076) ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0.8462 − 0.8077 ⎥⎥
⎢ 24 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I24 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥ ⎢−0.1538 − (−0.1923)⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦
⎢ 0
j0.05 ⎥⎦
⎣

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢−j0.7692⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.7692⎥
⎣ ⎦

The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 1.538∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.7692∠ − 900 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.7692∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Generator Currents

The sequence components of generator currents during fault are calculated using the expression

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ (0) 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ z̄gi ⎥ ⎡Ē (0) (F ) − V̄ (0) (F )⎤
⎢ Gi ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Gi ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ (1) ti
(1)
⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ ĒGi (F ) − V̄ti (F )⎥⎥
⎢ Gi ⎥ ⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ (4.133)
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ z̄gi ⎥ ⎢ (2) (2) ⎥
⎢IGi (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣ĒGi (F ) − V̄ti (F )⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ (2) ⎥
⎣ z̄gi ⎦
where,
(0) (1) (2)
ĒGi (F ), ĒGi (F ), ĒGi (F ) the zero, positive and negative sequence generated voltages respec-
th
tively of i generator.
V̄ti(0) (F ), V̄ti(1) (F ), V̄ti(2) (F ) are the zero, positive and negative sequence terminal voltages re-
spectively of ith generator after fault.
(0) (1) (2)
z̄gi (F ), z̄gi (F ) and z̄gi (F ) are the sequence impedances of the ith generator.
Generator 1 : The sequence components of generator 1 current are

188
 ⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥ ⎡0 − (−0.0769)⎤
⎢ G1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 1 − 0.8462 ⎥⎥
⎢ G1 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.20 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢IG1 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣0 − (−0.1538)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.20 ⎦

⎡ −j1.538 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j0.7692⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.7692⎥
⎣ ⎦
The phase components generator current are calculated as:

⎡3.0769∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢0.7692∠ − 90 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.7692∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Generator 2 : The sequence components of Generator 1 current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥⎡ 0−0 ⎤
⎢ G2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 1 − 0.8462 ⎥⎥
⎢ G2 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.20 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢IG2 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣0 − (−0.1538)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.20 ⎦

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j0.7692⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.7692⎥
⎣ ⎦
The phase components generator current are calculated as:

⎡ 1.538∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢0.7692∠ − 90 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.7692∠ − 900 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The flow of sequence currents in the sequence networks is shown next in the Fig. 4.72. From
Fig. 4.72 the following points are worth observing:

• Both generators contribute equal amount of positive and negative sequence currents as the
network is symmetrical as seen from the fault point.

• Since the positive and negative sequence fault voltages are equal for buses 3 and 4, the
positive and negative sequence currents through line L1 between buses 3 and 4 are zero.

189
 Figure 4.72: Flow of sequence currents for LG fault at bus 5

• The zero sequence circuit of generator G2 is open circuited due to ∆ − ∆ transformer T2

as a result, G2 does not contribute any zero sequence current to the fault. Generator G1
has to provide the entire zero sequence current.

190
 • Moreover, the zero sequence network is not symmetrical, hence, zero sequence voltages of
buses 3 and 4 are not equal and as a result a zero sequence current flows through line L1 .

In the next lecture, we will look into the examples of short circuit fault calculation for LL and
LLG faults.

191
4.12 Example of fault calculation for LL and LLG fault
in power system network

(b) Double line (LL) fault between phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ at bus 5

(1) (2)
In this case only positive and negative sequence networks are required. Hence [Z̄Bus ] and [Z̄Bus ]
as calculated previously will be used. Let the fault impedance be Z̄f = j0.1 pu.
Fault current calculations: The sequence components of fault current are calculated using equa-
tion (4.123).

I¯5(1) (F ) = 0

As zero sequence current can not flow without a ground path.

V̄5(0) 1.0
I¯5(1) (F ) = (1) (2)
= = −j2.2222 pu
Z̄
55 + Z̄55 + Z̄f j0.175 + j0.175 + j0.1

I¯5(2) (F ) = −I¯5(1) (F ) = j2.222 pu

Hence

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī5 (F)] = ⎢−j2.222⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j2.222 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of the fault current are

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī5 (F)] = ⎢−3.849⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3.849 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus voltage calculations:

Bus 1: The sequence components of bus 1 voltage are calculated as

192
Zero Sequence
V̄1(0) (F ) = 0.0 pu

Positive Sequence

V̄1(1) (F ) = V̄1(1) (0) − Z̄15

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F ) = 1.0 − j0.10 ∗ (−j2.222)

V̄1(1) (F ) = 0.7778 pu

Negative Sequence

V̄1(2) (F ) = −Z̄15
(2) ¯(2)
I5 (F ) = −j0.10 ∗ (j2.222)

V̄1(2) (F ) = 0.2222 pu

Hence, the sequence components of bus 1 voltage are:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[V̄1 (F)] = ⎢0.7778⎥⎥ pu
012 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2222⎥
⎣ ⎦

bus 1 voltage in phase form

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.0 ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
⎢
[V̄(1) (F)] = ⎢0.6939∠ − 136 ⎥⎥ pu
0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.6939∠1360 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 2: The sequence components of bus 2 voltage are calculated as

Zero Sequence
V̄2(0) (F ) = 0.0 pu

Positive Sequence

V̄2(1) (F ) = V̄2(1) (0) − Z̄25

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F ) = 1.0 − j0.10 ∗ (−j2.222)

V̄2(1) (F ) = 0.7778 pu

Negative Sequence
V̄2(2) (F ) = −Z̄25
(2) ¯(2)
I5 (F ) = −j0.10 ∗ (j2.222)

193
 V̄2(2) (F ) = 0.2222 pu

Hence, the sequence components of bus 2 voltage are:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[V̄2 (F)] = ⎢0.7778⎥⎥ pu
012 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2222⎥
⎣ ⎦

bus 2 voltage in phase form

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.0 ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
[V̄(2) (F)] = ⎢0.6939∠ − 136 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.6939∠1360 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 3: The sequence components of bus 3 voltage are calculated as

Zero Sequence
V̄3(0) (F ) = 0.0 pu

Positive Sequence

V̄3(1) (F ) = V̄3(1) (0) − Z̄35

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F ) = 1.0 − j0.125 ∗ (−j2.222)

V̄3(1) (F ) = 0.7222 pu

Negative Sequence

V̄3(2) (F ) = −Z̄35
(2) ¯(2)
I5 (F ) = −j0.125 ∗ (j2.222)

V̄3(2) (F ) = 0.2778 pu

Hence, the sequence components of bus 3 voltage are:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[V̄3 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.7222⎥⎥ pu
012
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2778⎥
⎣ ⎦

bus 3 voltage in phase form

194
 ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.0 ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
[V̄(3) (F)] = ⎢⎢0.6310∠ − 142.410 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.6310∠142.410 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Bus 4: The sequence components of bus 4 voltage are calculated as
Zero Sequence
V̄4(0) (F ) = 0.0 pu

Positive Sequence

V̄4(1) (F ) = V̄4(1) (0) − Z̄45

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F ) = 1.0 − j0.125 ∗ (−j2.222)

V̄4(1) (F ) = 0.7222 pu

Negative Sequence

V̄4(2) (F ) = −Z̄45
(2) ¯(2)
I5 (F ) = −j0.125 ∗ (j2.222)

V̄4(2) (F ) = 0.2778 pu

Hence, the sequence components of bus 4 voltage are:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[V̄4 (F)] = ⎢0.7222⎥⎥ pu
012 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2778⎥
⎣ ⎦
bus 4 voltage in phase form

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.0 ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
[V̄(4) (F)] = ⎢0.6310∠ − 142.41 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.6310∠142.410 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Bus 5: The sequence components of bus 5 voltage are calculated as
Zero Sequence
V̄5(0) (F ) = 0.0 pu

Positive Sequence

V̄5(1) (F ) = V̄5(1) (0) − Z̄55

(1) ¯(1)
I5 (F ) = 1.0 − j0.175 ∗ (−j2.222)

195
 V̄5(1) (F ) = 0.6111 pu

Negative Sequence

V̄5(2) (F ) = −Z̄55
(2) ¯(2)
I5 (F ) = −j0.175 ∗ (j2.222)

V̄5(2) (F ) = 0.3889 pu

Hence, the sequence components of bus 5 voltage are:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[V̄5 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.6111⎥⎥ pu
012
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.3889⎥
⎣ ⎦

bus 5 voltage in phase form

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.0 ⎥
(abc) ⎢ ⎥
⎢
[V̄(5) (F)] = ⎢0.5358∠ − 158.95 ⎥⎥ pu
0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.5358∠158.950 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Line current calculations:

Line 1: The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.3 ⎥⎡ ⎤
⎢ 34 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0.7222 − 0.7222⎥⎥
⎢ 34 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I34 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣0.2778 − 0.2778⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī34 (F)] = ⎢⎢0⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥
⎣ ⎦

The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī34 (F)] = ⎢⎢0⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0⎥
⎣ ⎦

Line 2: The sequence components of line current are

196
 ⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.3 ⎥⎡ ⎤
⎢ 35 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0.7222 − 0.6111⎥⎥
⎢ 35 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I35 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣0.2778 − 0.3889⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī35 (F)] = ⎢−j1.1111⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1111 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī35 (F)] = ⎢⎢−1.9245⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.9245 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Line 3: The sequence components of line current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.3 ⎤
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢
0 ⎥ ⎢0.7222 − 0.6111⎥⎥
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I45 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣0.2778 − 0.3889⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī45 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j1.1111⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1111 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
The line current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī45 (F)] = ⎢⎢−1.9245⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.9245 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Transformer current calculations:
Transformer 1: The sequence components of transformer 1 current are:

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ 13 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢(0.7778 − 0.7222)⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ 13 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I13 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.2222 − 0.2778)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.05 ⎦

197
 ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī13 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j1.1111⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1111 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The transformer current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī13 (F)] = ⎢−1.9245⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.9245 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Transformer 2: The sequence components of transformer 2 current are:

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎡I¯ (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05
(0) ⎥⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 24
(1)
⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢(0.7778 − 0.7222)⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢¯ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
24
(2) j0.05
⎢I (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.2222 − 0.2778)⎥⎦
⎣ 24 ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.05 ⎦

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢−j1.1111⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1111 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The transformer current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢−1.9245⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.9245 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Generator current calculations:

Generator 1: The sequence components of generator 1 current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ G1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
0 ⎥ ⎢(1 − 0.7778)⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ G1 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.20 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢IG1 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥ ⎢(0 − 0.2222)⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.20 ⎦

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢−j1.1111⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1111 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

198
The generator current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢−1.9245⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.9245 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Generator 2: The sequence components of generator 2 current are

⎡ 1.0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ G2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢(1 − 0.7778)⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ G2 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.20 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢IG2 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1.0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0 − 0.2222)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.20 ⎦

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢−j1.1111⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1111 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The generator current in phase form is calculated as:

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢−1.9245⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.9245 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

From Fig. 5.54 it can be seen that:

V̄5(1) (F ) = V̄5(2) (F ) + Z̄f I¯5(1) (F ) = 0.3889 + j0.1 ∗ −j2.222

V̄5(1) (F ) = 0.6111pu

This value is same as the one calculated earlier.

The flow of sequence currents in the sequence networks is shown next in the Fig.4.73.
(c) Double line to ground fault (LLG) fault involving phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ at bus 5

(0) (1) (2)

In this case all the three sequence networks are required. Hence, [Z̄Bus ],[Z̄Bus ],and [Z̄Bus ] as
calculated earlier will be used. It is assumed that the fault impedance Z̄f = 0.
Fault current calculations:
The sequence components of fault current are calculated using equation (4.125) as follows:
Positive Sequence Current

199
 Figure 4.73: Flow of sequence currents for LL fault at bus 5

1.0
I¯5(1) (F ) = (2) (0)
(1) Z̄55 (Z̄55 + 3Z̄f )
Z̄ 55 + (2) (0)
Z̄55 + Z̄55 + 3Z̄f

1.0
I¯5(1) (F ) =
j0.175(j0.175 + 3 ∗ 0)
j0.175 +
j0.175 + j0.3 + 3 ∗ 0

I¯5(1) (F ) = −j3.5023 pu

The negative and zero sequence currents are calculated using current division as:

Negative Sequence Current

(0)
Z̄55
I¯5(2) (F ) = − (0) (2)
∗ I¯5(1) (F )
+ Z̄
Z̄
55 55
j0.3
= − ∗ (−j3.5023)
(j0.3 + j0.175)

I¯5(2) (F ) = j2.212 pu

Zero Sequence Current

200
 (2)
Z̄55
I¯5(0) (F ) = − (0) (2)
∗ I¯5(1) (F )
+ Z̄
Z̄
55 55
j0.175
= − ∗ (−j3.5023)
(j0.3 + j0.175)

I¯5(0) (F ) = j1.2903 pu

Hence, the fault current in sequence components is :

⎡ j1.290 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī5 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j3.503⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j2.212 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of the fault current are :

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[Ī5 (F)] = ⎢5.3137∠158.64 ⎥⎥ pu
0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 5.3137∠21.360 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The total fault current

¯ ) = I¯5(b) (F ) + I¯5(c) (F )
I(F
= 5.3137∠158.640 + 5.3137∠21.360

¯ ) = 3.871∠900 pu
I(F

Bus Voltage Calculations:

Bus 1:

The sequence components of bus 1 voltage are calculated as

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.05 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ j1.290 ⎤⎥

⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j3.503⎥⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.10
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄1 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j2.212 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
201
 ⎡0.0645⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄1 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.6497⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2212⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated as:

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.9355∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄1 (F)] = ⎢0.5248∠ − 134.99 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.5248∠134.990 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 2:

The sequence components of bus 2 voltage are calculated as

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ j1.290 ⎤⎥

⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢0 j0.10 ⎥ ⎢−j3.503⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄2 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 j0.10⎥ ⎢ j2.212 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[V̄2 (F)] = ⎢0.6497⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2212⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated as:

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.8710∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄2 (F)] = ⎢0.5722∠ − 139.56 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.5722∠139.560 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Bus 3:

The sequence components of bus 3 voltage are calculated as

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.10 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ j1.290 ⎤⎥

⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j3.503⎥⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.125
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄3 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.125⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j2.212 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣

⎡0.1290⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄3 (F)] = ⎢0.5622⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2765⎥
⎣ ⎦

The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated as:

202
 ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0.9766∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄3 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.3815∠ − 139.560 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.3815∠139.560 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Bus 4:
The sequence components of bus 5 voltage are calculated as

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.20 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ j1.290 ⎤⎥

⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j3.503⎥⎥
⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.125
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄4 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.125⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j2.212 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣

⎡0.2581⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄4 (F)] = ⎢0.5622⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.2765⎥
⎣ ⎦
The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated as:

⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.0968∠00 ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄4 (F)] = ⎢⎢0.2954∠ − 123.100 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.2954∠123.100 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Bus 5:
The sequence components of bus 5 voltage are calculated as

⎡V̄ (0) (F )⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡j0.30 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ j1.290 ⎤⎥

⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄ (F )⎥ = ⎢1.0⎥ − ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢−j3.503⎥⎥
⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j0.175
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄5 (F )⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 j0.175⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j2.212 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣

⎡0.3871⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[V̄5 (F)] = ⎢0.3871⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢0.3871⎥
⎣ ⎦
The bus voltage in the phase form is calculated as:

⎡1.1613∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[V̄5 (F)] = ⎢ ⎥ pu
0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Line Current Calculations:
Line L1 ∶

203
The sequence components of Line 1 current are calculated as

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.30 ⎤
⎢ 34 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢(0.1290 − 0.2581)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢(0.5622 − 0.5622)⎥
⎢ 34 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I34 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢(0.2765 − 0.2765)⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

Hence,

⎡j0.4301⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī34 (F)] = ⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of line 1 fault current are

⎡j0.4301⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī34 (F)] = ⎢j0.4301⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢j0.4301⎥
⎣ ⎦

Line L2 ∶
The sequence components of Line 2 current are calculated as

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.30 ⎤
⎢ 35 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢(0.1290 − 0.3871)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢(0.5622 − 0.3871)⎥⎥
⎢ 35 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I35 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.2765 − 0.3871)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

Hence,

⎡ j0.8602 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī35 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j1.7511⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1060 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of line 2 fault current are

⎡ 0.2151∠900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī35 (F)] = ⎢2.7425∠154.25 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.2954∠25.550 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Line L3 ∶

204
The sequence components of Line 3 current are calculated as

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.30 ⎤
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢(0.2581 − 0.3871)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢(0.5622 − 0.3871)⎥
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.10 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I45 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢(0.2765 − 0.3871)⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.10 ⎦

Hence,

⎡ j0.4301 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī45 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j1.7511⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.1060 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of line 3 fault current are

⎡ 0.2151∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī45 (F)] = ⎢⎢2.5863∠163.080 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.5863∠16.920 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Transformer Current Calculations:

Transformer T1 ∶
The sequence components of Transformer 1 current are calculated as:

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ 13 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢(0.0645 − 0.1290)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢(0.6497 − 0.5622)⎥⎥
⎢ 13 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I13 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.2212 − 0.2765)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.05 ⎦
Hence,

⎡ j1.290 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī13 (F)] = ⎢−j1.750⎥⎥ pu
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.106 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of Transformer 1 fault current are

⎡ 0.6452∠900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī13 (F)] = ⎢2.9536∠146.90 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.9536∠33.100 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

205
Transformer T2 ∶
The sequence components of Transformer 2 current are calculated as

⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ ∞ (0.0 − 0.2581) ⎤⎥
⎢ 24 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢(0.6497 − 0.5622)⎥⎥
⎢ 24 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.05 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I24 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.2212 − 0.2765)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢0
⎢ 0
j0.05 ⎥⎦
⎣

Hence,

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j1.750⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.106 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The phase components of Transformer 2 fault current are

⎡ 0.6452∠ − 900 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[Ī24 (F)] = ⎢2.4953∠172.57 ⎥⎥ pu
0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.4953∠7.430 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Figure 4.74: Flow of sequence currents for LLG fault at bus 5

Generator Current Calculations:

Line G1 ∶ The sequence components of Generator 1 current are calculated as:

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ G1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢(0.0 − 0.0645)⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢(1.0 − 0.6497)⎥⎥
⎢ G1 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.20 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢IG1 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.0 − 0.2212)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.20 ⎦

206
 ⎡ j1.290 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢⎢−j1.750⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.106 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

⎡ 0.6452∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
[ĪG1 (F)] = ⎢⎢2.9536∠146.900 ⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.9536∠33.100 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Line G2 ∶ The sequence components of Generator 2 current are calculated as:

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡
⎡I¯(0) (F )⎤ ⎢ j0.05 ⎤
⎢ G2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (0.0 − 0.0) ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯ (F )⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢(1.0 − 0.6497)⎥⎥
⎢ G2 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ j0.20 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢IG2 (F )⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣(0.0 − 0.2212)⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ j0.20 ⎦

⎡ 0.0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(012)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢−j1.750⎥⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j1.106 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

⎡ 0.6452∠00 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(abc)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
[ĪG2 (F)] = ⎢2.4953∠172.57 ⎥⎥ pu
0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.4953∠7.430 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The flow of sequence currents in the sequence networks is shown in the Fig.4.74.
We will be discussing open-conductor faults in the next lecture.

207
4.13 Open Conductor Faults:

When one or two phases of a balanced three-phase line opens it creates an unbalance in the
system and results in the flow of unbalanced currents. Such conditions occur in the system when
one or two conductors of a trnansmission line are broken due to storm or if fuses, isolators or
circuit breakers operate only on one or two phases leaving others connected. Such open conductor
faults can also be analysed with the help of [Z̄Bus ] matrices of sequence networks.

Figure 4.75: Open Conductor faults on a section of three phase system

In Fig. 4.75, a section of a three phase system between buses i and j is shown. Fig. 4.75 (a)
shows one conductor open while Fig. 4.75 (b) shows two conductors open between points k and
k′ . The positive direction of currents I¯a , I¯b and I¯c are shown in the figure. For the analysis of
such faults, the Thevenin’s impedance between two buses i and j is required and the relationship
between the elements of [Z̄Bus ] and Thevenin’s impedances at each bus of the network needs
to be established.

Let [V̄0 ] be the vector of open-circuit bus voltages corresponding to the initial (pre-fault) value
of bus current vector [Ī0 ] injected in a network with bus impedance matrix [Z̄Bus ]. We can
then write

208
 [V̄0 ] = [Z̄Bus ][Ī0 ] (4.134)

If the bus currents are changed to a new value, [Ī0 + ∆Ī], the new bus voltage [V̄] can be
expressed as:

[V̄] = [Z̄Bus ] [Ī0 + ∆Ī]

= [Z̄Bus ][Ī0 ] + [Z̄Bus ][∆Ī] (4.135)
= [V̄0 ] + [∆V̄]

where,[∆V̄] represents the change in the values of the original bus voltage [V̄0 ].

Fig. 4.76 represents a power system with buses i and j taken out along with the reference node.
The circuit is not energised so that [V̄0 ] and [Ī0 ] are zero. Currents [∆I¯i ] and [∆I¯j ] are
injected into the ith and jth buses respectively, through current sources connected between the
node and the reference node.

Figure 4.76: Change in bus voltage [∆V̄] due to current [∆I¯i ] and [∆I¯j ]

209
The changes in bus voltage [∆V̄] can be calculated from equation (4.135) as

1 i j N
⎡ ∆V̄ ⎤ 1 ⎡ ⋯ Z̄1i ⋯ Z̄1N ⎤ ⎡ ∆I¯ ⎤
⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ Z̄11 Z̄1j ⎥⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢ ∆V̄i ⎥ i ⎢ Z̄i1 ⋯ Z̄ii Z̄ij ⋯ Z̄iN ⎥ ⎢ ∆Ii ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∆V̄ ⎥ = j ⎢ ⋯ Z̄ji ⋯ Z̄jN ⎥ ⎢ ∆I¯ ⎥
⎢ j⎥ ⎢ Z̄j1 Z̄jj ⎥⎢ j ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ¯ ⎥
⎢∆V̄N ⎥ N ⎢ Z̄N 1 ⋯ Z̄N i Z̄N j ⋯ Z̄N N ⎥ ⎢∆IN ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

⎡ ∆V̄ ⎤ ⎡ Z̄ ∆I¯ + Z̄ ∆I¯ ⎤

⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ j ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1i i 1j
⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∆V̄i ⎥ ⎢ Z̄ii ∆Ii + Z̄ij ∆Ij ⎥
¯ ¯
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∆V̄ ⎥ ⎢ Z̄ ∆I¯ + Z̄ ∆I¯ ⎥ (4.136)
⎢ j⎥ ⎢ j ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ji i jj
⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢∆V̄N ⎥ ⎢Z̄N i ∆I¯i + Z̄N j ∆I¯j ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
The modified voltage at ith bus can be written as :

V̄i = V̄i0 + ∆V̄i = V̄i0 + Z̄ii ∆I¯i + Z̄ij ∆I¯j (4.137)

adding and subtracting Z̄ij ∆I¯i in equation (4.137), one obtains

V̄i = V̄i0 + (Z̄ii − Z̄ij )∆I¯i + Z̄ij (∆I¯i + ∆I¯j ) (4.138)

Similarly the modified voltage at jth bus can be written as

V̄j = V̄j0 + ∆V
¯ j = V̄j0 + Z̄ji ∆I¯i + Z̄jj ∆I¯j (4.139)

adding and subtracting Z̄ji ∆I¯j in equation (4.139) , one obtains

V̄j = V̄j0 + (Z̄jj − Z̄ji )∆I¯j + Z̄ji (∆I¯i + ∆I¯j ) (4.140)

Since the network is symmetrical

Z̄ji = Z̄ij (4.141)

Thus the equations (4.138) and (4.140) can be represented by an equivalent circuit shown in
Fig. 4.77, which is also the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit of the network as seen from the ith
and jth buses.
From the figure it can be observed that the Thevenin’s open circuit voltage between ith and jth
buses is (V̄i0 − V̄j0 ).

210
 Figure 4.77: The Thevenin’s Equivalent of the original network

To calculate the open circuit impedance between ith and jth buses, the initial voltages V̄i0 and
V̄j0 are set equal to zero and an ideal current source I¯ is connected between the two busses.
Next, the resulting voltages V̄i and V̄j are calculated. Note that ∆I¯i = I¯ and ∆I¯j = −I¯.

V̄i = (Z̄ii − Z̄ij )I¯ (4.142)

V̄j = (Z̄jj − Z̄ji )(−I)

¯ (4.143)

Next, calculate the voltage difference ∆V̄ij between ith and jth buses as:

∆V̄ij = V̄i − V̄j = (Z̄ii + Z̄jj − 2Z̄ij )I¯ (4.144)

Hence,
∆V̄ij
∆Z̄T hevenin,ij = = (Z̄ii + Z̄jj − 2Z̄ij ) (4.145)
I¯
Once the Thevenin’s equivalent is established, the analysis of open-conductor faults can proceed
further. The opening of all the three phases is equivalent to the removal of the line i → j totally
(0) (1) (2)
from the network. If z̄ij , z̄ij and z̄ij are the the three sequence impedance of the line i →
j, then the removal of this line from the network can be simulated by adding −z̄ij(0) , −z̄ij(1) and
−z̄ij(2) to the corresponding Thevenin’s equivalent network of the three sequence networks of the
original network as seen from ith and jth buses.
Let x represents the fractional length of the broken line i → j from ith bus to the break point
‘k’, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

211
The positive sequence impedance of the conductor segment between the ith bus and the point of
(1)
break k is xz̄ij , and the positive sequence impedance of the remaining conductor from point k to
j th bus is (1 − x)z̄ij(1) . These two impedances are then added to represent the broken conductor.
This is illustrated in Fig. 4.78

Figure 4.78: Positive sequence equivalent network with line open between buses k and k’

(a) (b) (c)

If V̄kk′ , V̄kk′ and V̄kk′ represent the phase component of voltage drops between points k and
(0) (1) (2)
k’, then V̄kk′ , V̄kk′ and V̄kk′ represent the sequence components of the voltage drops between
points k and k’. These sequence voltages have different values depending on the type of open
conductor fault.
(1) (1)
To further simplify the circuit, the voltage V̄kk′ and the total series impedance [xz̄ij + (1 −
V̄kk(1)′
x)z̄ij(1) ] = z̄ij(1) is replaced by a current source (1)
(1)
and a parallel impedance z̄ij as shown in
z̄
ij
Fig. 4.79.
(1) (1)
Further, the parallel combination of z̄ij and −z̄ij is ∞ and hence, is replaced by an open circuit.
The final simplified positive sequence impedance equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.80

Similarly, the negative sequence and zero sequence equivalent networks are shown in Fig.4.81 (a)
and (b) repectively. These equivalent networks are identical to the positive sequence equivalent
network but do not contain any internal voltage sources.
V̄kk(1)′ V̄kk(2)′ V̄kk(0)′
The equivalent currents (1)
, and are due to open conductor fault between k and
z̄ij z̄ij(2) z̄ij(0)
k’. If no conductor is open then the sequence voltages are all zero and the current sources are
not present in the equivalent circuit. Further, the current sources can be regarded as current
injections into the buses i and j of the original sequence networks. All through the calculation

212
 Figure 4.79: Thevenin’s Equivalent with transformed current source

Figure 4.80: Final positive sequence Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit repesenting the opening of line i
→ j between buses k and k’

(0) (1) (2)

process, the bus impedance matrices [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ] and [Z̄Bus ] of the original network are
used.

The current injections at the buses i and j can be tabulated as:

213
Figure 4.81: Final (a) negative sequence (b) zero sequence Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit repesenting
the opening of line i → j between k and k’

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero sequence

V̄kk(1)′ V̄kk(2)′ V̄kk(0)′
at ith bus
z̄ij(1) z̄ij(2) z̄ij(0)
V̄kk(1)′ V̄kk(2)′ V̄kk(0)′
at j th bus − (1) − (2) − (0)
z̄ij z̄ij z̄ij
(0) (1) (2)
The sequence voltage drops ∆V̄n , ∆V̄n and ∆V̄n at any bus ‘n’ due to the current injections
at the buses ‘i’ and ‘j’ can be calculates from equation (4.136) as:

(0) (0)
(0)
(Z̄ni − Z̄nj )V̄kk(0)′
∆V̄ =
z̄ij(0)
n

(1) (1)
(1)
(Z̄ni − Z̄nj )V̄kk(1)′
∆V̄ = (4.146)
z̄ij(1)
n

(2) (2)
(2)
(Z̄ni − Z̄nj )V̄kk(2)′
∆V̄ =
z̄ij(2)
n

Next, the Thevenin’s equivalent impedances for each sequence network, as seen from the busesk
and k’, are calculated as follows:
(1)
From Fig.4.78, the positive sequence equivalent impdeance Z̄kk′ is found out as :

(1)
(1) (1) Z̄th,ij (−z̄ij(1) )
Z̄
kk′ = xz̄ ij + (1) (1)
+ (1 − x)z̄ij(1)
Z̄ th,ij + (−z̄ )
ij

214
 (1) −(z̄ij(1) )2
Z̄ = (1)
(4.147)
− z̄ij(1)
kk′
Z̄th,ij

Similarly from Fig. 4.81 (a) and (b), the negative sequence and zero sequence Thevenin’s equiv-
alent impedances can be expressed as:

(2) −(z̄ij(2) )2
Z̄ = (2)
− z̄ij(2)
kk′
Z̄th,ij
(4.148)
(0) −(z̄ij(0) )2
Z̄ = (0)
− z̄ij(0)
kk′
Z̄th,ij

The open-circuit voltage from point k to k’ can be calculated as:

(1) (−z̄ij(1) )2
V̄ th,kk′ = (1) (1)
(V̄i(1) − V̄j(1) ) (4.149)
Z̄ th,ij − z̄ ij

(1)
Z̄kk z̄ij(1)
=−
′
substituting from equation (4.147) in equation (4.149), the final value of
z̄ij(1) (1)
Z̄th,ij − z̄ij(1)
(1)
V̄th,kk ′ is obtained as:

(1)
(1) Z̄kk
′ = (V̄i(1) − V̄j(1) )
′
V̄th,kk (1)
(4.150)
z̄ ij

(1)
Also prior to the occurance of open-conductor fault on any conductor, the current I¯ij flowing
in phase a is the positive sequence component and is given by the relation:

(V̄i(1) − V̄j(1) )
I¯ij(1) = (4.151)
z̄ij(1)

Substituting equation (4.151) in equation (4.150), one gets

(1) (1) ¯(1)

V̄th,kk ′ = Z̄kk ′ Iij (4.152)

The Thevenin’s equivalent network as seen from points k and k’ for the three sequence networks
are shown in Fig. 4.82
We are now ready to discuss the two possible cases of open-circuit fault i.e. (a) open phase open
(b) two phases open. We will be discussing them in the next lecture.

215
 Figure 4.82: Thevenin’s Equivalent networks as seen from k and k’

4.13.1 One Phase open:

Consider that phase a conductor is open as shown in Fig. 4.75(a), hence phase a current I¯a = 0.
As a result:

I¯a(1) + I¯a(2) + I¯a(0) = 0 (4.153)

(1) (2) (0)

where, I¯a , I¯a and I¯a are the symmetrical components of phase a current. Since phases b and
c are closed , the voltage drops .

V̄kk′ ,b = 0 V̄kk′ ,c = 0 (4.154)

216
 The symmetrical components of voltage drops across the fault point can be calculated as :

⎡V̄ (0) ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡V̄ ′ ⎤ ⎡V̄ ′ ⎤

⎢ a ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ kk ,a ⎥ ⎢ kk ,a ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄a ⎥ = ⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ = ⎢Vkk′ ,a ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥ (4.155)
⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V̄a ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
2 ⎢Vkk′ ,a ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Hence,
1
V̄a(0) = V̄a(1) = V̄a(2) = V̄kk′ ,a (4.156)
3
It implies that open conductor in phase a causes equal voltages to appear across points k and
k’ of each sequence network. Hence, the three equivalent sequence networks can be connected in
parallel across points k and k’ as shown in Fig. 4.83.

Figure 4.83: Connection of Equivalent sequence networks to represent open phase a between k and
k’

(1)
The current I¯a is given as :

(1)
Z̄kk
I¯a(1) = I¯ij
′

(2) (0)
(1) Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′
Z̄kk′ + (2) (0)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

simplifying

(1) (2) (0)

Z̄kk ′ [Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ ]
I¯a(1) = I¯ij (0) (1) (1) (2) (2) (0)
(4.157)
Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′

(1) (2) (0)

The sequence voltage drops V̄kk′ , V̄kk′ and V̄kk′ can be calculated with reference to Fig.4.83 as:

(2) (0)
(1) (1) Z̄kk′ Z̄kk′
V̄ kk′ = Ia
¯
(2) (0)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

(1)
Substituting I¯a and simplifying we get:

217
 (1) (2) (0)
(1) (2) (0) Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′
V̄ kk′ = V̄ kk′ = V̄ kk′ = I¯ij (0) (1) (1) (2) (2) (0)
(4.158)
Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′

(1) (2) (0)

• Z̄kk′ , Z̄kk′ , and Z̄kk′ are obtained from the impedance parameters of the sequence networks
[equation (4.147) and equation (4.148)].

• I¯ij is the pre-fault current or load current in phase a of the line i → j

V̄kk(1)′ V̄kk(2)′ V̄kk(0)′

Next, the equivalent injected currents (1)
, and are calculated.
z̄ij z̄ij(2) z̄ij(0)
(0) (1) (2)
Further, ∆V̄i ,∆V̄i and ∆V̄i representing the changes in the symmetrical components of
bus voltage are calculated using equation (4.146).
Finally, the bus voltages after fault are calculated using superposition principle as :

V̄i(1) (F ) = V̄i(1) (0) + ∆V̄i(1)

V̄i(2) (F ) = ∆V̄i(1) (4.159)
(0) (2)
V̄ i (F ) = ∆V̄ i

4.13.2 Two Phases open:

When two phases b and c are open then,

V̄kk(1)′ ,a = V̄a(0) + V̄a(1) + V̄a(2) = 0

I¯b = 0 (4.160)
I¯c = 0

The sequence components of line current are:

⎡I¯(0) ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡I¯ ⎤
⎢ a ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢I¯a ⎥ = ⎢1 a a2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯(2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢Ia ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
Simplifying one gets the condition:

1
I¯a(0) = I¯a(1) = I¯a(2) = I¯a (4.161)
3
equation (4.161) indicates that the three equivalent sequence networks are in series and to ensure
V̄ + V̄a(1) + V̄a(2) = 0 the circuit should be closed.The interconnection of the sequence networks is
a
(0)

shown in Fig.4.84.
From the equivalent circuit of Fig.4.84, the sequence currents can be calculated as :

218
Figure 4.84: Connection of Equivalent sequence networks to represent open phases b and c between
k and k’

(1)
Z̄kk
I¯a(1) = I¯a(2) = I¯a(0) = I¯ij
′

(0) (1) (2)

(4.162)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

I¯ij is the pre-fault current in phase a.

The sequence voltage can be calculated as:

(1) (0) (2)

(1) (1) (0) (2) Z̄kk ′ (Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ )
V̄ kk′ = Ia (Z̄kk′ + Z̄kk′ ) = Iij (0)
¯ ¯
(1) (2)
Z̄kk′ + Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

(1) (2)
Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′
V̄kk(2)′ = −I¯a(2) Z̄kk
(2)
′ = −Iij
¯
(0) (1) (2)
(4.163)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

(1) (0)
Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′
V̄kk(0)′ = −I¯a(0) Z̄kk
(0)
′ = −Iij
¯
(0) (1) (2)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

Remaining calculations are similar to those performed for single conductor open case. In the
next lecture we will be looking at an example of open conductor fault analysis.

219
4.14 Example of calculations for open conductor fault in
power system:
The power system described in Fig. 4.67 is considered again.
The prefault bus voltages for buses 3, 4 and 5 are :

⎡V (0)⎤ ⎡ 0.9165∠ − 8.7580 ⎤

⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V4 (0)⎥ = ⎢0.9152∠ − 10.0980 ⎥ pu
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V5 (0)⎥ ⎢0.8858∠ − 12.9610 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ONE CONDUCTOR OPEN
Let one conductor of line 7 between buses 4 and 5 be open. The pre-fault current in phase a of
(0) (1)
the faulted line is I¯45 = (0.3821 − j0.3779) pu. The sequence impedance matrices [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ]
(2)
and [Z̄Bus ] are same as used in the example for calculation of short circuit faults on the power
system of Fig. 4.67.
The Thevenin’s impedance of the network as seen from buses 4 and 5 is calculated using equation
(4.145) with i=4 and i=5 as:

(1) (1) (1) (1)

Z̄th,45 = Z̄44 + Z̄55 − 2Z̄45 = j0.1397 + j0.1750 − 2 ∗ 0.1250 = j0.0647 pu

(2) (1)
Z̄th,45 = Z̄th,45 = j0.0647 pu

(0) (0) (0) (0)

Z̄th,45 = Z̄44 + Z̄55 − 2Z̄45 = j0.30 + j0.30 − 2 ∗ 0.20 = j0.20 pu
(1) (2) (0)
Next,Z̄kk′ , Z̄kk′ andZ̄kk′ are calculated from equation (4.147) and equation (4.148).

(1) 2
(1) (−z̄45 ) −(j0.1)2
Z̄ = (1) (1)
= = j0.2833 pu
kk′
Z̄th,45 − z̄45 j0.0647 − j0.10

(2) (1)
Z̄kk ′ = Z̄kk ′ = j0.2833 pu

(0) 2
(0) (−z̄45 ) −(j0.30)2
Z̄ = (0) (0)
= = j0.90 pu
kk′
Z̄th,45 − z̄45 j0.20 − j0.30
(1)
The current I¯a is calculated using equation (4.157)

(1) (2) (0)

Z̄kk ′ [Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ ]
I¯a(1) = I¯ij (0) (1) (1) (2) (2) (0)
Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′ Z̄kk ′

j0.2833(j0.2833 + j0.3)
I¯a(1) = (0.3821 − j0.3779) = (0.2170 − j0.2146) pu
j0.9 ∗ j0.2833 + j0.2833 ∗ j0.2833 + j0.2833 ∗ j0.9

220
 (1) (2) (0)
The sequence voltage drops V̄kk′ , V̄kk′ and V̄kk′ are then calculated using the equation:

(2) (0)
(1) (1) Z̄kk′ Z̄kk′
V̄ kk′ = Ia
¯
(2) (0)
Z̄kk ′ + Z̄kk ′

j0.2833 ∗ j0.9
V̄kk(1)′ = (0.2170 − j0.2146) = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu
j0.2833 + j0.9

V̄kk(2)′ = V̄kk(0)′ = V̄kk(1)′ = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu

As a check calculate

V̄kk(2)′ 0.0463 + j0.0468

I¯a(2) =− (2)
=− = (−0.1651 + j0.1633) pu
Z̄kk ′
j0.2833
V̄kk(0)′ 0.0463 + j0.0468
I¯a(0) (0)
=− =− = (−0.052 + j0.0514) pu
Z̄kk ′
j0.90
I¯a = I¯a + I¯a + I¯a(2) = (0.2170 − j0.2146) + (−0.1651 + j0.1633) + (−0.052 + j0.0514)
(0) (1)

=0 Q.E.D.

Then we calculate the changes in bus voltages using equation (4.146).

Bus 3

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(0)′ j0.10 − j0.10
∆V̄ 3 = (0)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = 0 pu
z̄45
j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1103 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 3 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (−0.0068 − j0.0069) pu
z̄45
j0.1

∆V̄3(2) = ∆V̄3(1) = (−0.0068 − j0.0069) pu

Hence,

∆V̄3 = ∆V̄3(0) + ∆V̄3(1) + ∆V̄3(2) = (−0.0136 − j0.0138) pu

Bus 4

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(0)′ j0.30 − j0.20
∆V̄ 4 = (0)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0154 + j0.0156) pu
z̄45 j0.3

221
 (1) (1)
(1) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.01397 − j0.125
∆V̄ 4 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu
z̄45
j0.10

∆V̄4(2) = ∆V̄4(1) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu

∆V̄4 = ∆V̄4(0) + ∆V̄4(1) + ∆V̄4(2) = (0.0290 − j0.0293) pu

Bus 5

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(0)′ j0.20 − j0.30
∆V̄ 5 = (0)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (−0.0154 − j0.0156) pu
z̄45
j0.3

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄54 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1250 − j0.1750
∆V̄ 5 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (−0.0231 − j0.0234) pu
z̄45 j0.3

∆V̄5(2) = ∆V̄5(1) = (−0.0231 − j0.0234) pu

∆V̄5 = ∆V̄5(0) + ∆V̄5(1) + ∆V̄5(2) = (−0.0617 − j0.0624) pu

The bus voltages during fault are

V̄3 (F ) = V̄30 + ∆V̄3 = (0.9058 − j0.1395) + (−0.0136 − j0.138) = (0.8922 − j0.1533) pu

V̄3 (F ) = 0.9053∠ − 9.750 pu

V̄4 (F ) = V̄40 + ∆V̄4 = (0.9010 − j0.1605) + (0.0290 + j0.0293) = (0.9300 − j0.1311) pu

V̄4 (F ) = 0.9392∠ − 8.020 pu

V̄5 (F ) = V̄50 + ∆V̄5 = (0.8632 − j0.1987) + (−0.0617 − j0.0624) = (0.8016 − j0.2610) pu

222
 V̄5 (F ) = 0.8430∠ − 18.040 pu

The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

⎡I¯(a) ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ (−0.052 + j0.0514) ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ (b) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯ ⎥ = ⎢1 a2 a ⎥ ⎢ (0.2170 − j0.2146) ⎥ = ⎢0.4782∠ − 147.840 ⎥ pu
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ¯(c) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I45 ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢(−0.1651 + j0.1633)⎥ ⎢ 0.4782∠58.56 ⎥
2 0
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

TWO CONDUCTORS OPEN

The sequence currents can be calculated with the help of equation (4.162) as:

(1)
Z̄kk (0.3821 − j0.3779) ∗ j0.2833
I¯a(1) = I¯ij =
′

(0) (1) (2)

Z̄ kk′ + Z̄kk′ + Z̄kk′
j0.9 + j0.2833 + j0.2833

I¯a(1) = I¯a(2) = I¯a(0) = (0.0738 − j0.073) pu

The sequence voltages of Thevenin’s equivalent sequence network is calculated using equation
(4.163)

(0)
V̄kk(1)′ = I¯a(1) (Z̄kk (2)
′ + Z̄kk ′ ) = (0.0738 − j0.073) ∗ (j0.9 + j0.2833) = (0.0864 + j0.0873) pu

V̄kk(2)′ = −I¯a(2) Z̄kk

(2)
′ = −(0.0738 − j0.073)(j0.2833) = −(0.0207 + j0.0209) pu

V̄kk(0)′ = −I¯a(0) Z̄kk

(0)
′ = −(0.0738 − j0.073)(j0.9) = −(0.0657 + j0.0664) pu

The changes in bus voltages are calculated using equation (4.146).

Bus 3

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(0)′ j0.1 − j0.10
∆V̄ 3 = (0)
= ∗ (−0.0657 − j0.0664) = 0 pu
z̄ 45
j0.3

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1103 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 3 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (−0.0127 − j0.0128) pu
z̄45
j0.1

(2) (2)
(2) (Z̄34 − Z̄35 )Vkk(2)′ j0.1103 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 3 = (2)
= ∗ (−0.0207 − j0.0208) = (0.0030 + j0.0030) pu
z̄45 j0.1

∆V̄3 = ∆V̄3(0) + ∆V̄3(1) + ∆V̄3(2) = (−0.0097 − j0.0098) pu

223
 Hence, the voltage of bus 3 during fault is:

V̄3 (F ) = V̄30 + ∆V̄3 = (0.9058 − j0.1395) + (−0.0097 − j0.0098) = (0.8962 − j0.1493) pu

V̄3 (F ) = 0.9085∠ − 9.460 pu

Bus 4

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(0)′ j0.30 − j0.20
∆V̄ 4 = (0)
= ∗ (−0.0657 − j0.0664) = (−0.0219 − j0.0221) pu
z̄
45
j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1397 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 4 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0127 + j0.0128) pu
z̄ 45
j0.1

(2) (2)
(2) (Z̄44 − Z̄45 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1397 − j0.1250
∆V̄ 4 = (2)
= ∗ (0.0207 − j0.0209) = (−0.0030 − j0.0031) pu
z̄45
j0.1

∆V̄4 = ∆V̄4(0) + ∆V̄4(1) + ∆V̄4(2) = −(0.0122 + j0.0124) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 4 during fault is:

V̄4 (F ) = V̄40 + ∆V̄4 = (0.9010 − j0.1605) + (−0.0122 − j0.0124) = (0.8888 − j0.1728) pu

V̄4 (F ) = 0.9054∠ − 11.00 pu

Bus 5

(0) (0)
(0) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(0)′ j0.20 − j0.30
∆V̄ 5 = (0)
= ∗ (−0.0657 − j0.0664) = (0.0219 + j0.0221) pu
z̄ 45
j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(1)′ j0.1250 − j0.1750
∆V̄ 5 = (1)
= ∗ (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (−0.0432 − j0.0437) pu
z̄45 j0.10

224
 (2) (2)
(2) (Z̄54 − Z̄55 )Vkk(2)′ j0.1250 − j0.1750
∆V̄ 5 = (2)
= ∗ (−0.0207 − j0.0209) = (0.0103 + j0.0105) pu
z̄
45
j0.10

∆V̄5 = ∆V̄5(0) + ∆V̄5(1) + ∆V̄5(2) = −(0.0111 + j0.01111) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 5 during fault is:

V̄5 (F ) = V̄50 + ∆V̄5 = (0.8632 − j0.1987) + (−0.0111 − j0.01111) = (0.8523 − j0.2097) pu

V̄5 (F ) = 0.8777∠ − 13.830 pu

The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

⎡I¯(a) ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡(0.0738 − j0.073)⎤ ⎡0.3114∠ − 44.690 ⎤

⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ (b) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I¯ ⎥ = ⎢1 a2 a ⎥ ⎢(0.0738 − j0.073)⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ pu
⎢ 45 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ¯(c) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I45 ⎥ ⎢1 a a ⎥ ⎢(0.0738 − j0.073)⎥ ⎢
2 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

225