JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

CONTINUITY
SYNOPSIS
Discontinuity :
Continuity at a point :
 If f  x  is not continuous at x  a, we say that
 A function f is said to be continuous at ' a ' if f
is defined in a neighbourhood of ' a ' and f  x  is discontinuous at x  a .
Lt f  x   f  a  . f  x  will be discontinuous at x  a in any of
x a
the following cases :
Lt  f  x   f  a  then f  x  is left
i) If x a
i) xlim

a
f  x  and xlim
af  x  exist but are not
continuous at x  a .
equal.
Lt  f  x   f  a  then f  x  is right
ii) If x a (ii) xlim
a
f  x  and xlim

a
f  x  exist and are


continuous at x  a .
2
equal but not equal to f  a 
3 x
 1
W.E-1: The function f  x   sin x . ln 1  x  , x0 is (iii) f  a  is not defined
continuous at x  0 . Then the value of (iv) At least one of the limit doesn't exist.
W.E-3: Let f  x  be defined in the interval  0, 4
f  0  is
2 1  x, 0  x 1
3 x
 1 
Sol: Given f  0   lim such that   
f x  x  2, 1 x  2
then
x 0 sin x .ln 1  x   4  x,
 2x4
2
 3x  1 
  number of points where f  f  x   is
 f  0   lim  x    ln 3 
2

x0
 sin x   ln 1  x   discontinuous is
  . 
 x   x  Sol: f  x  is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2
 A function f is said to be continuous in an open  f  f  x   is discontinuous when
interval  a, b  if it is continuous at each and every f(x) = 1 & 2
Now 1  x  1  x  0, where f  x  is
point in the interval  a, b  .
continuous
 A function f is said to be continuous on  a, b if
x  2  1  x  1 1,2 
(i) f is continuous at each point of  a, b 
4  x  1  x  3   2, 4
(ii) f is right continuous at x  a
Now, 1  x  2  x  1 [0,1]
(iii) f is left continuous at x  b x+2=2  x=0  (1,2]
W.E-2: Let f be a continuous function on [1,3] . 4  x=2  x=2   2, 4
If f takes only rational values for all x and
Hence, f  f  x   is discontinuous at two
f (2)  10 then f (1.5) is equal to
points, x = 2, 3.
Sol : f(x) is continuous function on [1,3] and takes only
rational values then f(x) is constant function.  If f and g are continuous functions of x at
 f  2   f 1.5  10 x  a , then the following functions are continuous
at x  a .
Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 35
 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV

i) f  g ii) f  g iii) f .g iv) cf  Isolated point discontinuity :

lim f  x  exists finitely and f  a  is defined
f x a
if c  R v) if g  a   0 .
g f  x  f a .
but xlim
a
Note: Even if f and g are not continuous at x  a ,
f Example: f  x    x     x  has isolated point
f  g, f .g, , gof may be continuous at x  a .
g discontinuities at all integers.
 If f is continuous at x  a and g is continuous  Discontinuity of second kind (or)
at f  a  ,then  gof  is continuous at x  a . irremovable discontinuity :
 If f is contiunous in  a, b then it is bounded in
A function f  x  is said to have a discontinuity of
 a, b . i.e there exist k and m such that
k  f  x   m, x  a, b where k and m are the second kind at x  a if lim f  x  does not
x a
minimum and maximum values of f  x  exist.
respectively in the interval  a, b . Irremovable discontinuities are of three types
In this case f takes every real value between k 1) Finite discontinuity (or) jump discontinuity
and m at least once. Thus range of f is  k , m 2) Infinite discontinuity
3) Oscillatory discontinuity
 If f is continuous on  a, b such that f  a  and
 Finite Discontinuity:
f  b  are of opposite signs then there exist at
least one solution for the equation f  x   0 in lim f ( x), lim f ( x ) are both finite and are not
x a xa
the interval  a, b  equal.
Types of discontinuity : 1
 Discontinuity of first kind (or) Example: f  x   1
at x  0
x
Removable discontinuity : 1 2

f  x  exists but is not equal to f  a 

 Infinite Discontinuity :
If xlim
a
Lt  f  x  and
If at least one of the limits x a
(or) f  a  not difined then the f is said to have
a removable discontinuity at x  a . It is also called Lt f  x  be  , then f  x  has infinite
x a 
discontinuity of the 1st kind. In this case we can discontinuity at x  a .
redefine the function by making
cos x
lim f  x   f  a  and make it continuous at Example: f  x   at x  0 .
x a
x
x  a.  Oscillatory Discontinuity:
Removable discontinuities are of two types The Limit oscillates between two finite quantities
1) Missing point discontinuity 1
2) Isolated point discontinuity Example: f  x   sin at x  0 .
x
 Missing point discontinuity :
 In case of discontinuity of the second kind, the
lim f  x  exists finitely and f  a  is not defined. absolute difference between the value of the RHL
x a
at x  a and LHL at x  a is called the Jump of
 2  x   x2  8 Discontinuity. A function having a finite number of
Example: f  x  
 2  x  has a missing jumps in a given interval I is called a Piece wise
continuous or Sectionally continuous function in
point discontinuity at x  2 . this interval.

36 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy

 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

W.E-4: The jump of discontinuity of the function

CONCEPTUAL
2x  3
f  x  is 1. x is continuous at
2x  3
1) everywhere of x 2) x  0 only
3  3 
Sol: f     1, f     1 3) 1,  only 4)  ,1 only
2  2 
 Jump of discontinuity = 2 2. Sgn  x  is discontinuous at
 All polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, 1) everywhere of x 2) x  0
exponential and Logarithmic functions are
continuous in their respective domains. 3) 1,  4)  ,1
Intermediate value theorem : 3.  x is continuous at
 Suppose f  x  is continuous on a interval I, and 1) R  Z 2) Z 3) N 4) W
a , b are any two points of I. If y0 is a number 4.  x is discontitinuous at (here   is a
between f  a  and f  b  , then there exists a fractional part function)
1) every where of x 2) Z 3) N 4) R-Z
number c between a and b such that f  c   y0 . CONCEPTUAL - KEY
Single Point Continuity: 1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4
 Functions which are continuous only at one point
are said to exhibit single point continuity behaviour. CONCEPTUAL- HINTS
x , if x Q 1) By using the graph
Example1: f  x   . is continuous
x , if x Q | x |
 at x  0
only at x  0 . 2) function =  x
0 at x  0
x , if x Q
Example 2: f  x   is continuous 3) By using the graph
1 x , if x Q
4) By using the graph
only at x  1/ 2
1 1 LEVEL-I : EXECISE-I
W.E-5: If y  2 where t  , then
t t 2 x 1
the number of points of discontinuous of CONTINUITY AT A POINT
1. The function
y  f  x  , x  R is
 cos 3x  cos 4 x
1  , for x  0
Sol: t  is discontinuous at x = 1. Also x2
x 1 f  x  
1 7 , for x  0
y 2 is discountinuous at t = -2 and  2
t t 2
t=1 at x  0 is (EAM - 2007)
1) continuous 2) discontinuous
1 1 3) left continuous 4) right continuous
When t  2,  2  x  , 2. The function defined by
x 1 2
1  1
When t  1,  1  x  2,  x.sin for x  0
x 1 f  x   x at x = 0 is
0 for x  0
So, y  f  x  is discontinuous at three
1) continuous 2) right continuous
1
points, x  1, , 2 3) left continuous 4) can not be determined
2
Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 37
 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV

e x  cos x
2
10. If  x  denotes a greatest integer not
3. If the function f(x) = for x  0 is exceeding x and if the function f defined
x2
continuous at x  0 then f  0    a  2Cosx
 , if x  0
1) 1/2 2) 3/2 3) 2 4) 1/3 x2
4. The value of f(0) so that the function by f  x    a
b tan , if x  0
 x  x
log 1    log  1     x  4
 a  b, x 0
f  x    is is continuous at x=0, then the ordered pair
x
continuous at x  0 is  a, b  is [EAM - 2011]
ab ab ab ab 1)  2,1 2)  2, 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
ab ab ab ab

3) 1, 3  4)  2,  3 
  sin x   CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL
5. f ( x)  x 3  log     2 to be
  x 
11. If f : R  R is defined by
continuous at x  0 , then f  0  
1) 0 2) 2 3) – 2 4) 3  x2
 x 2  3x  2 if x  R  1, 2
1 
6. If f  x   x x 1
for x  1 and f is continuous at f  x    1 if x  2
0 if x  1
x  1 then f 1  

1) e 2) e-1 3) e-2 4) e2
then f is continuous on the set [EAM-05 ]
1  2 sin x  1) R 2) R  2
 , if x 

  4x 4 3) R  1 4) R  1, 2
7. If f ( x)    12. Let f be a non-zero real valued continuous
a , if x 
 4 function satisfying f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  for
 all x, y  R. If f(2)=9, then f(6)= (EAM-13)
is continuous at x  then a  1) 32 2) 36 3) 34 4) 33
4
13. If f :  2, 2  R is defined by
1) 4 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1/4
1  1  cx  1  cx
8. The discontinuous points of f  x  are  , for 2  x  0
log| x | x
f  x  
1) 0, 2 2) 1, 2 3) 0, 1 4) 0, 3 x3 , for 0  x  2
 x  1
9. Let f :R R be defined by
is continuous on  2,2 then c = (EAM-14)
 sin  x  3 3 2
  , if x0
1) 3 2) 3) 4)
 x 2 2 3
f  x   2 , if x0
1
 where
sin x  x 
   x0 p  qx
  x 3  , if 14. f ( x)  , s  1, q  1, r  0 , f  0   1 is
  1
x
rs
 x denotes the integral part of x . If f
left continuous at x  0 then
continuous at x  0 , then     [EAM - 12]
1) p  0 2) p  r 3) p  q 4) p  q
1) -1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2

38 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy

 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

 sin x , if x is rational
15. If f  x    cos x , if x is irrational
EXECISE-II

CONTINUITY AT A POINT
then the function is
x tan 2x
 1. The function f (x)  , for x  0, is
1) discontinuous at x  n  sin3x.sin5x
4
continuous at x  0 , then f  0 

2) continuous at x  n 
4 2 2 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
3) discontinuous at all x 13 17 11 15
4) continuous at all x 1  cos ax
2. If f (x)= , for x  0 , is continuous
16. f  x   x  x  1 is continuous at 1  cos bx
1) 0 only 2) 0,1 only at x  0 then f  0  
3) every where 4) no where
2
a2 a a a
EXECISE-I-KEY 1) 2) 2 3) 4) 2
2 b b b
1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1 5) 3 6) 1
7) 4 8) 3 9) 2 10) 2 11) 3 12) 2  sin 2 ax
 , for x  0
If the function f  x    x
2
13)1 14) 2 15) 2 16) 3 3.
1 , for x  0
EXECISE-I-HINTS 
cos ax  cos bx b2  a2 sin x is continuous at x  0 then a 
1. lim 2
 and lim 1
x0 x 2 x0 x 1 1
1) ±1 2) 0 3)  4) 
2. f ( x) is continuous at x  0 2 3
 2 x  2  16
3. Applying L-Hospital rule  x , for x  2
2
4. If the function f  x    4  16
e x .2 x  sin x 3 A , for x  2
f (0)  lim  
x0 2x 2 is continuous at x  2 , then A 
4. Use L-Hospital rule
1) 2 2)1/2 3) 1/4 4) 0
5. f (0)   2
1  (e kx  1).sin kx
6. lim ( x 1)  , for x  0
If f  x   
x 1
f (1)  e x1
x2
5.
7. Use L-Hospital rule 4 , for x  0

8. f ( x) is discontinuous at x  0, 1,1
is continuous at x  0 then k =
9.   0  2   1 1)  1 2)  2 3) 0 4)  3
   1      1
10. f  0  b x  x2  ....  xn  n
6. Let f  x   , x  1 , the
 

to define f 0 , a  2  b  1 . x 1
11. f ( x) is not continuous at 1 value of f 1 so that f is continuous at x=1
12. f(x) = 3x is
13. f 0   f 0 
n 1
14. Put x  h as h  0 1) n 2)
 2
15. sin x  cos x  x  n 
4 n  n  1 n  n  1
16. Everywhere
3) 4)
2 2
Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 39
 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV
7. The set of points of discontinuity of the 1) f ( x) is a polynomial 2) f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c
1
function f ( x )  2 3) f ( x )  ax 2  bx 4) f ( x)  ax  b
x  x 1
| x  3|
1)  2) R 3) {0} 4) R  14. The funcion f(x)= at x  3 , is
x3
8. If f : R  R defined by
1) Left continuous 2) Right continuous
1  3 x 2  cos 2 x 3) Continuous 4) Discontinuous
 , for x  0
f  x   x2 EXECISE-II-KEY
 k , for x  0
 1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 2 6) 3
is continuous at x  0 , then k  [EAM - 2010] 7) 1 8) 2 9) 4 10) 3 11) 3 12) 4
13) 3 14) 4
1) 1 2) 5 3) 6 4) 0
9. If f : R  R defined by EXECISE-II-HINTS
 2sin x  sin 2 x x tan 2 x 2
 , if x  0 1. f (0)  k  lim 
f  x    2 x cos x x0 sin 3x sin 5 x 15
then the
 a ,if x  0 a2
2. f (0) 
value of a so that f is continuous at x=0 is b2
[EAM - 2009]
1) 2 2) 1 3) -1 4) 0 sin 2 ax
3. lim 1
 1  kx  1  kx
x 0 x2
 , for  1  x  0
10. If f  x    2 x 4. A  lim f ( x)
x 2
2 x  3x  2 , for 0  x  1

is continuous at x  0 then k  2 x.22  16 22.2 x log 2
 Lim  Lim
1) –4 2) -3 3) -2 4) -1 x 2 4 x  16 x 2 4 x.log 4
CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL 42.log 2 1
 2
 log 4 2  log 22 21 
11. The interval on which f(x)= 1  x 2 is 4 .log 4 2

continuous in  e kx  1  sin kx
5. f (0)  lim  .  4  k2
1) (0,  ) 2) (1,  ) 3) [-1,1] 4) (-  ,-1)
x 0
 x  x

0, if x is irrational x  x 2  ....  x n  n   

12. The function f (x)   is 6. f 1  lim  from 
1, if x is rational x 1 x 1 0 
1) continuous at x  1 1  2 x  ....  nx n 1
 lim  1  2  ...  n
2) discontinuous only at 0 x 1 1
3) discontinuous only at 0,1 n  n  1

4) discontinuous everywhere 2
CONTINUITY OF SPECIAL TYPE 7. f ( x) is defined for any x  R
OF FUNCTIONS 8. Use L-Hospital's Rule
13. If f ( x) is a continuous function, then 9. Simplify
|x| 10. f ( x) is continuous at 0
lim f ( x ) exist if
x0 x 11. 1  x 2  0; x  [1,1]
40 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy
 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

12. If ' a ' is any real number, then every 1) 2 log a  b 2) 2 log b  e
neighbourhood of a contains infinitely many 3) log a  2 log b 4) a  b
rationals as well as irrationals. So f ( x) assumes  3  2
 x 2  sin 2 x , if x  0
values 0 and 1 in every neighbourhood of a and  
hence lim f ( x) does not exist.  x2  2 x  c 1
x a
5. f  x   2
, if x  0, x 
So, f is not continuous at any real number..  1  3x 3
 1
|x| |x| 0 , if x 
13. xlim  1 and lim  1 3
 0 x x0 x 
Also f ( x) is continuous then in order that f be continuous at x  0 ,
the value of c is
 Given limit can exist only if 1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
lim f ( x)  0
x 0 CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL
2
 f ( x)  ax  bx is the only choice 1, if x  0
14. f ( x) is not defined at x  3 
6. If f (x)   0, if x  0
 1, if x  0
LEVEL-II - EXECISE-I 
CONTINUITY AT A POINT and g ( x)  sin x  cos x, then points of
1. Let discontinuity of ( fog )( x) in (0, 2 ) are
 5  3  7 3 7 
 2n 1) 4 , 2) 4 , 3) 4 , 4) ,

 e x  1
, for x  0
4 4 4 4 4
n CONTINUITY OF SPECIAL TYPE
f  x    sin n  x / a  log 1   x / a  
 
 OF FUNCTIONS
n
16 , for x  0 7. If f  x  be a continuous function for all real
and f is a continuous at x=0, then the value values of x and satisfies
of a is x 2  x  f  x   2  2 3  3  3 f  x   0
1) 16 2) 2 3) 8 4) 4

x cos 1/ x , if x  0
x  R then the value of f  3  is
2. If f  x   is continuous 1) 2) 2  3  1
 0 , if x  0 3
at x  0 then 3) 2 3  1 4) 2 1  3 
1)   0 2)   0 3)   0 4)   0
8. Let f be a continuous function on R such that
 x 1  a cos x   b sin x
 , if x  0  1  2 n2
3. Let   
f x  x3 f    sin  en  e  n  2 . Then the
1  4n  n 1
 , if x  0
The values of a and b so that f is a continuous value of f  0  is
function at x=0, are 1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 0 4) 2
1) 5 / 2, 3 / 2 2) 5 / 2,  3 / 2 9. The function f  x   a  x  1  b  x  1 ,
5 3  a  0, b  0 where  x is the greatest
3) 5 / 2,  3 / 2 4)  ,
2 2
integer function is continuous at x  1 if
a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x, x  0
If f x    ax  b 1) a  2b 2) a  b
4.
e , x  0
3) a  b  0 4) a  2b  0
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then
Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 41
 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV

10. Let f ( x)  [2 x3  6] when [ x ] is greatest x 1 a cos x bsin x  0 

1  f  0  lim 3
,  form
integer less than or equal to x then the x0 x 0 
number of points in (1,2) where f is 1  a cos x   xa sin x  b cos x
 lim
discontinuous is x0 3x 2
1) 5 2) 7 3) 13 4) 12 1   a  b  cos x  xa sin x
 lim
 sin  x 
x0 3x 2
 , for  x   0
11. If f  x     x  is This limit will exist only if 1   a  b   0 .
0 , for  x   0   a  b  sin x  ax cos  a sin x
  lim
1) continuous at x  0
x0 6x
2) discontinuous at x  0 1  sin x  1
 lim  b  2a   a cos x   b  3a 
3) L.H.L=0 4) R.H.L=1 6 x  0
 x  6
12. If x  2 | y | 3 y , where y  f ( x) , then f ( x)  b  3a  6
is Solving a  b  1 and b  3a  6 , we
1) continuous everywhere get b  3/ 2 and a  5 / 2 .
2) differentiable everywhere
3) discontinuous at x  0 4. lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x 0 x 0
4) Not differentiable at anywhere
3 sin 2 x 2
5. lim f  x   lim sin 2 x 2  6 lim 6
 
2
13. f  x   min x, x , x  R then f  x  is x 0 x 0 x 2 x 0 2x2

1) discontinuous at 0 2) discontinuous at 1 x2  2 x  c c
lim f  x   lim  c
3) continuous on R 4) continuous at 0,1 x 0 x 0 1  3x2 1
EXECISE-I-KEY Hence for f to be continuous c  6 .
1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3 6) 4
 3 7
7) 4 8) 1 9) 3 10) 3 11) 2 12) 1  1, if 0 x or  x  2
4 4
13) 3 
 3 7
6. f ( g ( x))   0, if x ,
EXECISE-I-HINTS  4 4
 3 7
1. lim f  x   1, if x
x 0  4 4
2n n n
 ex 1   x / a   x / a Clearly ( fog )( x) is not continuous at
lim    n
 a2 n
 x  sin  x / a  log 1   x / a  
n
x0
  x
3 7
,
4 4
 a 2n
7. f  x  is continuous at x  3
since. f  0   lim
x 0
f  x  so
x2  2x  2 3  3
a 2 n  16n  42n thus a  4.  f  3  Lt
x 3
3x
2. Continuous when   0
3. Note that f is continuous everywhere 8. f  0   Ltx0 f  x 
except possibly at x  0 . For f to be continuous  1 
at x  0 , nLt f    0  1  1
 4n 

42 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy

 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

9. f 1  2a, lim f  x   a  b so CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL

x1
3. The value of f(0) so that the function
a  b  0 for f to be continuous at
1  cos(1  cos x)
x 1. f(x)= is continuous
x4
10. 1  x  2  1  x 3  8 everywhere is
 2  2 x3  16  4  2 x3  6  10 1 1 1 1
 [2 x3  6] is discontinuous at 1) 2) 3) 4)
-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 8 2 4 3

sin  1 4. The function y  3 x  x  1 is continuous at

11. L.H.L  lim  sin1
1) x  0 2) x  1 3) 0  x  1 4) x  0
x 0 1
 x  0 
  x   1 1cos4x
 , if x  0
 x2
R.H.L  0  x  0   x   0 


f  x  a , if x  0
5. If the function is
12. x  2 | y | 3 y 
 x
, if x  0
 x  2 y  3 y , y  0 and  16  x 4

x  2 y  3 y, y  0 continuous at x = 0 then a =
 x, x  0 1
 1) 8 2) 3) -8 4) 0
 y  x 8
 5 , x  0 1
  x  bx 2  2  x 12
 , if x0
Therefore, y is continuous everywhere but  bx 2
3

is not differentiable at x  0 . 
f ( x)   c , if x  0
2 6.  Sin(a  1) x  sin x
13. x  x  x  0, x  1  , if x  0
 x

 x for x  0
 is continuous at x = 0 then
f  x    x 2 for 0  x  1
 x for x  1 3 1 3 1
 1) a  , b  0, c  2) a  , b  0, c 
2 2 2 2
EXECISE-II 3 1 3 1
3) a  , b  0, c  4) a  , b  0, c  
CONTINUITY AT A POINT 2 2 2 2
a
a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2  |sin x| 
1. If f  x  is  (1 | sin x |) , if   x0
ax  ax  6
7. If f ( x)  b , if x0 is
continuous at x  0 then f  0    tan 2x
 e tan3x 
1) a 2)  a 3) a a 4)  a a , if 0 x
 6
 72x  9x  8x 1
 , if x  0 continuous at x = 0 then
2. If f  x    2  1  cos x is a
 K log 2log3, if x  0
 1) a  e2 / 3 , b  2 / 3 2) a  2 / 3, b  e 2/ 3
continuous function, then K is equal to
1) 2 2) 24 3) 18 3 4) 24 2 3) a  1/ 3, b  e1/ 3 4) a  e1/ 3 , b  e1/ 3

Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 43

 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV

CONTINUITY OF SPECIAL TYPE 72 x  9 x  8x  1

OF FUNCTIONS  lim f  x   lim
x0 x 0 2  1  cos x
1/ x 1/ x
e e
8. Let f  x   g  x 
e1/ x  e 1/ x
, where g is a
 lim
9 x
 18x  1 x2
x 0 x2 2 1  cos x / 2 
continuous function then lim f  x  exist if
x 0
2
1) g  x   x  2 2) g  x   x  4 2 9 x  1 8x  1 16  x / 4 
 lim 
x0 x x 2  2sin 2 x / 4
3) g  x   xh  x  , h  x  is a polynomial
16
4) g  x  is a constant function  log 9 log 8
2 2
9. The function f(x)=  cosx  is 8
 6 log 3log 2  24 2 log 3log 2
 2
1) continuous at x 
2
 Thus K  24 2 .
2) discontinuous at x 
2
 2
3) L.H.L= -1 at x  1  co s 1  co s x  1  co s x 
2 lim
 3. x 0
1  co s x 2 x4
4) R.H.L= 1 at x 
2
1 2
10. The function f  x  2 is 1  cos 1  cos x   1  cos x  
x 3 x 2 = xlim  
discontinuous at the points
0 1  cos x 2  x 2 
1) x  1, 2 2) x  1,  2 1 1  lim 1  cos x 1 
3) R 4) R  1, 2   x0   ( formula )
2 4 x2 2
x x
11 Let a function f be defined by f  x   1
x 
8
for x  0 and f  0   2 , then f is
1) continuous no where 4. lim f x  lim 3 x  x  1
x 0 x 0
2) continuous every where  0  1  1
3) continuous for all x except x  1
4) continuous for all x except x  0 Since lim f  x   f  0 
x 0
1  f  x  is continuous for x  0
12. If f ( x)  then the points of discontinuity
1 x
1  cos 4 x
of ( f 0 f 0 f )( x ) is 5. a  lim 8
x 0 x2
1) {0,1} 2) {0, 1} 3) {1} 4) {1}
6. lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (0)
x0 
EXECISE-II-KEY x 0

1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 4 5) 1 6) 2 7. lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f  0

x0 x0
7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 2 11) 4 12) 1
e  e 1/ x
1/ x
1  e2 / x
EXECISE-II-HINTS 8. lim  lim 1
x 0 e
1/ x
 e1/ x x 0 1  e 2 / x
1. f  0   lim f  x  and rationalise or use L.H. rule e1/ x  e1/ x e2 / x  1
x0 lim 1/ x 1/ x  lim 2 / x  1
x0 e e x 0 e 1
2. K log 2log 3  f  0 
44 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy
 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY
1) continuous at x   2
Hence lim f  x  exists if g  x   xh  x  2) not continuous at x   2
x 0
3) differentiable at x  2
where h  x  is a continuous function. If 4) continuous but not diferentiable at x  2
(256  ax )1/8  2
g  x   a  a  0  then 2. Let f ( x )  . If f is
(32  bx )1/5  2
lim f  x  a, lim f  x  a . Thus continuous at x  0 ,then the value of a / b is
x0 x0
8 32 64 16
1) f (0) 2) f (0) 3) f (0) 4) f (0)
lim f  x  does not exist if f  x   x  2 5 5 5 5
x 0
3. If f n ( x ) be continuous at
or x 2  4 or is a constant function. x  0, f (0)  0, f 1 (0)  0 and

L.H .L  lim  cos x   0 2 f ( x )  3af (2 x )  bf (8 x )

9. 
lim ,
x
2
x 0 sin 2 x
exists then the values of a and b are
R.H .L  lim  cos x   1
x
 7 1
2 1) a  , b  2) a  1, b  1
9 3
10. f  x  is discontinuous when 3) a  b   1 4) a   1, b  1
2 4. The values of a and b if f is continuous at
x 2  3 x  2  0  x  3 x  2  0  x  1, 2 x  0 , where
2, if x  0  ax  bx3 1/ x
  1  , if x0
11.
f  x   0, if x  0 f  x    x2 
2, if x  0 
 3 , if x0
Thus xlim f  x   2  0  lim f  x  . 1) a  0, b  log 3 2) a  1, b  log 2
0  x 0 3) a  2, b  log 3 4) a  0, b  log 2
Hence, f is continuous every where except at
log 1 x  x2   log 1 x  x2 
x 0. 5. Let f  x  ,
sec x  cos x
1
12. f ( x)  x  0 . Then the value of f  0  so that f is
1 x continuous at x  0 is
1 1  x x 1 1) 1 2) 0 3) 2 4) -1
( fof )( x)   
1 x x sin cos x  cos x 
1  3
, if x 
1 x
If f  x   
   2x 2
1 6.  
( fofof )( x)  x , if x 
x 1  k 2
1
x

( fofof )( x ) is discontinuous at x  0, x  1 . is continuous at x  , then k =
2
1 1 1
LEVEL-III 1) 0 2)  3)  4) 
6 24 48
CONTINUITY AT A POINT log(2  x)  x 2 n sin x
7. If f ( x)  lim then f ( x)
 | x2|
n  1  x2n
 1 , if x  2 is discontinuous at
1. If f (x)   tan ( x  2) then, f ( x) is 1) x  1 only 2) x   1 only
2 , if x   2
 3) x   1,1 only 4) no point
Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 45
 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV

8. Let f : R  R be given by 2
bx  a , if x  1
12. If f ( x)   , If f 1 ( x ) is
5 x, if x  Q 2
ax  bx  2, if x  1
f  x   2 then
 x  6, if x  R  Q continuous everywhere. Then the equation
1) f is continuous at x  2 and x  3 whose roots are a and b is
2) f is discontinuous at x  2 and x  3
1) x 2  3x  2  0 2) x 2  3x  2  0
3) f is contininuous at x  2 but not at x  3
4) f is continuous at x  3 but not at x  2 3) x 2  3x  2  0 4) x 2  5 x  6  0

CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL log 1  x 2 

13. Let f  x   . Then
x 4  26 x 2  25
 A  3cos x
 , if x  0 1) f is continuous on  6,10
 x2
If f  x   2) f is continuous on  2, 2
B tan    , if x  0 Where .
9.  
3) f is continous on  6,6
 
   x  3  4) f is continuous on 1, 7
represents the greatest integer function, is 14. If . denotes the greatest integer function
continuous at x  0 Then then the number of points where
3  1  2
1) A  3, B   3 2) A  3, B   f  x    x    x     x   is
2  3  3
discontinuous for x   0,3 are
3 3
3) A  3, B   4) A   , B  3 1) 2 2) 9 3) 8 4) 10
2 2
x  x , if o  x  3
1 sin3 x  15. f  x   x 1 x , if 3  x  4 where  x is the
 3cos2 x , if x  2   

  greatest integer function. The function f  x is
10. If f  x  a , if x  ,
 2 1) Continuous and differentiable at x  3
b(1 sin x) 
 (  2x)2 , if x  2 2) Continuous at x  1, 2, 3

3) Continuous but not differentiable at x  3
 4) discontinuous at x  1, 2, 3
so that f ( x) is continuous at x  , then
2 16. If the function
1) a  1/ 2 2) b  5 3) a  1 4) b   4
 ( x  5)3 
a | x 2
15x  56 |  A  sin( x  5)  a cos( x  2)
f ( x) 
 , if x  9
 
 x 8
where [.] denotes the greatest integer
11. If f ( x)   b , if x  9 ,
function, is continuous and differentiable in
 x  [ x] , if x  9
 (7,9), then
 x 8 1) A [8, 64] 2) A (0,8]
where [.] denotes greatest integer function 3) A [64, ) 4) A  [8,16]
and the function is continuous then 17. The function
1  x2  ax  3, if x is rational
1) a  , b  1 2) a  0, b  1 f  x   , is
2 2  x, if x is irrational
1 1 continuous at exactly two points then the
3) a  , b  1 4) a  , b   1 possible values of ‘a’ are
2 2
1)  2, 2)  , 3 3)  , 1  3,  4) R
46 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy
 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

18. A point where the function f  x  is not 24. The function f  x   cos1  cos x  is
1) Continuous at x  
continuous when f  x   sin  x  in  0, 2  2) Discontinuous x  
([.] denotes greatest integer  x ) is 3) Discontinuous at x  
1)  3,0  2)  2,0  3) 1,0  4)  4, 1 4) f  x   x ,  x  R
19. Let f  x   sgn  x  and 25. The function f ( x )  [ x ]2  [ x 2 ] (where [y] is
the largest integer  y ) is discontinuous at
 
g  x   x x 2  5 x  6 . The function f  g  x   1) all integers
is discontinuous at 2) all integers except 0 and 1
1) infinitely many points 2) exactly one point 3) all integers except 0
3) exactly three points 4) no point 4) all integers except 1
2
20. Consider the function f  x   x  x  x , 1  2 
26. If f  x   then f  is
1  x  2. The points of discontinuities of 2
x  17 x  66  x2
f  x  for x   1,2 are discontinuous at x is equal to
1) x  0,1 2) x  1, 2 7 25 8 24
1) 2, , 2) 2, ,
1 3 11 3 11
3) x  0, ,1 4) no points of discontinuities
2 7 24
2 3) 2, , 4) 2,6,11
x  kx  1 3 11
21. If the function f(x)= is
x2  k 27. The function f  x   2sgn  2 x   2 has
Continuous for every x  R Then
1) Jump discontinuity
1) k  [ 2, 0) 2) k  (0,  )
2) Removable discontinuity
3) k  (  , 0) 4) k  R
3) Infinite discontinuity
CONTINUITY OF SPECIAL TYPE OF 4) No discontinuity at x  0
FUNCTIONS
28. f  x   Sg n  x3  x  is discontinuous at x 
 x3 
22. The function defined by f  x    1   where
1) 0 2) 1 3) - 1 4) 0, -1, 1
. denotes the greatest integer function, is 29. If f  x   Sg n  2sin x  a  is continuous for all
1 x then the possible values of ‘ a ’ are
1) Discontinuous for x  n 3 where n is any integer
1) R 2) a  2 or a  2
3 3)  2,2  4)  0,  
2) f    1
2 30. If f : R  R is a function defined by
1
3) f  x   1for  1  x  1  2x 1 
f  x    x  cos    , where [x] denotes
4) Continuous on R  2 
   1 1  the greatest integer function, then f is
 |x| x  , if x  0
23. If f (x)  xe , then f (x) is [AIEEE - 2012]
 0 , if x  0 1) Continuous for every real x
2) discontinuous only at x  0
1) continuous for all x , but is not differentiable
3) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values
2) neither differentiable nor continuous of x .
3) discontinuous everywhere 4) continuous only at x  0 .
4) continuous as well as differentiable for all x

Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 47

 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV
31. The values of p and q for which the function Use L-Hospital rule
7
 1
(256  ax) 8 .a
 sin  p  1 x  sin x 8
 , if x  0  lim 4
 f (0)
x 0 1
 x 5
(32  bx) .b
f  x   q , if x  0 5
 a 64
 x  x2  x On simplify,  . f (0)
 3
, if x  0 b 5
 x2 3. Use L-Hospital rule and Equating Nr  0
is continuous for all x in R , is [AIEEE - 2011]
1] then, 3a  b  2  0  (1)
5 1 3 1  3a  4b  1  0  (2)
1) p  , q  2) p   , q  7 1
2 2 2 2
Solving (1) and (2) , a  , b 
1 3 1 3 9 3
3) p  , q  4) p  , q   7 1
2 2 2 2
Solving (1) and (2) , a  , b 
2n 9 3
32. If f  x   xLt

 sin x  , then f(x) is
4. lim f ( x)  f (0)
1) discontinuous at x   / 2 x0
1/ x
2) continous at x   / 2  ax  bx3 
3) discontinuous at x   / 2  lim  1   3
x 0
 x2 
4) discontinuous at infinite number of points
LEVEL-III-KEY  a 
1/ x

1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 1 5) 1 6) 4  lim  1   bx   3
x 0
 x 
7) 3 8) 1 9) 3 10) 1 11) 1 12) 2
L.H.S. is exist when a  0
13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 16) 3 17) 3 18) 4
19) 3 20) 4 21) 1 22) 1 23) 1 24) 1  lim(1  bx)1/ x  3
x 0
25) 4 26) 3 27) 2 28) 4 29) 2 30) 1
 e6  3  b  log 3e
31) 2 32) 4
5. For f to be continuous at x  0
LEVEL-III-HINTS
f  0   lim f  x 
x 0
| x2|
1. lim  f ( x)  lim 
x  2
1
x   2 tan ( x  2) log 1  x  x 2   log 1  x  x 2 
 lim
( x  2)
x0 sec x  cos x
 lim   1
1
x   2 tan ( x  2)

1  lim

log 1  x 2   x 2
2
 cos x
 tan x  x0 1  cos x 2

 xlim
x
 1
 0  
log 1   x 2  x 4   cos x
| x2|  lim 2
lim f ( x)  lim
x 0 sin x
1
x  2 x   2 tan ( x  2)

x2  lim

log 1   x 2  x 4   x2
 lim 1
1 x 0 x 2  x4 sin 2 x
x   2 tan ( x  2)
 1  x 2  cos x  1
 lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x 2
sin  cos x   cos x
(256  ax)1/ 8  2 k  lim
2. lim  f (0) 6.  3
x 0 (32  bx)1/ 5  2 x
2
  2x 
48 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy
 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

   2a  1  b
sin 3   x 
sin  cos x   cos x 2  12. xlim f '( x)  lim f '( x)
 k  lim 3
 3
 1 x 1
x

2
 cos x  
8  x 

 lim 2bx  lim 2ax  b
 2  x  1 x 1

 2b   2a  b
1 1 1
k     b   2 a  2 a  b
6 8 48
 f ( x) is also continuous
 sin x  x 1
 limx 0 x 3
 
6  lim bx 2  a  lim ax 2  bx  2
x  1 x  1

7. f ( x) is discontinuous at x  1 or x   1  b  a  a  b  2  2a  2
8. f is continuous when 5 x  x 2  6  a 1 b  2
 x2  5x  6  0 Equation is x 2  3 x  2  0
 x  2,3 log 1  x 2 
 A3 3 3 3 13. f  x   x 2  25 x 2  1
9. lim f  x  lim  2   x2  x4 .....
   
x0 x0
 x 2! 4! 6! 
For this limit to exist, we must have A  3  0


log 1  x 2 
and in that case, we have  x  5 x  5  x  1 x  1
3
lim f  x    Now,,
x 0  2 2

since log 1  x is continuous on  ,   , so
    f is continuous on R ~ 5, 1,1,5 which
lim f  x   lim B tan    B tan  B 3
 
x0 x0
  x  3  3
clearly contains the interval  6, 10 .
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  0  14. f  x   3x  is discontinuous when 3x  an
x0 x0

1  sin 3 x b(1  sin x) integer

 lim  lim a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10. x
 3cos x
2
x
 (  2 x) 2  x  , , , , , , ,   0,3 
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
By L-Hospital rule
0 ; 0  x 1
3sin2 x.cos x b cos x 
 lim  lim a
x
 6cos x sin x
x
 2(  2x)  2 x ; 1 x  2
2 2 
15. f  x   2 x ; 2 x3
sin x b sin x 3 x  1 ;
  
 lim  lim a 3 x 4
x
 2 x
 8
2 2 1 2 ; x4
1 b 1
  a a  16. [ x ] is not continuous & differentiable at
2 8 2
integral values (points) so f ( x) continuous
11. xlim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (9)
 9 x 9
 ( x  5)3 
a | x 2  15 x  56 | x  [ x] and differentiable in (7,9) if  A   0
 lim  lim b  
x 9 x 8 x 9 x 8
 A  (9  5)3
a( x  7)( x  8) x 8
 lim  lim b  A  64  A  [64, )
x 9 x 8 x 9 x  8

Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 49

 CONTINUITY JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV

17. f  x  is continuous when x 2  ax  3  2  x However, at points x other than integers and not
lying between 0 and 2 , f ( x)  0
 x 2   a  1 x  1  0 . This must have two
2
distinct roots    0 26. u  is discontinuous at x  2
x2
2
  a  1  4  0 1 1
f u   2
 is
18. x  [1, 4) . The value of f  x  is zero u  17u  66  u  11 u  6 
x  [4, 2 ) . The value of f  x  is -1. discontnuous at u  6,11
19. It is discontinuous at x  0, 2, 3 2 7 24
  6,11  x  ,
x2 3 11
20. It is everywhere continuous.
21. x 2  kx  1  0 and x 2  k must not have any real 27. f  x   2 sgn  2 x   2
root 2x x
2
 2.  2  2.  2
k  4  0 & k  0 2x x
 k   2, 2 and k  0
f 0  2
 k  [2, 0)
22. f  x  is discontinuous when x 3  n; n  Z  
f 0  2  1  2  4
1
 x  n3 f  0   2  1  2  4
3 3
f     1  1 f  0   f  0   f  0 
2
1  f  x  has removable discontinuity
for x  1,0 f  x   1  1
  f  x  0
1
0 28. f  x  is discontinuous when x 3  x  0
for x  0,1 f  x   1  1 
 x  0,  1 ,1
23. | x | is not differentiable at x  0
| x | is continuous at x  0 29. Function continuous for all x
a
2  x for  2  x    2sin x  a  0  sin x 
x 2
 for    x  0
f  x  cos1  cos x    a
24. for 0  x     1  a  2 (or) a  2
x 2
2  x for   x  2
30.   x sin  x is continuous for every real x .
f  x  is continuous at x   , 
25. Clearly, f ( x )  0 for each integral value of x . 31. Use L-Hospital's rule.
32. If
Also, if 0  x  1, then 0  x 2  1, n
f  x   Lt  sin 2 x 
 [ x]  0 and [ x 2 ]  0 x 

 f ( x)  0 for 0  x  1  
Again, if 1  x  2 then 1  x  2 2 1, if x   2n 1 2 , n  z

 [ x]  1,[ x 2 ]  1 0, if x   2n 1  , n  z
 2
 f ( x)  0 for 1  x  2
 f ( x)  0 is continuous at x  1
50 Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy
 JEE-MAIN-JR-MATHS VOL-IV CONTINUITY

1 sin x  1 sin x 1
LEVEL-IV s) If f (x)  5) is
x 2
sin [ x]  continuous everywhere then f(0) =
1. Assertion(A) : f ( x )  is continuous
1  x2 Then the correct match for List - I from
on R. where [x] & {x} denotes greatest
List - II
integer function and fractional part of x. p q r s
Reason (R): Every constant function is 1) 1 2 3 4
2) 4 3 1 2
continuous on R 3) 2 4 5 3
4) 2 4 1 5
1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
4. List - I List - II
explanation of A p) f(x) = [x] is continuous on 1) R
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct q) f(x) = |x| is continuous on 2) R - Z
explanation of A | x2|
r) f ( x)  is continuous on 3) R – {2}
3) A is true but R is false x2
Then the correct match for List - I from
4) R is true but A is false List - II
1 e1/x  p q r
2. Assertion(A): f ( x)  x  1/ x , (x  0), 1) 1 2 3
1 e  2) 1 3 2
3) 2 1 3
f(0) = 0 is continuous at x = 0. 4) 2 3 1
Reason(R) : A function is said to be  2 1
 x sin   , if x  0
continuous at ‘a’ if both limits are exists 5. Assertion(A) : f ( x)    x is
 0, if x  0
and equal to f(a). 
1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct continuous at x = 0
Reason(R):
explanation of A  1
 sin   , if x  0
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct Both h(x)  x2 , g (x)    x
explanation of A  0, if x  0

3) A is true but R is false are continuous at x = 0
4) R is true but A is false 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
3. Match the following : explanation of A
List - I List - II 2) Both A and R are true and R is not the
p) The no.of points of 1) 0 correct explanation of A
discontinuityof the function 3) A is true but R is false 4) R is true but A is false
1 LEVEL-IV-KEY
f ( x)  is
log | x | 1) 1 2) 1 3) 3 4) 3 5) 3
q) If f(x) = (x+1)cosecx 2) 3 LEVEL-IV-HINTS
is continuous at x=0 1. A is true, R is true and R  A
then f(0)= sin n  0, for n  z
2. lim f  x   lim f  x 
 
cos x  sin x x 0 x0
r) f ( x )  , 3) 1 3. Simplify
cos 2 x

4.  x is continuous on R - Z
x  If f is continuous on 4) e x is continuous on R
4
    5. A is true but R is not correct
0, 4  then f  4   g  x   doesnot exists
because, lim
x 0
Velammal Bodhi IIT Academy 51