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Microstrip Antenna for Internet of Things (IOT) Applications

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 Microstrip antenna for Internet of Things (IOT) applications
Dharmendra V. Chauhan1, Amit Patel2, Alpesh Vala3, Keyur Mahant4, Sagar patel5, Hiren Mewada6

1,2,3,4,5
V T Patel Department of E&C engineering, Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University
of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT).388421
6
Prince Mohmmad Bin Fahad University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Corresponding author: Dharmendra V. Chauhan, [email protected]

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technical tool for experts. It does this by using existing
network infrastructures to turn physical resources into new things. The primary objective is to provide
intelligent and effective services without user disruption. The Internet of Things paradigm aims to build a
complex information system by fusing, among other technologies, big data, clouds, machine learning,
artificial intelligence, effective data interchange through networking, and sensor data collection. The
diverse applications and uses of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various industries explain the trend toward
IoT acceptability in the modern world. However, as with all IoT requirements, developing an efficient
antenna on all relevant IoT frequency bands is necessary. A compact microstrip antenna based on
monopole feed and the coplanar ground plane has been designed, optimized, and fabricated, operated in
dual-band of IoT applications. The operating bands of the proposed antenna are 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz
having a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz and providing the gain of 2.03 dB and 3.37 dB, respectively.
Placement of superstrate into the antenna makes the dual-band operation as well as improves the
bandwidth. The proposed antenna is designed on FR4 epoxy, having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss
tangent (tan δ) 0.02. The overall size of the antenna is 30mm x 30mm x 1.6mm, which is smaller than the
previously published work.

Keywords: Gain and Return loss, Internet of Things (IoT), Microstrip Antenna, Radiation pattern,
Superstrate.

1. Application of Internet of Thing (IoT)

The primary goal of this section is to explore IoT applications discussed in current studies. The main
application fields are healthcare, the environment, intelligent towns, trade, industry, and infrastructure [1-
2]. The applications and utilization of IoT in the various fields lead and explain the trend towards IoT
acceptability for the innovative world [3]. Furthermore, learning the IoT requirements enhances IoT
technology's understanding and development and, therefore, develops new systems for new cases [4-5].

1.1 Environment Applications

Several evaluations of IoT's use in environmental applications have been conducted. To initiate, [6]
designed an internet surveillance system for hen houses that included a WSN and monitored
environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide. However, the
majority of applications in the studies mentioned above, the authors, were tied to the creation of systems,
with information transmission reliability not being considered. The authors of this work proposed a
transport protocol that focuses on recovering from data loss in an effort to address the issue. In order to
predict the data rate and improve the system's dependability, duplicated data was automatically filtered
out, and missing data was filled in.

Additionally, the internet remote control system was developed so that administrators could view the data
gathered via computers and mobile devices, enabling them to better manage the henhouse environment.
Furthermore, future extensions of this research include strengthening the system's data-collecting
precision and dependability and lowering tiny update and repairing costs. Energy use, on the other hand,
was not assessed in this investigation.

1.2 Smart City Applications

Expanding the Internet of Things (IoT) for creative city applications. [7] Presented a SenSquare structural
architecture that would provide a mobile sensing population to witness customer tests of existing smart
city data flows. To assess the option for the proposed strategy, the present facility structure used a data
mining categorization technique. However, the quality of the data and data privacy of the user was not
measured. For a specific experimental prototype of numerical forensics, [8] developed a software design.
In their study, they examine the methodology of forensics to review conventional regulations and
production methods. In an Internet of Things numerical forensics solicitation, it assists with data
collection, investigation, evaluation, and storage. The suggested methodology was evaluated using three
IoT application scenarios: flexible devices, modern house, and shrewd cities. It introduced a paradigm
applicable to assessing forensic data collection in an adaptable IoT setting. The presented approach does
not account for security measures, although it appears prudent to make the process safer and more
efficient.

1.3 Commercial Applications

In recent years, the prevalence of commercial Internet of Things demand has grown. [9] Derived a
framework method for automating the Quality of service-familiar facility construction and incorporating
actual-time control into an experiment. The writer expressed grave concerns on the violation of Service
Level Agreements. As a result, the Service Level Agreement were developed to link the Petri net to the
Unified Modelling Language Quality of Service model via a user indicator. The discrete event system
(DES), which demonstrates that the suggested technique may be utilized to develop a shared facility for
the Petri network model, is an essential concept to consider. It developed a review for the cost-effective
evaluation of implementation to meet QoS; the scalability in the research was not considered. In another
research endeavour, [10] present the model for semantic maintenance provisioning for intelligent devices.
The main aim was to create a Internet service that was compatible with the limits of smart devices, such
as their limited resources (Read Only Memory, Random Access Memory, and Central Processing Unit),
sluggish communication channels, and microcontrollers. Utilizing a number of conventional application
programming interfaces, this was accomplished (API).

ContikiCooja tested it in a variety of scenarios using samples and web functions (simulator). The
conclusions of this study have influenced the development of important service delivery features for IoT
applications on the web, such as security, dependability, and scalability.

1.4 Industrial Applications

The industrial sector is another key use of Internet of Things technology [11]. The application of Internet
of Things in this area has necessitated numerous investigations. [12] Created a 3-stage process for
enhancing Quality of Service using the top-down judgment-making methodology in Markov. With the
help of MATLAB, the authors made a model for the situation and tested the suggested method. During
the assessment, various Quality of Service factors were taken into account, such as the latency, one-way
delay, ease of access, and transmission capacity. The recommended approach to resource planning was
assessed to lower the overall latency of the network. Venticinque and Amato have studied a new strategy
[13] to answer and clarify the issue of Fog service deployment to Internet of Things Fog applications. It
will be decided on the ideal component for processing power and IoT applications, like those in the
intelligent energy sector. This study is significant because it makes use of numerous computational
resources to better programme planning and analyze energy profiles. A CONCISE-based subject-based
multidimensional framework for Internet of Things applications is proposed in another paper by [14]. It
provides a standard that supervises and gathers data/Information using Time Synchronized Channel Hop-
Ping (TSCH) planning. The outcomes include decreased end-to-end latency, enhanced communication
dependability, and decreased network traffic congestion.

1.5 Infrastructural Applications

At the same time, Programmable Object Interface/Internet of Things can be used for a variety of
purposes. As a result, this section goes over the research that has been done on IoT infrastructure. For
IoT/Fog and SDN, [15] developed a combined framework. Important factors like lowering packet delay,
eliminating the chances of lost packets, avoiding space conflicts, and achieving the maximum output are
all aided by this. The importance of flow space allocation in producing both critical and dangerous flows
is highlighted in this study. It illustrates how the Fog communication paradigm balances the
programmability of SDN processes with conventional packet flows. This structure selects a level of flow
space distribution variation based on the Quality of Service requirements. According to the findings,
critical flow classes provided more proficient support. The main focus of the research is on improving
QoS elements such data rate, delay, and likelihood. However, we did not examine cases involving several
virtualized devices. A technique for resource management of fog computing with energy efficiency was
another option put up by [16]. To maintain interacting virtualized assets alive, the suggested structure
utilizes middleware and has quick clearance. It has acceptable QoS characteristics, especially in terms of
energy consumption, however there are no prior data or proof. A novel resource processing model for IoT
intelligent applications was lastly proposed by [17]. The researchers created a technique for resource-
efficient computation offloading using a hybrid approach.

1.6 Healthcare Applications

From the perspective of the provider, [5] is a manual for users of Internet of Things healthcare services.
The research identifies some key characteristics that substantially impact users, allowing them to
authenticate healthcare services. The procedure includes looking at elements like account risks and
privacy in order to qualify and validate services.

This research serves as a roadmap for manufacturers looking to improve the dependability and
trustworthiness of IoT healthcare services. In [18], three epidermal loop antennas were theoretically and
experimentally studied by for the purpose of detecting biological factors in Internet of Things healthcare
applications. The purpose of this research is to support the accuracy of GSM and BLE communications
by examining the bit BER and error-vector magnitude (EVM) characteristics in quadruple loop antennas.
The results reveal that the reflection factor and radiation forms are trustworthy and steady. Additionally,
the data transmission assessment demonstrates that the BER is capable of working in quadrature
amplitude modulation and fits what is known about the antenna (QAM).
[19] Conducted yet another research on healthcare applications, In which an improvement in interference,
energy efficiency after blocking, and interface perception of energy efficiency were the main goals of a
routing approach for Wireless Sensor Network. Due to excessive network traffic and delays connecting
devices, many IoT devices share a single focal point. Because multiple Internet of Things devices use the
similar emphasis, the network experiences high traffic and delays in connecting devices. The method that
was made uses a function to find the next party node. This function is controlled by three factors: (1) the
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, (2) the route's ability to stay up, and (3) the node's ability to be
blocked. As shown, the data provided using the suggested way increased data rate while lowering energy
use and packet loss. Additionally, [20] proposed a brand-new architecture for Internet of Things
healthcare applications that allows the processing of retinal pictures obtained by a smartphone
fundoscopy. A super-resolution approach based on the Kernel support vector regression procedure was
suggested to improve the image quality. The collected findings suggest that the proposed approach
outperforms several current super-resolution algorithms in terms of effectiveness. For the study [21], the
authors investigated the performance of an IoT (NB-IoT) narrowband, which requires effective
communication for simple captors and long-term batteries with low performance. The research aims
mainly to examine and assess NB-IoT latency and performance in health services.

Additional study by [22] examined the human elements in the health care setting that affect information
exchange. The project's goal was to collect information from healthcare professionals and disseminate it
so that new applications for the Internet of Things in healthcare might be developed. Additionally, LoRa
and My Signals made use of the body temperature, oxygen saturation, electrocardiograms, and pulse
speed sensors.

Many antennas have been proposed for wireless and satellite applications [23-26]. However, we have
proposed the design of a multilayer antenna for IoT applications here, which resonates at 2.5 GHz and 5.2
GHz frequencies. The suggested antenna is built on a FR4 material, which is cost-effective and easy to
fabricate. Moreover, the gain and the radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna are suitable for the
proposed applications [27-29].

2. Design of Antenna

In Figure 1, the suggested antenna is shown, it is a multilayer structure designed on FR4 substrate with a
 r of 4.4 and tan  of 0.02. The antenna's top view, bottom view, and perspective view are represented
in Figures 1a, 1b, and 1c, respectively. As shown in Figure 1, it contains a monopole feed with a coplanar
ground plane. The dimensions of the monopole have been optimized using CST Microwave Studio
software. Initially, we have kept the entire ground plane and vary the width of the monopole from 2 mm
to 6 mm. The same return loss is represented in Figure 2, which shows that the optimum value of return
loss at 3.2mm width. Next, we have optimized the monopole's width, and a similar approach is applied for
the length of the monopole. The length of the monopole feed is tuned from 15 mm to 29 mm. That is
derived that the dual-band response is achieved at the length of 29 mm that is illustrated in Figure 3.
However, the return loss is shallow, so we need to think in another direction to improve the antenna's
performance.
 (a) (b) (c)

Figure 1: (a) top view, (b) side view, and (c) perspective view of the proposed antenna

Next, we have fixed the width and the length of the monopole feed as 3.2 mm and 29 mm and changed
the length of the ground plane [23]. The width of the ground plane is kept fixed to 30 mm because the
reduction causes too much degradation in the return loss. Hence, the ground plane length changes from 30
mm to 3 mm and simulates the structure using CST software. The simulation result of the S11 is illustrated
in Figure 4. It shows that for the variation in length for 3 mm, 6 mm, and 10 mm, the antenna is resonated
at 2.45 GHz, 2.62GHz, and 3.05GHz with the return loss of 16.5 dB, 47 dB, and 25 dB, respectively. So
we have now fixed the width and length of the ground plane is 30 mm and 6 mm. The 3D gain plot of the
antenna at 2.62 GHz is shown in Figure 5. It gives a gain of 2.31 dBi. However, the performance is not
achieved as per the mentioned specifications.

Figure 2: Reflection coefficient performance Figure 3: Reflection coefficient performance with a

with the width variation of monopole feed variation of monopole feed length.

Figure 4: Reflection coefficient performance with Figure 5: 3D gain plot of monopole feed
variation in ground plane length with the partial ground plane at 2.5 GHz
Furthermore, to improve the performance, we have added a second substrate on the top of a patch with the
dimensions is shown in Figure 1a. The small square patch with different dimensions is created on this top
of a substrate, and its simulated results are represented in Figure 6. However, the return loss performance
of the square patch is still improved by transforming it into the rectangle patch. It is now resonated at 2.5
GHz and 5.25 GHz. To measure the -10 dB impedance bandwidth, we have highlighted that region in the
dotted box. It gives a bandwidth of 2.38GHz to 2.64GHz and 4.94 GHz to 5.65 GHz center at 2.5 GHz
and 5.2 GHz, and gain of 2.09 dBi and 3.48 dBi, respectively, which is represented in Figure 8.
Furthermore, to improve the performance of the proposed antenna, the square patch has been created in
the ground plane. Figure 9 shows the return loss performance concerning changes in the square patch
dimensions at the ground plane. The optimized dimension of the square patch is 8 mm x 8 mm, which
gives the -10 dB bandwidth of 2.4 GHz to 2.62 GHz and 4.75 GHz to 5.7 GHz center at 2.5 GHz and 5.4
GHz, respectively. The 3D gain plot of the proposed antenna at 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz is shown in Figure
10.

Figure 6: Reflection coefficient variation with Figure 7: -10 dB impedance bandwidth for
respect to variation in top patch dimensions the proposed antenna

(a) (b) Figure 9: Reflection coefficient

performance while variation in
Figure 8: 3D gain plot at (a) 2.5 GHz and (b) 5.2 GHz ground plane of the patch

The surface current distribution of the proposed antenna at 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz is shown in Figure 11a
and Figure 11b, respectively. It shows that the current is maximally coupled at those frequencies and also
radiate. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 12. It gives
the VSWR of 1.2 and 1.09 at 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz, respectively, matching our design specifications. The
radiation efficiency plot for the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 12. It represents the radiation
efficiency of 92.4 % and 94.5 % at 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz, respectively. To prove the proposed design's
superiority, we have compared the simulation results with the other already proposed designs, as
illustrated in Table 1. The proposed antenna gives higher gain and better radiation efficiency compared to
other designs.

(a) (b)
Figure 10: 3D gain plot of the proposed antenna at (a) 2.5 GHz and (b) 5.2 GHz

(a) (b)
Figure 11: Current distribution of the proposed antenna at (a) 2.5 GHz and (b) 5.2 GHz

Figure 12: VSWR of the proposed antenna Figure 13: Radiation efficiency of the proposed
antenna

Table 1: Performance comparison of the proposed antenna vs. other models

Reference Resonant -10 dB Gain (dB) Efficiency Physical dimensions

frequency impedance (%) (mm3)
(GHz) Bandwidth
(MHz)
[30] 2.42, 5.22, <100 1.72, 7.86, - 55.5 x 42.75 x 1.5
5.92 6.97
 [31] 1.8, 5.2, 7 >300 1.83,0.73, 3.6 97, 90, 77 30 x 20 x 1.52
[32] 1.5, 2.43, >200 >1 - 78.6X8.4X1.6
2.86
[33] 2.38, 1.53 >200 0.78, 2.5 - 110 x 65 x 1.6
[34] 5.775 >100 2.54 - 24.7x20.8x1.6
This work 2.5, 5.2 > 500 2.21, 3.79 92.4, 94.5 30 x 30 x 1.6

3. Conclusion: The proposed multi-layer antenna is resonated at 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz for IoT
applications. The proposed structure gives more than 100 MHz impedance bandwidth and better
radiation efficiency at both the operating bands. The gain of the proposed antenna is 2.21 dBi and
3.79 dBi at 2.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz frequencies. The total volume of the antenna is 30x30x1.6mm3.
The obtained results show the superiority, which can be used in the IoT applications.

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