PE MIDTERM COVERAGE

 HISTORY OF BASKETBALL
 TIMELINE OF SIGNIFICANT VOLLEYBALL EVENT

 In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

 In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be
struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.
 In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
 In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
 In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams
from 11 states were represented.
 In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States
Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open
was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.
 In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
 In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
 In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S.
Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.
 In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.
 In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.
 In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
 In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
 In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.
 In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
 In 1975, the US National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena,
Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in
1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).
 In 1977, the US National Men’s team began a year-round training regime in Dayton,
Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).

 In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

 In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the
Gold, and the Women the Silver.
 In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.
 In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.
 In 1990, the World League was created.
 In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
 In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball will be an Olympic Sport.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL
 BASIC EQUIPMENT USED IN VOLLEYBALL
 The Ball
The standard volleyball is made of leather or synthetic leather, weighs between 9 and
10 ounces and has a circumference of 25.6 to 26.4 inches. The ball has a rubber bladder
and can be one color or a combination of colors. Synthetic leather is lighter and is fine
for beginner players. Junior volleyballs for children 12 years old and younger weigh
between 7 and 8 ounces.
 The Net and Court
The outdoor volleyball court measures 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free zone that is 2
meters wide on all sides. The minimum playing space for U.S. volleyball competitions
is 7 meters. The volleyball net is 32 feet long by 3 feet wide. For women, the net should
be 7 feet, 4 1/8 inches high. For men, the net should be 7 feet, 11 5/8 inches high. U.S.
regulation volleyball playing surfaces must be flat and not present any hazards to the
players.
 Lines
The playing court is marked by two sidelines and two end lines. All lines must be 2
inches wide and must be created with a light color that is easy to discern from the
playing court. An attack line should be placed three meters from the center line. The
center line divides the court into two 9 x 9 meter courts.
 Posts and Cables
The volleyball net structure is held together with metal cables and posts. Posts are
placed 0.5 to 1.0 meter outside the sidelines and 2.55 meters high. Posts should be
round, smooth and padded, to prevent injury to the players should they dive or crash
into them. Metal wires and cables may need to be covered if it is determined that they
present a danger to the players.
 Antenna and Side Bands
Antenna are flexible rods that are 1.8 meters long made of fiberglass, fastened at the
outer edge of each side band. Side bands are two white bands attached vertically to the
net and placed above each sideline.
 Knee pads
Knee pads should be sturdy enough to protect your knees from falls, slides and dives,
but flexible enough to allow you to bend comfortably. Your volleyball knee pads must
be made of fabric that breathes and manages moisture. Good quality pads have a gel or
foam shock-absorbing material that will cover and protect your patella. It is best to
purchase your pads from a reliable sporting goods store that will allow you to try them
on. If you have difficulty finding the right fit, have the store professional measure you
and order custom-fit pads. Popular volleyball knee pad brands include Asics, Mizuno,
adidas, Nike and Mikasa.
 Shoes
Arch and ankle support is key when choosing a volleyball shoe. Mizuno, Asics and
Nike are just a few of the popular brands of volleyball shoes, which are lightweight,
allowing you to be faster on your feet, as well as bearing good shock absorption on
your toes. Volleyball shoes also provide for better lateral movement than typical
running or cross-training shoes.
 Clothing and Jewelry
All clothing should be lightweight to allow maximum flexibility and breath-ability, as
well as made of a material that absorbs sweat and keeps skin dry. Spandex shorts are a
good option, as they are flexible, light and absorb odor. Socks, while not required,
absorb sweat and prevent blisters. Jewelry is not permitted in volleyball, with the
exception of smooth wedding bands. Glasses must be worn with a strap to keep them
secure.
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN VOLLEYBALL
 ACE

– A serve that is not passable and results immediately

in a point.

 ANTENNA

– The vertical rods (normally white and red)

mounted near the edges of the net. The antennas are mounted
directly above the sidelines and are not-in-play. Antennas
are not usually used on outdoor nets.

 APPROACH

– Fast stride toward the net by a spiker

before he jumps in the air.

 ASSIST

– Passing or setting the ball to a teammate

who attacks the ball for a kill. This stat is normally only
logged for high school, college, and National/Olympic team
play.

 ATTACK

– The offensive action of hitting the ball.

The attempt by one team to terminate the play by hitting the
ball to the floor on the opponent’s side.

 ATTACK BLOCK

– Receiving players’ aggressive attempt

to block a spiked ball before it crosses the net.
 ATTACK ERROR

– An unsuccessful attack which does one

of the following: 1) the ball lands out of bounds, 2) the
ball goes into the net and terminates play or goes into the
net on the third hit, 3)the ball is blocked by the opposition
for a point or sideout, 4) the attacker is called for a center
line violation, or 5) the attacker is called for illegal contact
(lift, double hit…) on the attack.

 ATTACKER

– Also “hitter” or “spiker.” A player who

attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating
play in his or her team’s favor.

 ATTACK LINE

– A line 3m from the net that separates

the front row players from the back row players. Commonly
referred to as the “10-foot line.”

 BACKCOURT

– The area from the endline to the attack

line.

 BACK SET

– A set delivered behind the setter’s back,

which is subsequently hit by an attacker.

 BACK ROW ATTACK

– When a back row player attacks the

ball by jumping from behind the 3m line before hitting the
ball. If the back row player steps on or past the 3m line
during take-off, the attack is illegal.

 BEACH DIG

– An open hand receive of the ball, also

called a “Deep Dish”
 BLOCK

– A defensive play by one or more players meant

to deflect a spiked ball back to the hitter’s court. It may
be a combination of one, two or three players jumping in front
of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with
the hands.

 BUMP

– a common term for forearm passing.

 BALL HANDLING ERROR

– Any time the official calls

a double hit, a thrown ball or a lift (except on a serve reception
or attack). For our purposes, this category also includes
any blocking errors (when an official calls a blocker for
a violation such as going into the net, centerline violation,
reaching over the net, etc.).

 BUMP PASS

– The use of joined forearms to pass or

set a ball in an underhand manner.

 CAMPFIRE

– A ball that falls to the floor in an area

that’s surrounded by two, three, four or more players. At
the instant after the ball hits the floor, it appears as if
the players are encircling and staring at a campfire.

 CENTER LINE

– The boundary that runs directly under

the net and divides the court into two equal halves.

 CLOSING THE BLOCK

– The responsibility of the assisting

blocker(s) to join the primary blocker and create an impenetrable
block in which a ball cannot fit between the two individual
blockers.
 CROSS COURT SHOT

– An individual attack directed at

an angle from one end of the offensive team’s side of the
net to the opposite sideline of the defensive team’s court.

 CUT SHOT

– A spike from the hitter’s strong side that

travels at a sharp angle across the net.

 DECOY

– An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker

who will receive the set.

 DEEP SET

– Set to be hit away from the net to confuse

or disrupt the timing of the blockers.

 DIG

– Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang

for the art of passing an attacked ball close to the floor.

 DINK

– A legal push of the ball around or over blockers.

 DOUBLE BLOCK

– Two players working in unison to deflect

an attacked ball at the net back to the hitter’s side.

 DOUBLE HIT

– Successive hits or contacts by the same

player. (Illegal)
 DOUBLE QUICK

– Two hitters approaching the setter

for a quick inside hit.

 DOUBLES

– A game with two players on each side, most

commonly played on a sand court.

 DOWN BALL

– A ball the blockers elect not to attempt

to block because it has been set too far from the net or the
hitter is not under control. A “Down Ball” is hit
overhand and driven over the net with topspin while the player
remains standing. “Down Ball,” is usually called
aloud by the defense when it becomes apparent the attacker
has no chance of hitting a powerful spike.

 FIVE-ONE

– A 6-player offensive system that uses five

hitters and one setter.

 FIVE SET

– A back set to the right front hitter.

 FLARE

– Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid

behind a quick hitter.

 FLOATER

– A serve which does not spin or rotate and

therefore moves in an erratic path. This is similar to a “knuckle
ball” pitch in baseball.
 FOREARM PASS

– Join your arms from the elbows to the

wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms
in an underhand motion.

 FOUL

– A violation of the rules.

 FOUR SET

– A set 1′ from the sideline, and 1’ to 2′

above the net.

 FOUR-TWO

– A 6-player offensive system using four

hitters and two setters.

 FREE BALL

– A ball that will be returned by a pass

rather than a spike. This is usually called aloud by the defense
instructing players to move into serve receive positions.

 HELD BALL

– A ball that comes to rest during contact

resulting in a foul.

 HIT

– To jump and strike the ball with an overhand,

forceful shot.

 HITTER

– Also “spiker” or “attacker”

 HITTING PERCENTAGE

– kills vs. attempts

 INSIDE SHOOT

– A playset or a 33.

 ISOLATION PLAY

– Designed to isolate the attacker

on a specific defender, normally to exploit a weakness or
give a hitter a chance to hit against a single block.

 JUNGLE BALL

– Any volleyball game with people who

don’t really know how to play volleyball. A common euphemism
for this type of game is “Picnic Volleyball.”

 JUMP SERVE –

A serve that is started by the server

tossing the ball into the air and jumping into and hitting
the ball in its downward motion.

 JOUST

– When 2 opposing players are simultaneously

attempting to play a ball above the net.

 KEY

– To predict a team’s next play by observation

of patterns or habits.

 KILL

– An attack that results in an immediate point

or side out.
 LINE

– The marks that serve as boundaries of a court.

 LINE SHOT

– A ball spiked down an opponent’s sideline,

closest to the hitter and outside the block.

 LET SERVE

– A serve that contacts the net. If the ball dribbles over, it’s playable just like any other
ball that contacts the net on the way over. If the ball fails to clear the net, it will become
dead when it either hits the serving team’s court, or is contacted by a player on the
serving team.

 MIDDLE-BACK

– A defensive system that uses the middle

back player to cover deep spikes.

 MIDDLE-UP

– A defensive system that uses the middle

back player to cover dinks or short shots.

 MINTONETTE

– The original name of the game of volleyball,

created by William Morgan.

 MULTIPLE OFFENSE

– A system of play using different

types of sets other than just normal outside sets.

 OFFSIDE BLOCK – Player at the net, which is on the side away from the
opponent’s attack.

 OFF-SPEED HIT – Any ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin.

 OUTSIDE HITTER – a left-front or right-front attacker normally taking

an approach which starts from outside the court
 OVERHAND PASS – A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the fingers
and thumbs, played just above the forehead.

 OVERHAND SERVE – Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the
shoulder.

 OVERLAP – refers to the positions of the players in the rotation prior to the contact of
the ball when serving.

 PANCAKE – A one-handed defensive technique where the hand is extended and the
palm is slid along the floor as the player dives or extension rolls, and timed so that the
ball bounces off the back of the hand.

 PASS see “Forearm Pass”

 PENETRATION

– The act of reaching across and breaking

the plane of the net during blocking.

 POINT OF SERVICE

– A serve that results in a point

(an ace by NCAA standards) as the serve is not returnable
due to a bad pass by the receiver, this number includes aces.

 POWER ALLEY

– A cross-court hit traveling away from

the spiker to the farthest point of the court.

 POWER TIP

– A ball that is pushed or directed with

force by an attacking team.

 POWER VOLLEYBALL

– A competitive style of volleyball

started by the Japanese.
 QUICK – a player approaching the setter for a quick inside hit

 QUICK SET – a set (usually 2’ above the net) in which the hitter is approaching
the setter, and may even be in the air, before the setter delivers the ball. This type
of set requires precise timing between the setter and hitter.

 READY POSITION – The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before
moving to contact the ball.

 RECEPTION ERROR – A serve that a player should have been able to return, but
results in an ace (and only in the case of an ace). If it is a “husband/wife” play (where the
ball splits the two receivers), the receiving team is given the reception error instead of an
individual.

 RED CARD – a severe penalty in which an official displays a red card. The result of
a red card may be a player is disqualified, the team loses the serve, or the team loses a
point. A red card may be given with or without a prior yellow card as a warning; it is up
to the official’s discretion.

 ROLL – a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger, or passer lays out an arm,
passes the ball, and rolls over the shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or back (barrel roll)
after passing the ball. This is a quick way to return to action after the play.

 ROOF – A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive player such that the ball
deflects straight to the floor on the attacker’s side.

 ROTATION – The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the
serving position following a side out.

 SERVE – One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill
controlled exclusively by one player.

 SERVER – The player who puts the ball into play.

 SERVICE ERROR – An unsuccessful serve in which one or more of the following

occurs: 1) the ball hits the net or fails to clear the net, 2) the ball lands out of bounds, or
3) the server commits a foot fault.

 SERVICE WINNER – A point the serving team scores when this player has served the
ball. The point can be an immediate (in the case of an ace) or delayed (a kill or
opponent attack error after a long rally). Therefore, the sum of the team’s service winners
equals their score.

 SET – The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it
into the opponent’s court.
  SETTER – the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who “sets” the ball with
an “Overhand Pass” for a teammate to hit. The setter normally runs the offense.

 SIDE OUT – Occurs when the receiving team successfully puts the ball away against the
serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced error, and the receiving
team thus gains the right to serve.

 SIX PACK – Occurs when a blocker gets hit in the head or face by a spiked ball.

 SIX-TWO – A 6-player offense using 2 setters opposite one another in

the rotation. Setter 1 becomes a hitter upon rotating into the front row as setter 2 rotates
into the back row and becomes the setter.

 SPIKE – Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team
who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s blocker.

 STRONG SIDE – When a right-handed hitter is hitting from the left-front position or
when a left-handed hitter is hitting from the right-front position.

 STUFF – A ball that is deflected back to the attacking team’s floor by the opponent’s
blockers. A slang term for “block.”

 TURNING IN – the act of an outside blocker turning his/her body into the court so as to
ensure the blocked ball is deflected into the court and lands in-bounds.

 UNDERHAND SERVE – a serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand toss
from about waist high and then struck with the opposite closed fist in an “underhand
pitching” motion.

 WEAK SIDE – When a right-handed player is hitting from right-front position or when a
left-handed player is hitting from the left-front position.

 WIPE – when a hitter pushes the ball off of the opposing block so it lands out of bounds

 YELLOW CARD – a warning from an official indicated by the display of a yellow card.
Any player or coach who receives two yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A
single yellow card does not result in loss of point or serve.

 RULES OF VOLLEYBALL
 VOLLEYBALL RULES

 Only 6 players on the floor at any given time: 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row.
 Points are made on every serve for the winning team of the rally (rally-point scoring).
 Players may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is not considered a hit).
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
 A ball hitting a boundary line is in.
 A ball is out if it hits an antenna, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net or
cables outside the antennae, the referee stand or pole, or the ceiling above a non-playable
area.
 It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body.
 It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.
 A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line.
 After the serve, front-line players may switch positions at the net.
 Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play.

 Volleyball Rule Violations

 Stepping on or across the service line when serving while making contact with the ball.
 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
 Ball-handling errors and contacting the ball illegally (double touching, lifting, carrying,
throwing, etc.)
 Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play.
 Blocking a ball coming from the opponent’s court and contacting the ball when reaching
over the net if your opponent has not used 3 contacts AND has a player there to make a
play on the ball.
 Attacking a ball coming from the opponent’s court and contacting the ball when reaching
over the net when the ball has not yet broken the vertical plane of the net.
 Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body, with the exception of a hand or
foot. It is only considered a violation if the entire hand or entire foot crosses the court
centerline.
 Serving out of rotation or out of order.
 Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from the opponent) when, at the
moment of contact, the back row player is near the net and has part of their body above
the top of the net. This is an illegal block.
 Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone (the area inside the 3M/10-foot
line) when, at the moment of contact, the ball is completely above the net. This is an
illegal attack.
 BASIC SKILL OF VOLLEYBALL
 The six basic volleyball skills are passing, setting, spiking, blocking, digging,
and serving.

 Passing is often thought of as the most important skill in volleyball. If you can't pass the
serve, then you won't ever put your team in a position to score a point.

 The importance of serving is often undervalued. Many coaches don't teach players to
serve aggressive and use this opportunity to give the team an advantage for scoring
points.

 Blocking is perhaps the least taught skill in volleyball. Players can get away with
poor blocking skills because not blocking isn't going to hurt the team as much as being
poor at executing other skills in volleyball.

 Digging is another skill that isn't focused on quite as much as most skills in volleyball.

 The setter position is considered to be the most important position in volleyball. The
setter basically runs the team offense.

 Attack (Hitting) Options There are several attack options that can be effectively
performed in a game. An attacker should be able to hit the following: shots off the block
(using the hands), high sets, low sets, sets off the net, offspeed shots, tipping, and a
variation of play sets including back court hitting options. Providing a great deal of
practice and repetition of each will depend on the age and ability of the athletes. Ensure
the fundamental technique of hitting is effective and efficient so that it can be performed
at a high level during competition
 VOLLEYBALL REFEREE SIGNALS