Fabrication of Multi nut Tightner

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

Under the guidance of----------------------------

2006-2007
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
 Register number: _________________________

This is to certify that the project report titled “multi nut tighner” submitted
by the following students for the award of the degree of bachelor of engineering is
record of bonafide work carried out by them.

Done by

Mr. /Ms._______________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree in

Diploma/Engineering in Mechanical Engineering

During the Year – (20__-20__)

_________________ _______________
Head of Department Guide

Coimbatore –641651.
Date:

Submitted for the university examination held on ___________

_________________ ________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our

project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved chairman
…………………………………………………, who provided all the
facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal
………………………………………, for forwarding us to do our
project and offering adequate duration in completing our project.
 We are also grateful to the Head of Department Prof.
…………………………………….., for her constructive suggestions &
encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere

thanks to our guide ……………………………………………………..,
Department of Mechanical for her kind guidance & encouragement
during this project.
We also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING and NON
TEACHING staffs of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT,……………………….(COLLEGE NAME).

CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO PARTICULAS PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE

5. DESIGN AND DRAWINGS

6. LIST OF MATERIAL

7. COST ESTIMATION

8. APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGED AND

DISADVANTAGES

9. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY

CHAPTER-1
 SYNOPSIS

Essentially, most of cars use 4 to 5 lug nuts to fix wheels on cars. The traditional way to

change a car’s wheel tire is to unscrew the locking lug nuts one by one using a lug wrench.

However, sometimes it can be so exhausting and time consuming. In this project our aim is to

design and fabrication of four wheel nut removing hand operated tool for tightening and

removing of four nuts in one stroke. With the increment of number of car on the road, the

number of cars problem due to tyre failure has increased. Often, the car is provided with tyre

wheel nuts remover and jack for instance spare tyre replacement. Nevertheless, due to difficulty

in applying torque to remove nut and to save a time. We develop tool having a gear planetary

mechanism. In our project we are tried to focus on the minimization of human effort for fixing

all for nuts of 120mm PCD wheel in one time. The main objective of work is to develop a single

tool, which can be made use during assembling and disassembling of wheels in automobiles. It

can be successfully used as standard tool irrespective of the model of the vehicle. Also it can be

used garages, workshops and service stations. The remover is designed to be ergonomic to be

used, easy maintenance, easy storage, easy to handled and able to remove all nuts at once.
 CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION

CAR is not a symbol of luxurious anymore. It is a need for every family. People need car
due to several reasons. Some of them are, to get to a destination, to travel conveniently, to do
daily job and to move things to a greater distance. The problem occurs the most during car
operation is the problem with tyre puncture. The flat tyre needed to be replaced with spare tyre.
Therefore, drivers need to know basic knowledge of tyre replacement procedure if such problem
occurs. In order to change the flat tyre, one requires minimal skills. Virtually every car has a tyre
replacement tools such as the L-shaped nut remover and jack supplied by the manufacturer.
The tool used to remove the wheel nuts should be designed for ergonomic, easy to handle
and requires small space for storage. The tool is also function as wheel nuts tightener.
Nonetheless, it is difficult for women and the elderly drivers due to high required torque to
remove the wheel nuts. In addition, if the nuts are successfully removed, the problem to retighten
the nuts will follow. If the required torque is not applied in tightening the nuts, the nuts will lose,
and this will jeopardize the driver’s safety.
Impact wrench used to remove wheel nuts is also consuming time in automotive
maintenance industry. For these reasons, to avoid time wasting and a lot of energy used to
change the tyre, a special tool is designed and fabricated to allow driver or mechanic to remove
four wheel nuts at once with little energy consumption. The design is based on standard PCD of
100 mm for most of the cars available

Vehicle is an important machine in human daily life. Nowadays, each family has at least

one car to make the transportation easier and faster. For a car, the tool set-up for each vehicle is a

T-nut wrench and car Jacky which is hard to use for a women or teen to open their car’s nut. One

of the problems of a vehicle is tire problem. If the vehicle tires have some problem then the user

must remove the tires and fix the problem. And for a car user, it’s difficult to remove tire’s nut

especially for women users. The disadvantages are waste of time and force needed. In India and

other countries automotive market there is no tool that is easy to use to remove the nuts. The

time to open a car’s tire nut is too long and the car user’s time is wasted with utilization of high

force and especially this is big hurdle for women users. To overcome the waste of time and high

force needed, a tool have been designed to remove four nuts of a tire in single time with

decremented applied force. CAR is not a symbol of luxury anymore. It is a need for every

family. People need car due to several reasons. Some of them are, to go to a destination, to travel

conveniently, to do daily job and to move things to a greater distance. The problem occurs the

most during car operation is the problem with tire puncture. The punctured tire needed to be

replaced with spare tire. Therefore, drivers need to know basic knowledge of tire replacement

procedure if such problem occurs. In order to change the tire, one requires minimal skills.
Virtually every car has a tire replacement tools such as the L-shaped nut remover and jack

supplied by the manufacturer accurate tensioning of a screw is necessary. It has moreover been

found that, at the high speeds used, ratchet couplings also apply a powerful shock action and are

therefore likewise unsuitable for tightening expansion screws. Engineering in general, and

Mechanical engineering in particular, deals with a wide spectrum of products, ranging from large

and complex systems comprising of numerous elements down to a single component. The

service offered by an automobile maintenance and repair. Garage would be a typical example

from mechanical Engineering. Even computer software could be treated as an engineering

product. It is also created using engineering knowledge and skills. In the following, the term

product when used alone denotes the object to be designed and made with the help of

engineering knowledge and skills, irrespective of whether it is a large system, a simple machine,

a component or a service. A complex product can be sub divided into sub-assemblies or sub

system, component etc. Frequently the planning, layout and design of a complex multi element

product is an interdisciplinary effort, requiring the expertise and skills not only of several

engineering specialization but even non engineering ones. It is always preferable that our work

should be easy and fast. But easy and fast working requires some technical skills to work

efficiency and properly.

 CHAPTER-3

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The components used in this project are:

1. Gear
2. Bearing
3. Shaft
4. Box Spanner
Box Spanner

A "spanner box" refers to a container or kit designed to hold spanners (also known as wrenches
in some regions). Spanners are tools used for gripping, fastening, tightening, or loosening nuts,
bolts, and other fasteners. A spanner box typically includes a variety of spanner sizes to
accommodate different sizes of nuts and bolts, ensuring that the user has the right tool for
various tasks.
Spanner boxes can be made of metal, plastic, or other durable materials and may come in
different forms such as:
Roll-up Pouches: Made of fabric, these pouches have individual slots for each spanner. They can
be rolled up for compact storage and are portable.
Plastic Cases: Hard plastic cases with molded slots for each spanner, offering protection and
organization. These cases often have a locking mechanism for secure storage.
Metal Boxes: Similar to plastic cases but made of metal, offering enhanced durability and often
used in professional settings.
Tool Chests or Cabinets: Larger storage solutions that include drawers specifically designed for
spanner sets among other tools. These are common in workshops and garages.
Magnetic Holders: Some spanner boxes incorporate magnetic holders to keep spanners securely
in place, which can be particularly useful in mobile environments.
When choosing a spanner box, consider factors like the variety of spanner sizes you need, the
material and durability of the box, and how portable you need it to be.

Bearings:
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it
may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts.
Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified
broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads
(forces) applied to the parts.
 Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical
systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure
supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a
hole. Lubrication is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce
sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located
between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists
to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability,
durability and performance.
The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear";a bearing being a machine element
that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces,
cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and
location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine
part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are
very precise devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current
technology.

TYPES OF BEARINGS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

1. BALL BEARINGS:

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing which uses balls to maintain the
separation between the moving parts of the bearing.

The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and
axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the
loads through the balls. Usually one of the races is held fixed. As one of the bearing races
rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much
lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were rotating on each other.

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-
element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they
can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.
 Compared to other rolling-element bearings, the ball bearing is the least expensive,
primarily because of the low cost of producing the balls used in the bearing. There are
several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various trade-offs. They can be made
from many different materials, including: stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic. A
hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and races of metal.

1.1. Single-row ball bearing:

a) General:

The rigid bearing with a row of balls is a bearing presenting a very good
performance/price ratio; it is relatively universal.

b) Aptitudes:

It has a good capacity to support the radial loads and also the axial loads in the two
directions. It presents a swivelling and exists in an instrumented version making it possible
in particular to determine the rotational speed of the shaft.

c) Uses:

This type of bearing is used in all the fields of mechanical engineering in general
(flaps, bearings of jet engines, transmissions of helicopters, on-board equipment...). It is
available with a segment which allows an axial immobilization without any retaining wall in
the housing.
1.2. Double-row ball bearing:

a) General:

These bearings require a good coaxiality between the shaft and the housing.

b) Aptitudes:

This type of bearing allows strong radial and axial loads in the two directions.

A preferential way is sometimes noticed, in case of filling notches. This bearing can be
installed alone or together with another bearing (where alignment is necessary).

c) Uses

This type of bearing is used in pumps, reducers (wheel and screw), equipment...
1.3. Double-row self-aligning ball bearing:

a) General:

The self-aligning ball bearing has two rows of balls and a common concave sphered
raceway in the outer ring. The bearing is consequently self-aligning and insensitive to
angular misalignments of the shaft relative to the housing.

b) Aptitudes:

Self-aligning ball bearings with extended inner ring are designed for less demanding
applications using commercial grade shafting. The special bore tolerance allows easy
mounting and dismounting.

c) Uses

It is particularly suitable for applications where considerable shaft deflections or

misalignment are to be expected.

Additionally, the self-aligning ball bearing has the lowest friction of all rolling
bearings, which allows it to run cooler even at high speeds.
Self-aligning ball bearings with extended inner ring are axially located on the shaft by
means of a pin or shouldered screw, which engages in a slot at one side of the inner ring and
also prevents the inner ring from turning on the shaft.

When two self-aligning ball bearings with extended inner ring are used to support a
shaft, they should be positioned so that the inner ring slots either face each other, or are at
the outboard positions of the bearings.

If this is not the case, the shaft is axially located in one direction only.

1.4. Single and double -row angular contact bearing:

a) General:

Angular contact ball bearings have raceways in the inner and outer rings that are
displaced with respect to each other in the direction of the bearing axis. This means that they
are designed to accommodate combined loads, i.e. simultaneously acting radial and axial
loads.

b) Aptitudes:

The axial load carrying capacity of angular contact ball bearings increases with
increasing contact angle.
 The contact angle is defined as the angle between the line joining the points of contact
of the ball and the raceways in the radial plane, along which the load is transmitted from one
raceway to another, and a line perpendicular to the bearing axis.

The contact angle varies from 15° to 40° and is measured relative to a line running
perpendicular to the bearing axis. Angular contact bearings are unidirectional thrust bearings
that can withstand heavy thrust loads and moderate radial loads.

See below: Single angular contact bearing.

c) Uses:

Angular contact bearings can have a number of different styles of seals or shielding.
Seals and shields provide protection from contamination and as a retainer for lubricant.

Seals provide better protection and lubricant containment than shields, but have
lower maximum speed capabilities.

Bearings with ball screw support are specially designed for use in ball screw or lead
screw applications.

Some bearings may also be flanged. Angular contact bearings may have a variety of
lubrication options.
 See below: Double-row angular contact bearing.

2. ROLLER BEARINGS:

Roller bearings are one of the most widely used industrial bearings. They are called as
roller bearings because they are able to carry a load by placing round elements between the
two pieces. With the movement of the two pieces, these round elements roll, thereby helping
to carry the load.

Most roller bearings use cylinder whose length is slightly greater than its diameter.
Roller bearings have higher radial load capacity compared to ball bearings but higher
friction and a low axial capacity under axial loads.

2.1. Applications of roller bearings:

Roller bearings are used in rotary applications to replace sliding movement with low
friction, rolling.

Automated roller bearing setting techniques offer many advantages like reduced setting
time, assembly cost, and and reliable setting. To select the right roller bearing, one must
determine the desired bearing life and a sufficient basic dynamic load rating to meet that life
requirement.
 Roller bearings are used in power generation, wind turbines, gear drives, rolling mills,
machine tool spindles, gear reduction units etc.

Roller bearings are the earliest known type of rolling-element-bearing.

2.2. One row, two row cylindrical bearings:

a) General:

This type of bearing supports axial loads only in one direction. They are thus generally
used in pairs, opposing each other. Their play must be regulated in order to obtain a good
rigidity for the connection. They can also be installed side by side.

Conical tapered roller bearings:

a) General:

These bearings consist of an internal ring (the cone), conical rollers spaced by a cage
and an external ring (the basin) separated from the rest. They support the axial loads only in
one direction and are generally installed in pairs, opposing each other. Their play must be
adjusted.

b) Aptitudes:
 They are bearings adapted to the high axial and radial loads, but they do not support
high rotational speeds. For high axial loads, a bearing with a significant contact angle, which
can vary from 10° to 30°, is used.

c) Uses:

They are installed in reducers, wheels of the landing gear, etc

Gear
This article is about mechanical gears. For other uses, see Gear (disambiguation).
For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain, see Sprocket.
"Geared" redirects here. For the video game, see Geared (video game).

Two meshing gears transmitting rotational motion. Note that the smaller gear is rotating faster.
Since the larger gear is rotating less quickly, its torque is proportionally greater. One subtlety of
this particular arrangement is that the linear speed at the pitch diameter is the same on both gears.
Multiple reducer gears in microwave oven (ruler for scale)

Cast iron mortise wheel with wooden cogs (powered by an external water wheel) meshing with a
cast iron gear wheel, connected to a pulley with drive belt. Oil mill in Storkensohn (Haut-Rhin),
France.
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel,
inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. Geared
devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears almost always
produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus
may be considered a simple machine. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same
shape. Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or
a transmission. A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack,
producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed, belt pulley system. An
advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
When two gears mesh, if one gear is bigger than the other, a mechanical advantage is produced,
with the rotational speeds, and the torques, of the two gears differing in proportion to their
diameters.
In transmissions with multiple gear ratios—such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars—the term
"gear" as in "first gear" refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term
describes similar devices, even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when
the device does not actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.
History
Early examples of gears date from the 4th century BC in China (Zhan Guo times – Late
East Zhou dynasty), which have been preserved at the Luoyang Museum of Henan
Province, China. The earliest preserved gears in Europe were found in the Antikythera
mechanism, an example of a very early and intricate geared device, designed to
calculate astronomical positions. Its time of construction is now estimated between 150 and 100
BC.[4] Gears appear in works connected to Hero of Alexandria, in Roman Egypt circa AD 50,
[5] but can be traced back to the mechanics of the Alexandrian school in 3rd-century
BC Ptolemaic Egypt, and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287–212
BC).[6]

Single-stage gear reducer

The segmental gear, which receives/communicates reciprocating motion from/to a cogwheel,
consisting of a sector of a circular gear/ring having cogs on the periphery,[7] was invented by
Arab engineer Al-Jazari in 1206.[8] The worm gear was invented in the Indian subcontinent, for
use in roller cotton gins, some time during the 13th–14th centuries.[9] Differential gears may
have been used in some of the Chinese south-pointing chariots,[10] but the first verifiable use of
differential gears was by the British clock maker Joseph Williamson in 1720.
Examples of early gear applications include:
The Antikythera mechanism (2nd century BC)
Ma Jun (c. 200–265 AD) used gears as part of a south-pointing chariot.
The first geared mechanical clocks were built in China in 725.
Al-Jazari (c. 1206) invented the segmental gear as part of a water-lifting device.[8]
The worm gear was invented as part of a roller cotton gin in the Indian subcontinent (c. 13th–
14th centuries).[9]
The 1386 Salisbury cathedral clock may be the world's oldest still working geared mechanical
clock.
Etymology
A cog is a tooth on a wheel. From Middle English cogge, from Old
Norse (compare Norwegian kugg ('cog'), Swedish kugg, kugge ('cog, tooth')), from Proto-
Germanic *kuggō (compare Dutch kogge ('cogboat'), German Kock), from Proto-Indo-
European *gugā ('hump, ball') (compare Lithuanian gugà ('pommel, hump, hill'), from PIE
*gēw- ('to bend, arch').[11]
Historically, cogs were teeth made of wood rather than metal, and a cogwheel technically
consisted of a series of wooden gear teeth located around a mortise (or mortice) wheel, each
tooth forming a type of specialised 'through' mortise and tenon joint. The wheel can be made of
wood, cast iron, or other material. Wooden cogs were formerly used when large metal gears
could not be cut, when the cast tooth was not even approximately of the proper shape, or the size
of the wheel made manufacture impractical.[12]
The cogs were often made of maple wood. In 1967 the Thompson Manufacturing Company
of Lancaster, New Hampshire still had a very active business in supplying tens of thousands of
maple gear teeth per year, mostly for use in paper mills and grist mills, some dating back over
100 years.[13] Since a wooden cog performs exactly the same function as a cast or machined
metal tooth, the word was applied by extension to both, and the distinction has been generally
lost.

Wooden cogwheel driving a lantern pinion or cage gear

A cast gearwheel (above) meshing with a cogged mortise wheel (below). The wooden cogs are
held in place by nails.
Comparison with drive mechanisms
The definite ratio that teeth give gears provides an advantage over other drives (such
as traction drives and V-belts) in precision machines such as watches that depend upon an exact
velocity ratio. In cases where driver and follower are proximal, gears also have an advantage
over other drives in the reduced number of parts required. The downside is that gears are more
expensive to manufacture and their lubrication requirements may impose a higher operating cost
per hour.
Types
External vs internal gears[edit]

Internal gear
An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone.
Conversely, an internal gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner surface of a cylinder or
cone. For bevel gears, an internal gear is one with the pitch angle exceeding 90 degrees. Internal
gears do not cause output shaft direction reversal.[14]
Spur[edit]

Spur gear
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk
with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided (but usually of special form
to achieve a constant drive ratio, mainly involute but less commonly cycloidal), the edge of each
tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears mesh together correctly
only if fitted to parallel shafts.[15] No axial thrust is created by the tooth loads. Spur gears are
excellent at moderate speeds but tend to be noisy at high speeds.[16]
Helical[edit]

An external contact helical gear in action

Helical gears
Top: parallel configuration
Bottom: crossed configuration
Helical or "dry fixed" gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are
not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling
makes the tooth shape a segment of a helix. Helical gears can be meshed
in parallel or crossed orientations. The former refers to when the shafts are parallel to each other;
this is the most common orientation. In the latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in this
configuration the gears are sometimes known as "skew gears".
The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear teeth, causing them to run more
smoothly and quietly.[17] With parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth first make contact at a
single point at one side of the gear wheel; a moving curve of contact then grows gradually across
the tooth face to a maximum, then recedes until the teeth break contact at a single point on the
opposite side. In spur gears, teeth suddenly meet at a line contact across their entire width,
causing stress and noise. Spur gears make a characteristic whine at high speeds. For this reason
spur gears are used in low-speed applications and in situations where noise control is not a
problem, and helical gears are used in high-speed applications, large power transmission, or
where noise abatement is important.[18] The speed is considered high when the pitch line
velocity exceeds 25 m/s.[19]
A disadvantage of helical gears is a resultant thrust along the axis of the gear, which must be
accommodated by appropriate thrust bearings, and a greater degree of sliding friction between
the meshing teeth, often addressed with additives in the lubricant.
Skew gears[edit]
For a "crossed" or "skew" configuration, the gears must have the same pressure angle and normal
pitch; however, the helix angle and handedness can be different. The relationship between the
two shafts is actually defined by the helix angle(s) of the two shafts and the handedness, as
defined:[20]

{\displaystyle E=\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}} for gears of the same handedness,

{\displaystyle E=\beta _{1}-\beta _{2}} for gears of opposite handedness,

where {\displaystyle \beta } is the helix angle for the gear. The crossed configuration is less
mechanically sound because there is only a point contact between the gears, whereas in the
parallel configuration there is a line contact.[20]
Quite commonly, helical gears are used with the helix angle of one having the negative of the
helix angle of the other; such a pair might also be referred to as having a right-handed helix and a
left-handed helix of equal angles. The two equal but opposite angles add to zero: the angle
between shafts is zero—that is, the shafts are parallel. Where the sum or the difference (as
described in the equations above) is not zero, the shafts are crossed. For shafts crossed at right
angles, the helix angles are of the same hand because they must add to 90 degrees. (This is the
case with the gears in the illustration above: they mesh correctly in the crossed configuration: for
the parallel configuration, one of the helix angles should be reversed. The gears illustrated cannot
mesh with the shafts parallel.)
3D animation of helical gears (parallel axis)
3D animation of helical gears (crossed axis)
Double helical[edit]
Herringbone gears
Double helical gears overcome the problem of axial thrust presented by single helical gears by
using a double set of teeth, slanted in opposite directions. A double helical gear can be thought of
as two mirrored helical gears mounted closely together on a common axle. This arrangement
cancels out the net axial thrust, since each half of the gear thrusts in the opposite direction,
resulting in a net axial force of zero. This arrangement can also remove the need for thrust
bearings. However, double helical gears are more difficult to manufacture due to their more
complicated shape.
Herringbone gears are a special type of helical gears. They do not have a groove in the middle
like some other double helical gears do; the two mirrored helical gears are joined together so that
their teeth form a V shape. This can also be applied to bevel gears, as in the final drive of
the Citroën Type A.
For both possible rotational directions, there exist two possible arrangements for the oppositely-
oriented helical gears or gear faces. One arrangement is called stable, and the other unstable. In a
stable arrangement, the helical gear faces are oriented so that each axial force is directed toward
the center of the gear. In an unstable arrangement, both axial forces are directed away from the
center of the gear. In either arrangement, the total (or net) axial force on each gear is zero when
the gears are aligned correctly. If the gears become misaligned in the axial direction, the unstable
arrangement generates a net force that may lead to disassembly of the gear train, while the stable
arrangement generates a net corrective force. If the direction of rotation is reversed, the direction
of the axial thrusts is also reversed, so a stable configuration becomes unstable, and conversely.
Stable double helical gears can be directly interchanged with spur gears without any need for
different bearings.
Bevel[edit]
Main article: Bevel gear

Bevel gear operating a lock gate

Wooden cogs set in bevel mortise wheels driving a millstone. Note wooden spur gears in the
background.
A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two bevel
gears mesh, their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also intersect
at this point, forming an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle between the
shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and
shaft axes at 90 degrees are called miter (US) or mitre (UK) gears.
Spiral bevels[edit]

Spiral bevel gears

Main article: Spiral bevel gear
Spiral bevel gears can be manufactured as Gleason types (circular arc with non-constant tooth
depth), Oerlikon and Curvex types (circular arc with constant tooth depth), Klingelnberg Cyclo-
Palloid (Epicycloid with constant tooth depth) or Klingelnberg Palloid. Spiral bevel gears have
the same advantages and disadvantages relative to their straight-cut cousins as helical gears do to
spur gears. Straight bevel gears are generally used only at speeds below 5 m/s (1000 ft/min), or,
for small gears, 1000 r.p.m.[21]
Note: The cylindrical gear tooth profile corresponds to an involute, but the bevel gear tooth
profile to an octoid. All traditional bevel gear generators (like Gleason, Klingelnberg,
Heidenreich & Harbeck, WMW Modul) manufacture bevel gears with an octoidal tooth profile.
IMPORTANT: For 5-axis milled bevel gear sets it is important to choose the same calculation /
layout like the conventional manufacturing method. Simplified calculated bevel gears on the
basis of an equivalent cylindrical gear in normal section with an involute tooth form show a
deviant tooth form with reduced tooth strength by 10-28% without offset and 45% with offset
[Diss. Hünecke, TU Dresden]. Furthermore, the "involute bevel gear sets" cause more noise.
Hypoid[edit]

Hypoid gear
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes do not intersect. The pitch
surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in fact hyperboloids of
revolution.[22][23] Hypoid gears are almost always designed to operate with shafts at 90
degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth,
contact between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral
bevel gear teeth, but also have a sliding action along the meshing teeth as it rotates and therefore
usually require some of the most viscous types of gear oil to avoid it being extruded from the
mating tooth faces, the oil is normally designated HP (for hypoid) followed by a number
denoting the viscosity. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel
pinion, with the result that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are feasible using a single set of hypoid
gears.[24] This style of gear is most common in motor vehicle drive trains, in concert with
a differential. Whereas a regular (nonhypoid) ring-and-pinion gear set is suitable for many
applications, it is not ideal for vehicle drive trains because it generates more noise and vibration
than a hypoid does. Bringing hypoid gears to market for mass-production applications was an
engineering improvement of the 1920s.
Crown[edit]

Crown gear
Main article: Crown gear
Crown gears or contrate gears are a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at right
angles to the plane of the wheel; in their orientation the teeth resemble the points on a crown. A
crown gear can only mesh accurately with another bevel gear, although crown gears are
sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also sometimes meshed with
an escapement such as found in mechanical clocks.
Worm[edit]
Worm gear

4-start worm and wheel

Main articles: Worm drive and Slewing drive
Worms resemble screws. A worm is meshed with a worm wheel, which looks similar to a spur
gear.
Worm-and-gear sets are a simple and compact way to achieve a high torque, low speed gear
ratio. For example, helical gears are normally limited to gear ratios of less than 10:1 while worm-
and-gear sets vary from 10:1 to 500:1.[25] A disadvantage is the potential for considerable
sliding action, leading to low efficiency.[26]
A worm gear is a species of helical gear, but its helix angle is usually somewhat large (close to
90 degrees) and its body is usually fairly long in the axial direction. These attributes give it screw
like qualities. The distinction between a worm and a helical gear is that at least one tooth persists
for a full rotation around the helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is a 'helical gear'. A
worm may have as few as one tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around the helix, the
worm appears, superficially, to have more than one tooth, but what one in fact sees is the same
tooth reappearing at intervals along the length of the worm. The usual screw nomenclature
applies: a one-toothed worm is called single thread or single start; a worm with more than one
tooth is called multiple thread or multiple start. The helix angle of a worm is not usually
specified. Instead, the lead angle, which is equal to 90 degrees minus the helix angle, is given.
In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive the gear. However, if the gear attempts to
drive the worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the lead angle is small, the gear's teeth
may simply lock against the worm's teeth, because the force component circumferential to the
worm is not sufficient to overcome friction. In traditional music boxes, however, the gear drives
the worm, which has a large helix angle. This mesh drives the speed-limiter vanes which are
mounted on the worm shaft.
Worm-and-gear sets that do lock are called self locking, which can be used to advantage, as
when it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by turning the worm and then have the
mechanism hold that position. An example is the machine head found on some types of stringed
instruments.
If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary helical gear only a single point of contact is
achieved.[24][27] If medium to high power transmission is desired, the tooth shape of the gear is
modified to achieve more intimate contact by making both gears partially envelop each other.
This is done by making both concave and joining them at a saddle point; this is called a cone-
drive[28] or "Double enveloping".
Worm gears can be right or left-handed, following the long-established practice for screw
threads.[14]
3D Animation of a worm-gear set
Non-circular[edit]

Non-circular gears
Main article: Non-circular gear
Non-circular gears are designed for special purposes. While a regular gear is optimized to
transmit torque to another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and
maximum efficiency, a non-circular gear's main objective might be ratio variations, axle
displacement oscillations and more. Common applications include textile
machines, potentiometers and continuously variable transmissions.
Rack and pinion[edit]

Rack and pinion gearing

Main article: Rack and pinion
A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large
radius of curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion: the
pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to
convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie rod(s). Racks also
feature in the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an interchangeable
set of gears may be specified for the rack, (infinite radius), and the tooth shapes for gears of
particular actual radii are then derived from that. The rack and pinion gear type is employed in
a rack railway.
Epicyclic[edit]

Epicyclic gearing
Main article: Epicyclic gearing
In epicyclic gearing one or more of the gear axes moves. Examples are sun and planet gearing
(see below), cycloidal drive, and mechanical differentials.
Sun and planet[edit]

Sun (yellow) and planet (red) gearing

Main article: Sun and planet gear
Sun and planet gearing is a method of converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion that
was used in steam engines. James Watt used it on his early steam engines to get around the
patent on the crank, but it also provided the advantage of increasing the flywheel speed so Watt
could use a lighter flywheel.
In the illustration, the sun is yellow, the planet red, the reciprocating arm is blue, the flywheel is
green and the driveshaft is gray.
Harmonic gear[edit]
Harmonic gearing
Main article: Harmonic Drive
A harmonic gear or strain wave gear is a specialized gearing mechanism often used in
industrial motion control, robotics and aerospace for its advantages over traditional gearing
systems, including lack of backlash, compactness and high gear ratios.
Cage gear[edit]

Cage gear in Pantigo Windmill, Long Island (with the driving gearwheel disengaged)
A cage gear, also called a lantern gear or lantern pinion, has cylindrical rods for teeth, parallel to
the axle and arranged in a circle around it, much as the bars on a round bird cage or lantern. The
assembly is held together by disks at each end, into which the tooth rods and axle are set. Cage
gears are more efficient than solid pinions,[citation needed] and dirt can fall through the rods
rather than becoming trapped and increasing wear. They can be constructed with very simple
tools as the teeth are not formed by cutting or milling, but rather by drilling holes and inserting
rods.
Sometimes used in clocks, the cage gear should always be driven by a gearwheel, not used as the
driver. The cage gear was not initially favoured by conservative clock makers. It became popular
in turret clocks where dirty working conditions were most commonplace. Domestic American
clock movements often used them.
Cycloidal gear[edit]
Main article: Cycloid gear
Magnetic gear[edit]
Main article: magnetic coupling
Main article: Magnetic gear
All cogs of each gear component of magnetic gears act as a constant magnet with periodic
alternation of opposite magnetic poles on mating surfaces. Gear components are mounted with
a backlash capability similar to other mechanical gearings. Although they cannot exert as much
force as a traditional gear, such gears work without touching and so are immune to wear, have
very low noise and can slip without damage making them very reliable.[29] They can be used in
configurations that are not possible for gears that must be physically touching and can operate
with a non-metallic barrier completely separating the driving force from the load. The magnetic
coupling can transmit force into a hermetically sealed enclosure without using a radial shaft seal,
which may leak.
Nomenclature[edit]
Main article: Gear nomenclature
General nomenclature[edit]

Rotational frequency, n
Measured in rotation over time, such as revolutions per minute (RPM or rpm).
Angular frequency, ω
Measured in radians/second. 1 RPM = 2π rad/minute = π/30 rad/second.
Number of teeth, N
How many teeth a gear has, an integer. In the case of worms, it is the number of thread starts that
the worm has.
Gear, wheel
The larger of two interacting gears or a gear on its own.
Pinion
The smaller of two interacting gears.
Path of contact
Path followed by the point of contact between two meshing gear teeth.
Line of action, pressure line
Line along which the force between two meshing gear teeth is directed. It has the same direction
as the force vector. In general, the line of action changes from moment to moment during the
period of engagement of a pair of teeth. For involute gears, however, the tooth-to-tooth force is
always directed along the same line—that is, the line of action is constant. This implies that for
involute gears the path of contact is also a straight line, coincident with the line of action—as is
indeed the case.
Axis
Axis of revolution of the gear; center line of the shaft.
Pitch point
Point where the line of action crosses a line joining the two gear axes.
Pitch circle, pitch line
Circle centered on and perpendicular to the axis, and passing through the pitch point. A
predefined diametral position on the gear where the circular tooth thickness, pressure angle and
helix angles are defined.
Pitch diameter, d
A predefined diametral position on the gear where the circular tooth thickness, pressure angle
and helix angles are defined. The standard pitch diameter is a basic dimension and cannot be
measured, but is a location where other measurements are made. Its value is based on the number
of teeth, the normal module (or normal diametral pitch), and the helix angle. It is calculated as:
Helical gear nomenclature[edit]
Helix angle, {\displaystyle \psi }

circular pitch, {\displaystyle p_{n}} Circular pitch in the plane normal to the teeth.
Transverse circular pitch,
Several other helix parameters can be viewed either in the normal or transverse planes. The
subscript n usually indicates the normal.
Worm gear nomenclature[edit]
pitch,
angle, {\displaystyle \lambda }

Pitch diameter, {\displaystyle d_{w}}

w denotes the worm, subscript g denotes the gear.
Tooth contact nomenclature

Worm gear nomenclature[edit]

pitch, p

Shaft
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used
to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a
machine which absorbs power.[1] The various members such as pulleys and gears are mounted on
it.

Shaft animation

Types
They are mainly classified into two types.

 Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and the machine
absorbing power; e.g. counter shafts and line shafts.
 Machine shafts are the integral part of the machine itself; e.g. crankshaft.

Materials
The material used for ordinary shafts is mild steel. When high strength is required, an alloy
steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or chromium-vanadium steel is used.

Shafts are generally formed by hot rolling and finished to size by cold
drawing or turning and grinding.

Standard sizes
Source:[2]

Machine shafts

 Up to 25 mm steps of 0.5 mm

Transmission shafts

 25 mm to 60 mm with 5 mm steps
 60 mm to 110 mm with 10 mm steps
 110 mm to 140 mm with 15 mm steps
 140 mm to 500 mm with 20 mm steps

The standard lengths of the shafts are 5 m, 6 m and 7 m.

Stresses
The following stresses are induced in the shafts.

1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (due to torsional load).

2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon the machine
elements like gears and pulleys as well as the self weight of the shaft.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

Design stresses
The maximum permissible (design) stresses in bending (tension or compression) may be taken
as:

1. 112 N/mm2 for shafts with allowance for keyways.

2. 84 N/mm2 for shafts without allowance for keyways.

The maximum permissible (design) shear stresses may be taken as:

1. 56 N/mm2 for shafts with allowance for keyways.

2. 42 N/mm2 for shafts without allowance for keyways.
 CHAPTER-4
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Five spur gears are arranged in such a way that, by applying 200 N of force with both the hands
on the handle (which any normal person can do), gears will be rotated and finally required torque
will be applied on the spanners to open the four wheel nuts at a time. In this work, we
concentrated on the application domain i.e., most of the passenger four wheelers. The main
objective of this work is to develop a complete mechanism in one assembly, which can be used
in automobiles. This machine is operated by an operator by applying force by using both the
hands, due to which the central gear rotates in the same direction as the handle and by this
motion the four output gears which are in mesh with the main gear rotates in opposite direction
to the first. Five bearings are attached at the centres of five gears to transmit free rotational
motion and to give the exact position to the gears. By this finally the force is transmitted to the
sockets at the end of the connected rods, and thus the four nuts can be opened at once. Generally,
spur gears are used for transmitting power between non parallel intersecting shafts. So spur gear
arrangement is used for actuating the four socket spanners at a time. Twelve driven gears and
one pinion gear are used. The cam and follower mechanism is used for making the project
adjustable. For this purpose radial cam is used because the follower moves in the direction
perpendicular to the cam axis. And spherical face follower is used because the side thrust and
wear is considerably low

The pinion gear is meshing with four auxiliary gears which are in turning connected to a gear
whose axle containing the socket spanners at its end. The auxiliary gear connected to a hollow
shaft (main shaft) which is acting as a guide for follower. The other end of the follower is
connected to a bevel gear. A lock nut arrangement is provided for connecting the main shaft to
follower at any desired position.
 CHAPTER-5
DESIGN AND DRAWINGS
 CHAPTER-6

LIST OF MATERIALS

Sl.No. PARTS Qty. Material

i. Auto Differential 1 Cast iron

ii. Single Acting pneumatic 1 Mild Steel

Cylinder

iii. Flow control valve 1 Aluminium

iv. 3/2 Solenoid VAlve 1 Aluminium

v Connecting PU Tube - Polyurethene

vi Hose collar and reducer - Brass

vii Frame 1 Mild Steel

Viii Dash pad 1 Plastic

 CHAPTER-7

COST ESTIMATION

MATERIAL COST:

Sl.No. PARTS Qty. Material Amount (Rs)

i. Auto Differential 1 Cast iron

ii. Single Acting pneumatic Cylinder 1 Mild Steel

iii. Flow control valve 1 Brass

iv. Direction control valve 1 Mild Steel

v Connecting PU Tube - Polyurethene

vi Hose collar and reducer - Brass

vii Frame - Mild Steel

Total = Rs.
2. LABOUR COST

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW, GAS CUTTING:

Cost = 1500/-

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost

= +1500
=

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

=
TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges

=
= Rs

Total cost for this project = Rs.

 CHAPTER-8

APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAES AND DISADVANTAGES

Application
Application domain of Multi nut remover is in automobile industries. According to our
preplanned project we describe the following places where it can be used successfully:
o It can be used as standard equipment provided with a new vehicle for the purpose of
opening and refit a punctured wheel in the midway.

o It can be used in workshops to open a wheel in place of using pneumatic guns which are
restricted to the availability of light and compressed air; it can be easily operated with
hands.

o It can be used in assembly line of automobiles where more time is consumed in

tightening all the four nuts one by one. As it takes less time to fit a new tyre, it will lead
to increase productivity.
 CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION

The multi nut remover is used to remove multiple nuts in a single use. These are
commonly used to remove the wheel nuts and hence the mechanical effort required for removing
the wheel is very less. The Multi nut remover can be used in automobile units and manufacturing
units. The weight of the model can be reduced by using a light weight material base plate. The
wheel nuts can be easily removed using the multi nut remover
The design and fabrication of MNR tool is proposed. The static load analysis is
performed. The fabrication of MNR tool is completed by milling, welding and fitting processes.
The MNR tool is successfully manufactured and fully functional either tested manually using
lever or by using impact wrench. From the results of analyses and experiments, the tool is
possible to be improved and prototyped for mass production. For future development and
improvement of the MNR tool, light and strong material is expected to be available and applied.
MNR is easily dismantling and assembling during maintains

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) R.S.Kurmi and J.K.Gupta – Machine Design – S.CHAND Publication – First Multicolor

Edition –2005– page no 1021 to 1065

2) R.S.Kurmi and J.K. Gupta – Teary of Machine – S.CHAND Publication –14th Revised
Edition –2004– page no 382 to 419
3) http://quickgear.bizland.com/id11.html
4) http://www.gizmology.net/gears.htm

5) http://www. Wikipedia.com

6) S.D.Ambaatkar – Design of machine – Tech-max Publication – page no (3-124 to3-131)

7) http://www.wtools.com.tw/STANDARD-BOLT-TIGHTENING-TORQUE.shtml
PHOTOGRAPHY