Here are five examples for each of the 20 Linux

commands:
ls - List directory contents
 ls: List files and directories in the current directory.
 ls -l: Detailed list with file permissions, owners, and sizes.
 ls -a: List all files, including hidden ones.
 ls -lh: Human-readable file sizes.
 ls -R: List subdirectories recursively.

cd - Change directory
 cd Documents: Change to the 'Documents' directory.
 cd /usr/local: Change to the '/usr/local' directory.
 cd ~: Change to the home directory.
 cd -: Switch to the previous working directory.
 cd ..: Move up one directory.

pwd - Print working directory

 pwd: Display the current working directory.

cp - Copy files or directories

 cp file1.txt file2.txt: Copy 'file1.txt' to 'file2.txt'.
 cp -r dir1/ dir2/: Copy the 'dir1' directory and its contents to 'dir2'.
 cp -u *.txt destination/: Copy only newer files to the destination.
 cp -i file.txt backup/: Prompt before overwriting files in the backup directory.
 cp -a source/ destination/: Copy preserving ownership and timestamps.

mv - Move or rename files/directories

 mv file1.txt newfile.txt: Rename 'file1.txt' to 'newfile.txt'.
 mv dir1/ newdir/: Move 'dir1' to 'newdir'.
 mv file1.txt ~/Documents/: Move 'file1.txt' to the 'Documents' directory.
 mv *.txt backup/: Move all text files to the 'backup' directory.
 mv -u dir1/* dir2/: Move only newer files from 'dir1' to 'dir2'.

rm - Remove/delete files or directories

 rm file1.txt: Remove 'file1.txt'.
 rm -r dir1/: Remove 'dir1' and its contents recursively.
 rm -f file.txt: Forcefully remove 'file.txt'.
 rm -i *.txt: Prompt before removing each text file.
 rm -rf oldfiles/: Remove 'oldfiles' directory and its contents forcefully.

mkdir - Create a new directory

  mkdir newdir: Create a new directory named 'newdir'.
 mkdir -p dir1/dir2: Create nested directories 'dir1' and 'dir2'.
 mkdir -m 755 mydir: Create a directory with specific permissions.
 mkdir -v test: Create a directory and display a message.
 mkdir --help: Display help information for the mkdir command.

rmdir - Remove an empty directory

 rmdir emptydir: Remove the empty directory 'emptydir'.
 rmdir -p dir1/dir2: Remove nested directories 'dir1' and 'dir2'.
 rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty nonemptydir/: Remove non-empty directory without error.
 rmdir --version: Display the version of the rmdir command.
 rmdir --help: Display help information for the rmdir command.

touch - Create an empty file

 touch newfile.txt: Create an empty file named 'newfile.txt'.
 touch -c existingfile.txt: Update the access and modification times of an existing file.
 touch file1.txt file2.txt: Create multiple empty files at once.
 touch -t 202201011200 file.txt: Set a specific timestamp for the file.
 touch --help: Display help information for the touch command.

cat - Display or concatenate files

 cat file1.txt: Display the contents of 'file1.txt'.
 cat file1.txt file2.txt: Concatenate the contents of 'file1.txt' and 'file2.txt'.
 cat -n file.txt: Display line numbers while viewing the file.
 cat > newfile.txt: Create a new file and write content interactively (use Ctrl+D to finish).
 cat -A file.txt: Display non-printing characters.

nano - Text editor for the terminal

 nano filename.txt: Open the 'filename.txt' file in the nano editor.
 nano +10 filename.txt: Open 'filename.txt' and position the cursor at line 10.
 nano -B filename.txt: Create a backup of 'filename.txt' before editing.
 nano --nowrap filename.txt: Disable line wrapping in nano.
 nano --help: Display help information for the nano command.

grep - Search for a pattern in files

 grep pattern file.txt: Search for 'pattern' in 'file.txt'.
 grep -r "error" /var/log: Search for 'error' recursively in '/var/log'.
 grep -i "pattern" file.txt: Perform a case-insensitive search.
 grep -n "pattern" file.txt: Display line numbers for matching lines.
 grep -o "word" file.txt: Display only the matched part of the line.

find - Search for files and directories

 find / -name filename.txt: Search for 'filename.txt' starting from the root directory.
  find . -type d -name dir*: Search for directories starting from the current directory.
 find /home/user -mtime -7: Find files modified within the last 7 days.
 find /var/log -size +1M: Find log files larger than 1 megabyte.
 find . -name "*.txt" -exec cp {} backup/ \;: Find and copy all text files to the 'backup'
directory.

chmod - Change file permissions

 chmod 755 file.txt: Change 'file.txt' permissions to read, write, and execute for the owner,
and read and execute for others.
 chmod u=rw,go=r file.txt: Set specific permissions using the symbolic notation.
 chmod +x script.sh: Add execute permission to 'script.sh'.
 chmod -R 644 directory/: Recursively set read and write permissions for the owner and read-
only for others.
 chmod --reference=referencefile.txt targetfile.txt: Copy permissions from one file to another.

chown - Change file owner and group

 chown user:group file.txt: Change the owner to 'user' and group to 'group' for 'file.txt'.
 chown -h newowner:newgroup symlink: Change ownership of a symbolic link.
 chown --from=user1:user1 --to=user2:user2 file.txt: Change ownership from one user to
another.
 chown user: group file.txt: Change only the group ownership of 'file.txt'.
 chown --reference=referencefile.txt targetfile.txt: Copy ownership from one file to another.

ps - Display information about running processes

 ps: Display a snapshot of current processes.
 ps aux: Display detailed information about all processes.
 ps -ef: Display a full format listing of all processes.
 ps -u username: Display processes for a specific user.
 ps -e --forest: Display processes in a tree-like structure.

kill - Terminate a process by process ID

 kill -9 PID: Forcefully terminate the process with the specified process ID.
 killall process_name: Terminate all processes with the specified name.
 pkill -f pattern: Terminate processes matching the specified pattern.
 kill -STOP PID: Pause a process.
 kill -CONT PID: Resume a paused process.

tar - Archive files and directories

 tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2: Create a tar archive named 'archive.tar' containing 'file1' and
'file2'.
 tar -xvf archive.tar: Extract files from the 'archive.tar' archive.
 tar -czvf archive.tar.gz directory/: Create a compressed tar archive.
 tar -tvf archive.tar: Display the contents of a tar archive.
  tar --exclude=pattern -cvf archive.tar directory/: Create a tar archive excluding files matching
the pattern.

wget - Download files from the internet

 wget http://example.com/file.txt: Download 'file.txt' from the internet.
 wget -O newname.txt http://example.com/file.txt: Download and save with a different
name.
 wget -r -np -k http://example.com: Download a website recursively for offline viewing.
 wget --limit-rate=200k http://example.com/largefile.zip: Limit download speed.
 wget --mirror -p --convert-links -P ./localdir http://example.com: Mirror a website for offline
browsing.

df - Display disk space usage

 df -h: Display disk space usage in a human-readable format.
 df -T: Display disk space usage with filesystem type information.
 df -i: Display inode usage for each filesystem.
 df -H /path: Display disk space usage for a specific path.
 df -k --output=source,size,used,avail,pcent,mountpoint: Display specific columns in kilobytes.

history - Display command history

 history: Display the command history.
 history 10: Display the last 10 commands in history.
 !!: Repeat the last command.
 !5: Repeat the fifth command from history.
 Ctrl + R: Search and execute a command from history.